Lesson One: Induction Motor

Induction Motor: The motor whose rotor rotates with the principle of electromagnetic induction is called
induction motor. It always turns with AC.

Classification: According to construction induction motors are two types. They are-
• Squirrel cage induction motor
• Slip ring or phase wound induction motor
Squirrel cage induction motors are two types.

• Single cage
• Double cage
According to phase or current supply induction motors are two types. They are-
a) Single phase
b) Three-phase

Main Parts of an Induction Motor: Every induction motor has two essential parts. They are-
• A stator
• A rotor
Stator: A stator of an induction motor is a stationary part in which AC supply is given. It consists of a 3-
phase winding with a core and metal housing. Windings are such placed that they are electrically and
mechanically 120o apart from in space. The winding is mounted on the laminated iron core to provide low
reluctance path for generated flux by AC currents.

Fig. Stator

Rotor: The rotating part of an induction motor is called rotor. Rotor are two types. They are-
• Squirrel cage rotor
• Phase wound or wound rotor
Rotor bars are slightly skewed to reduce the tendency of magnetic locking of a rotor in an induction motor.
If the rotor bars are parallel the shaft, then magnetic flux of stator go through the bar straight and lock the
rotor. That’s why rotor cannot rotate. If the bars of rotor are skewed then stator magnetic flux push the
rotor bar and then rotor start to rotate. In a word, to stop magnetic locking between stator flux and rotor
bars, the bars of rotor are slightly skewed or not parallel to the shaft.

Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE

Basic Working Principle of An Induction Motor
• In a DC motor, supply is needed to be given for the stator winding as well as the rotor winding. But
in an induction motor only the stator winding is fed with an AC supply.
• Alternating flux is produced around the stator winding due to AC supply. This alternating flux
revolves with synchronous speed. The revolving flux is called as "Rotating Magnetic Field" (RMF).
• The relative speed between stator RMF and rotor conductors causes an induced emf in the rotor
conductors, according to the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The rotor conductors are
short circuited, and hence rotor current is produced due to induced emf. That is why such motors
are called as induction motors. (This action is same as that occurs in transformers, hence induction
motors can be called as rotating transformers.)
• Now, induced current in rotor will also produce alternating flux around it. This rotor flux lags
behind the stator flux. The direction of induced rotor current, according to Lenz's law, is such that
it will tend to oppose the cause of its production.
• As the cause of production of rotor current is the relative velocity between rotating stator flux and
the rotor, the rotor will try to catch up with the stator RMF. Thus, the rotor rotates in the same
direction as that of stator flux to minimize the relative velocity. However, the rotor never succeeds
in catching up the synchronous speed. This is the basic working principle of induction motor of
either type, single phase of 3 phase.
Synchronous Speed:
The rotational speed of the rotating magnetic field is called as synchronous speed.

where, f = frequency of the supply

P = number of poles

Slip:
Rotor tries to catch up the synchronous speed of the stator field, and hence it rotates. But in practice, rotor
never succeeds in catching up. If rotor catches up the stator speed, there won’t be any relative speed between
the stator flux and the rotor, hence no induced rotor current and no torque production to maintain the
rotation. However, this won't stop the motor, the rotor will slow down due to loss of torque, the torque will
again be exerted due to relative speed. That is why the rotor rotates at speed which is always less the
synchronous speed.
The difference between the synchronous speed (Ns) and actual speed (N) of the rotor is called as slip.

Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE

Starter: Starter is a device used to start a 3-Φ induction motor using low voltage at the time of starting. In
3-Φ induction motor the stator resistance is using less because it is coiled with super enamel Cu wire. If
total 3-Φ voltage is applied to the stator then very large current will enter into the stator due to its low
resistance and absence of back emf. So, starter is necessary to supply a portion of the rated voltage so that
a back emf is produced which limits the current along with the small resistance.

Different stages of power development of a 3-Φ induction motor:

Power development of a 3-Φ induction motor: Stator iron loss (consisting of eddy and hysteresis losses)
depends on the supply frequency and the flux density in the iron core. It is practically constant. The iron
loss of the rotor is however negligible because frequency of rotor current under normal running conditions
is always small. Total rotor Cu loss = 3I22R2. Different stages of power development in an induction motor
are as under:

Speed Controlled of an Induction Motor: The speed of an induction motor can be controlled from
two sides. They are-
1. Control from stator side

• By changing voltage
• By changing frequency
• By changing pole
2. Control from rotor side

• Rheostat control
• By injecting emf in rotor circuit
• By cascade or concatenation process using an auxiliary motor

Single Phase Induction Motor: Single phase motor cannot produce revolving flux. Pulsating flux
cannot produce rotation or rotate the rotor. But only revolving flux can rotate the rotor. That’s why single-
phase motor does not start by itself. Since a capacitor is connected parallelly to the load or motor then the
capacitor turns the single phase into double phase. This double phase produces a resulting flux, since the
single-phase motor rotates.

Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE

 A single-phase motor can be self-starting by split phase and capacitor starting. In split phase system a
starting coil alone with a small resistance and a centrifugal switch is connected parallel to the running coil.
This starting coil split the single phase into double phase. When motor will be running at 70 to 85% of
motor full speed, the centrifugal switch s/w is disconnected and then motor runs as single-phase motor.
Again, if a capacitor is connected across the main winding, the motor is converted into two phase motor at
starting i.e. capacitor divided the single phase into two phase. This king of motor is called capacitor starting
and running motor

Math Problems
1. A 6 pole, 3-phase induction motor is connected to 50 Hz supply. If it is running at 970 rpm. Find the
slip.
2. A 50 Hz, 4 pole 3-phase induction motor has a rotor current of frequency 2 Hz. Determine (i) the slip
and (ii) speed of the motor.
3. A slip ring induction motor runs at 290 rpm at full load, when connected to 50 Hz supply. Determine
the number of poles and slip.
4. A 4 pole, 3-phase induction motor operates from a supply whose frequency is 50 Hz. Calculate: (i) the
speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is rotating (ii) the speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04
(iii) the frequency of the rotor current when the slip is 0.03 (iv) the frequency of the rotor current at standstill
5. For an induction motor, let the stand still values of e.m.f, resistance and reactance per phase are 50 V,
0,25 Ω and 1.5 Ω respectively. Find all those values again when the motor is running at 1440 rpm. Let the
motor is wound for 4 poles and is supplied from a 50 Hz system. Also find the rotor current frequency,
rotor current per phase and the power factor.
6. A 4 pole, 3-phase 50 Hz induction motor is running at full load with a slip of 5%. The rotor is start
connected and its standstill resistance and reactance are 0.25 Ω and 1.5 Ω per phase. The e.m.f between slip
rings is 100 V. Find the rotor current per phase and p.f assuming the slip rings are short circuited.
7. A 6 pole 3-phase 50 Hz induction motor is running at a speed of 960 rpm with an input power of 40 kW.
The stator losses at this operating condition are known to be 1200 W while the rotational losses are 600 W.
Find: (i) the rotor Cu loss (ii) the gross mechanical power developed (iii) the gross torque developed (iv)
mechanical power output (v) the net torque

Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE

 8. A 4 pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz induction motor has a star-connected rotor. The rotor has a resistance of 0.1
Ω per phase and standstill reactance of 2 Ω/phase. The induced e.m.f between the slip rings is 100 V. If the
full load speed is 1460 rpm, calculate: (i) the slip (ii) the e.m.f induced in the rotor in each phase (iii) the
rotor reactance per phase (iv) the rotor current and (v) rotor power factor. Assuming slip rings are short-
circuited
9. A 3-phase, 400/200V, Y-Y connected wound rotor induction motor has 0.06Ω rotor resistance and 0.3Ω
standstill resistance per phase. Find the additional resistance required in the rotor circuit to make the starting
torque equal to the maximum torque.

Previous Exam Questions

Q.1. Suppose you are working on the speed control of the induction motor in the machine lab. you are using
a voltage control method for controlling the speed. But when you supply low voltage, it generates a huge
amount of heat in the motor. explain the reasons behind it.
Q.2. A 3-phase, 3% slip, induction motor is driven by an alternator which is shown in the following figure.
Calculate the full load speed of the motor.

Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE

Lesson Two: Comparator Circuit
Comparator
The Op-amp comparator compares one analogue voltage level with another analogue voltage level, or
some preset reference voltage, VREF and produces an output signal based on this voltage comparison. In
other words, the op-amp voltage comparator compares the magnitudes of two voltage inputs and determines
which is the largest of the two.

Op-amp Comparator Circuit

With reference to the op-amp comparator circuit above, lets first assume that VIN is less than the DC
voltage level at VREF, ( VIN < VREF ). As the non-inverting (positive) input of the comparator is less than the
inverting (negative) input, the output will be LOW and at the negative supply voltage, -Vcc resulting in a
negative saturation of the output.
If we now increase the input voltage, VIN so that its value is greater than the reference voltage VREF on
the inverting input, the output voltage rapidly switches HIGH towards the positive supply
voltage, +Vcc resulting in a positive saturation of the output. If we reduce again the input voltage VIN, so
that it is slightly less than the reference voltage, the op-amp’s output switches back to its negative saturation
voltage acting as a threshold detector.
Then we can see that the op-amp voltage comparator is a device whose output is dependant on the value
of the input voltage, VIN with respect to some DC voltage level as the output is HIGH when the voltage on
the non-inverting input is greater than the voltage on the inverting input, and LOW when the non-inverting
input is less than the inverting input voltage. This condition is true regardless of whether the input signal is
connected to the inverting or the non-inverting input of the comparator.
We can also see that the value of the output voltage is completely dependent on the op-amps power supply
voltage. In theory due to the op-amps high open-loop gain the magnitude of its output voltage could be
infinite in both directions, (±∞). However practically, and for obvious reasons it is limited by the op-amps
supply rails giving VOUT = +Vcc or VOUT = -Vcc.

Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE

 We said before that the basic op-amp comparator produces a positive or negative voltage output by
comparing its input voltage against some preset DC reference voltage. Generally, a resistive voltage divider
is used to set the input reference voltage of a comparator, but a battery source, zener diode or potentiometer
for a variable reference voltage can all be used as shown.

Comparator Reference Voltages

Non-inverting Comparator Circuit

Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE

 In this non-inverting configuration, the reference voltage is connected to the inverting input of the
operational amplifier with the input signal connected to the non-inverting input. To keep things simple, we
have assumed that the two resistors forming the potential divider network are equal and: R1 = R2 = R. This
will produce a fixed reference voltage which is one half that of the supply voltage, that is Vcc/2, while the
input voltage is variable from zero to the supply voltage.
When VIN is greater than VREF, the op-amp comparators output will saturate towards the positive supply
rail, Vcc. When VIN is less than VREF the op-amp comparators output will change state and saturate at the
negative supply rail, 0v as shown.

Practice for Exam

Q.1. Nadia studied the PAM modulator in her Data Communication class. She found that, for transmitting
digital data, PAM modulation is one of the suitable techniques which works like the following block
diagram.

Question: Determine the on time and off time of the following figure. Consider frequency is 100Hz.

Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE

Sample answer: Time period T=1/f= (1/100)=100 ms
Ton=duty cycle*T=0.75*100= 75ms
Toff=T-Ton =100-75=25 ms

Lesson Three: Magnetic Tape Recorder

The working principle of magnetic tape recorder has been discussed briefly by using fig. 1. Basically, the
given figure shows the Tape Recorder Working Principle or tape-recording method.

Fig. 1. Working Principle of Magnetic tape recorder

Recording Process:

• The magnetic tape is moved at a constant speed under the influence of a concentrated magnetic
field. This concentrated magnetic field is created by the recording head.
• The recording head is supplied with an input signal frequency current. Actually, the recording
head is nothing but an electromagnet, which has a very fine gap.
• when the input signals are supplied to the recording head, a strong alternating magnetic field will

Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE

 be created in this fine gap.
• The magnetic tape is moved past and gently pressed against the fine gap of the recording head. So
the tape will be magnetized in accordance with the magnitude of the magnetic field created at the
air gap.
• Thus we have a length of magnetized tape that has been magnetized to different densities
depending on the flux variations at the air gap.
Reproduction Process:

• At the time of reproduction, the tape on which the magnetic recording is done will be run past over
a head called the playback head. This is done at the same speed with which the recording was done.
• As the tape is magnetized its field variations will induce voltages accordingly in the playback head.
• This voltage is amplified in an amplifier, which integrates the signal to provide flat frequency
characteristics.

Hence it is clear that different signals can be recorded on magnetic tapes and they can be reproduced.

Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE

 Math Problem: If the gap of a tap-recorder is 6.25 μm. Determine the speed of the tap-recorder so to
have a satisfactory response at 50 kHz. Assume that recorded wavelength must be greater than 2.5times
the gap of the recorder.

Solution:
Given that,
The gap of the recorder, x=6.25 μm Frequency,
f=50000 Hz
Hence, minimum recorded wavelength, λ=2.5*x=2.5*6.25=15.625 μm We
know speed, V=f λ
=50000*15.625*10-6
=78125 ms-1

Exercise:
Q.1. If the gap of a tap-recorder is 9.25 μm. Determine the speed of the tap-recorder so to have a satisfactory
response at 50 kHz. Assume that recorded wavelength must be greater than 5.5times the gap of the
recorder.
Q.2. If the speed of a tape recorder is 78125 ms-1. Determine the frequency of this tape recorder whose
minimum wavelength is 15.625 μm.

Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE