Chapter-1

Water Demand
 Water Demand
¯ Water Demand: the quantity of water required for a
purpose.

¯ To design a water supply scheme, it is important first

to know the amount of water demanded by the user.

¯ Importance of demand data:

o To effectively manage existing scheme,
o To plan new works to meet future demand,
 Water Demand
1.1. Types of urban water demand:
¯ Domestic Demand,
¯ Industrial Demand,
¯ Institutional and Commercial Demand,
¯ Demand for Public uses,
¯ Fire Demand,
¯ Demand for Losses, etc.

 Total 
  Consumer  Distribution 
Total demand  potential      
 demand   wastage   losses 
 
 Water Demand
Domestic Demand:
¯ I n c l u d e s t h e wate r re q u i re d i n p r i vate
buildings for drinking, cooking, bathing, lawn
sprinkling, gardening, sanitary purposes, etc.
¯ Domestic water consumption per person vary
according to the living conditions of the
consumers.
¯ A ccording to IS: 1172-199 3 = M i n . 2 0 0
lit/day/person
¯ In most countries the domestic demand
accounts about 50 to 60% of the total demand.
¯ The total domestic water demand shall be
equal to the total design population multiplied
by per capita domestic consumption
 Water Demand
Industrial and Commercial Demand:
¯ This includes the quantity of water required to be supplied to
offices, factories, different industries, hotels, hospitals, etc.

¯ This quantity will vary considerably with number and type of

industries, and number and type of commercial
establishments.

Ø City with small industries = Average 50lit/person/day

Ø Industrial cities = Average 450lit/person/day
Ø Less commercialized cities = Ave. 20 lit/person/day
Ø Highly commercialized cities = upto 50lit /person/day
 Water Demand
Industrial and Commercial Demand:
¯ Major industries use their own supply not to degrade the city's
water supply and cost.

¯ In supply estimation, to include or exclude industrial demand is a

problem:
Ø If design includes, the industry later may say that it would have
its own, and
Ø If it is ignored, industrial development may be discouraged.

¯ Hence, on average a margin of 20-25% of the total water demand

may be taken for design.
 Water Demand
Public Demand:
¯ This is the quantity of water required for public utility
purposes such as
– watering of municipal or public parks,
– gardening,
– washing and sprinkling on roads,
– use on public fountains,
– waste water conveyance, etc.
• Usually the demand may range from 2-5% of the total
demand (on the average 10lit/person/day).
 Water Demand
Fire Demand:
¯ The quantity of water required for extinguishing fire.
¯ This demand should be easily available and always kept
stored in storage reservoirs.
¯ Generally, in a moderate fire break out, three jet streams are
simultaneously thrown from each hydrant:
Ø One on the burning property
Ø One each on adjacent property on either side of the
burning property.
¯ Discharge from a fire hydrant are usually about 1100 lit/min.
 Water Demand
Example on fire demand:
In Addis Ababa (Population = 5 million), if six fires break out at
different places in a day and each fire stands for 3hours,

A) What is the to ta l a m o u nt o f wate r re q u i re d to

distinguish the fires?

B) What is the amount of water required per person so as

to use as a basis for design of water supply scheme.

C) What does the result obtained in (B) implies?

 Water Demand
Solution:
A) V = No. of fires x Discharge x Time of each fire
= 6 x (3x1100)x(3x60)
= 3,564,000 lit/day

B) Per capita demand = V/No. of population

= 3,564,000/5000000
< 1 lit/person/day

C) The rate of water requirement for fire fighting is large but the
total water consumption is less than 1lit/person/day.

Thus, the fire demand is thus generally ignored while

computing the total per capita water requirement of a city
 Water Demand
1.2. Factors affecting per Capita Demand:
¯ Size of the city,
¯ Climate conditions,
¯ Living standard of people,
¯ Industrial and commercial activities,
¯ Quality of water supplies
¯ Pressure in the distribution system,
¯ Development of sewage facilities
¯ System of supply,
¯ Cost of water,
¯ Policy of metering and method of charging.
 Water Demand
1.3. Detection and prevention of wastage of water
Loses in water supply include:
Ø The water lost in leakage due to bad plumbing or damaged
meters,
Ø Stolen water due to unauthorized water connection and
others.
¯ These losses should be taken into account while estimating the
total requirements.
¯ Losses can be reduced by proper plumbing and careful
maintenance
¯ Even in the best managed water works, losses may go as high
as 15% of the total consumption.
 Water Demand
Factors affecting losses and wastes:
¯ Loosen joints: due to bad plumbing. Usually joints are leaky.
¯ Pressure in the distribution system: Higher pressure in the
distribution system leads to higher leakage losses.
¯ System of supply: In intermittent system of supplies, the
leakage loss is reduced, as it does not occur for the whole
daylong.
¯ Metering: In metered supply, wastage is considerably
reduced because people become more careful in using water
as they pay for it.
¯ Illegal connections: People connect their personal pipes
illegally to the system.
 Water Demand
Example:
 Water Demand
Solution:
 Water Demand
Time variation of water demand:
¯ Seasonal variation: such variation occurs due to larger use of
water in dry season, lesser use in rainy season.

¯ Daily variation: Day to day variations reflect household and

industrial activity.

¯ Hourly variation: Hourly consumption usually attains peak

value between about 7 A.M. to 11 A.M. and then again from
7 P.M. to 9 P.M.
 Water Demand
Time variation of water demand:
 Water Demand
Variation in Water Demand: (Very Important)
Ø Annual average day demand (Qday-avg): the
average daily demand over a period of a year. For
economical calculations and fire fighting.
Ø Maximum day demand (Qday-max): the amount of
water required during the day of maximum
consumption in a year. Important for water treatment
plants and water storages.
Ø Peak hour demand (Qhr-max): the amount of water
required during the maximum hour in a given day.
Important for design of distribution systems.
Ø Coincident draft (Qcd): the sum of maximum daily
demand (Qday-max) and fire demand (Qf)
Water Demand

Total Average Daily Maximum Daily

Requirement (m3/d) Coefficient
200 2.00
3000 1.55
40000 1.45
300000 1.35
 Water Demand

Group Mean Annual Precipitation (mm) Factor

A 600 or less 1.1
B 601 – 900 1.0
C 901 or more 0.9

Group Description Factor

Towns enjoying high living standards and with very
A 1.10
high potential for development
Towns having a very high potential for development
B 1.05
but lower living standard at present
C Towns under normal Ethiopian conditions 1.00
D Advanced Rural Towns 0.90
 Water Demand
1.4. Design Period:
¯ Design period is the number of years from the date of
implementation to the estimated date when the maximum
conditions of the design will be reached.
¯ Design period is guided by:
Ø The length of useful life of the units and structures,
Ø Initial cost of components,
Ø Ease and difficulty that is likely to be faced in expansions,
Ø Amount and availability of additional investments likely to
be incurred for additional periods, and
Ø The rate of interest on the borrowings and the additional
money invested.
Ø Rate of population growth
¯ However, the design period should neither be too long nor
should it be too short.
 Water Demand
Estimation of Water Demand:
¯ Accurate estimation of water demand is difficult.

¯ The problem of estimating water demand may be tackled by

a detail study of the population, per-capita demand and
design period of the scheme.

¯ Per capita demand --- the average daily water requirement of

a person.

Per capita demand = yearly water requirement of the

city /(365xDesign population)
 Water Demand
Demand Forecasting:
¯ Water resources planning and management is highly
dependent on projections of future water needs.
¯ Design of water supply scheme need to consider
functionality of the various components now and in the
future.
¯ Therefore, the future water demand is a function of:
Ø Population at the end of design period
Ø Development plan of the city

¯ Variations in the demand or draft should also be generally

assessed and known in order to design supply pipes, service
reservoirs, distribution pipes, etc.
 Water Demand
1.5. Methodologies for Population forecasting
Population data is important for predicting the population of the
city at the end of design period.
¯ Methods of prediction:
1. Arithmetic increase method: Assumes a constant rate of
increase of a population. i.e. dP  K
dt

Pn  Po  nK

Where,
Pn =population after n decades;
Po = population at present;
n = no. of decades;
K = average rate of increase of population per decade.
 Water Demand
2. Geometric increase (Uniform Percentage) method: constant
percentage of growth rate is assumed for equal periods of time,
i.e. n
 r 
Pn  Po 1  
 100 
Where,
Pn =population after n decades;
Po = population at present;
n = no. of decades;
r = assumed growth rate in percent.
r can be computed from the past known population data as:

r = average [(increase in population/original population)x100 of

each decade]
 Water Demand
3. Curvilinear Method: involves the graphical projection of the
past population growth curve, continuing whatever trends the
historical data indicate.
4. Decreasing rate of increase (Declining Growth) method:
assumes of a changing/declining rate of increase rather than
a constant rate of increase.
Example: From the given data, calculate the population at the
end of the next three decades by a) arithmetic; b) geometric; c)
curvilinear; and d) declining growth methods.
1970 ---------- 80,000
1980 ---------- 120,000
1990 ---------- 170,000
2000 ---------- 230,000
 Water Demand
Solution:
a) Arithmetic

K = [(120000 -80000) + (170000-120000)

+(230000-170000)]/3 = 50,000
Therefore, 2010 ------Pn = Po + nK = 230000+1*50,000
= 280000
2020 ------Pn = Po + nK = 230000+2*50,000
= 330000
2030 ------Pn = Po + nK = 230000+3*50,000
= 380000
 Water Demand
b) Geometric growth method
r = [(120000-80000)/80000 + (170000-120000) /120000
+(230000-170000)/170000]*100/3
= (0.50+0.42+0.35)*100/3
= 42.33%
Therefore, 2010 ------Pn = Po (1+ r/100)n
= 230000(1+42.33/100)1
= 327359
2020 ------Pn = 230000(1+42.33/100)2
= 465930
2030 ------Pn = 230000(1+42.33/100)3
= 663158
 Water Demand
c) Curvilinear
 Water Demand
d) Declining growth method

Year Popn. Increase % increase Decrease

in % Increase
1970 80000
40000 50%
1980 120000 8%

50000 42%
1990 170000
7%
60000 35%
2000 230000
Average for decade 7.5%
 Water Demand
Therefore, population at end of:

2010 ------ Pn = 230000 + {(35-7.5)/100}*230000

= 230000+(27.5/100)*230,000
= 293250

2020 ------ Pn = 293250 + {(27.5-7.5)/100}*293250

= 293250+(20/100)* 293250
= 351900

2030 ------ Pn = 351900 + {(20-7.5)/100}*351900

= 351900+(12.5/100)* 351900
= 395887
 Water Demand
Population Density:
¯ It is information regarding the physical distribution of the
population.

¯ It is important to know in order to estimate the flows and to

design the distribution network.

¯ Population density varies widely within a city, depending on

the land use.

¯ May be estimated from zoning master plan.