Master Normal Values – Part 1 (Hematology +

Biochemistry)
Aligned with common Indian laboratory ranges, WHO & global references. Units shown in SI and conventional where useful.

HEMATOLOGY
Complete Blood Count (CBC) – Adults
Parameter Clinical Relevance Normal Range (SI) Conventional / Notes
Hemoglobin (M) Oxygen carrying capacity 130–180 g/L 13.0–18.0 g/dL

Hemoglobin (F) Oxygen carrying capacity 120–160 g/L 12.0–16.0 g/dL

Hematocrit (M) Packed cell volume 0.42–0.50 42–50 %

Hematocrit (F) Packed cell volume 0.37–0.47 37–47 %

RBC Count (M) Erythrocyte number 4.5–5.9 ×10^12/L

RBC Count (F) Erythrocyte number 4.1–5.1 ×10^12/L

MCV Micro-/macrocytosis 80–95 fL

MCH Hb per cell 27–31 pg

MCHC Cell Hb concentration 320–360 g/L 32–36 g/dL

RDW Anisocytosis 11.0–14.5 %

WBC Count Infection/inflammation 4.0–11.0 ×10^9/L

Neutrophils Bacterial infection indicator 2.0–7.5 ×10^9/L ≈ 50–70 %

Lymphocytes Viral/immune 1.0–4.0 ×10^9/L ≈ 20–40 %

Monocytes Chronic inflammation 0.2–0.8 ×10^9/L ≈ 2–8 %

Eosinophils Allergy/parasites 0.04–0.4 ×10^9/L ≈ 1–4 %

Basophils Allergy/MPN 0.01–0.1 ×10^9/L <1 %

Platelets Hemostasis 150–400 ×10^9/L

Reticulocytes Marrow response 0.5–2.0 % Absolute 25–100 ×10^9/L

ESR (M) Inflammation (non-specific) ≤ 15 mm/h

ESR (F) Inflammation (non-specific) ≤ 20 mm/h

Coagulation Profile
Parameter Clinical Relevance Normal Range (SI/Conventional) Notes
PT Extrinsic pathway 11–13.5 s Lab-specific; report INR

INR Warfarin monitoring 0.8–1.1 Therapeutic 2.0–3.0 (most)

aPTT Intrinsic pathway 25–35 s Therapeutic 1.5–2.5× control (hepa

Fibrinogen Clot substrate 2.0–4.0 g/L ↓ in DIC, ↑ in inflammation/pregnan

D■dimer Fibrinolysis <0.5 mg/L FEU Sensitive, non■specific

Iron Studies & Vitamins

Parameter Clinical Relevance Normal Range (SI) Conventional / Notes
Serum Iron Iron availability 10–30 µmol/L 60–170 µg/dL

TIBC Transferrin capacity 45–72 µmol/L 250–450 µg/dL

Transferrin Saturation Iron delivery 20–45 %

 Ferritin (M) Iron stores 30–400 µg/L 12–300 ng/mL

Ferritin (F) Iron stores 13–150 µg/L 10–150 ng/mL

Vitamin B12 DNA synthesis 148–590 pmol/L 200–800 pg/mL

Folate (serum) DNA synthesis 11–57 nmol/L 4–21 ng/mL

LDH Hemolysis/tissue turnover 2.0–4.5 µkat/L 100–190 U/L (lab■varies)

Notes – Pediatrics, Geriatrics & Pregnancy (Hematology)

• Pediatrics: Newborn Hb 140–220 g/L (14–22 g/dL) physiologic polycythemia; physiologic nadir ~8–12 g/dL at 2–3 months.
Platelets similar to adults. WBC higher in neonates (up to ~30×10^9/L).
• Geriatrics: Slightly lower Hb/Hct common; interpret with comorbidities and iron/B12/folate status.
• Pregnancy: Plasma volume expands → ↓Hb/Hct (physiologic anemia); WBC mildly ↑; fibrinogen ↑; D■dimer often ↑ (use
trimester■adjusted references).
BIOCHEMISTRY (Metabolic Panel, LFT, Renal, Lipids)
Electrolytes & Renal Function
Parameter Clinical Relevance Normal Range (SI) Conventional / Notes
Sodium (Na■) Volume/osmolality 135–145 mmol/L

Potassium (K■) Cardiac, muscle 3.5–5.0 mmol/L

Chloride (Cl■) Acid–base 98–106 mmol/L

Bicarbonate (HCO■■) Acid–base 22–28 mmol/L

Calcium (total) Bone/neuro 2.12–2.62 mmol/L 8.5–10.5 mg/dL

Calcium (ionized) Physiologic Ca²■ 1.10–1.35 mmol/L 4.4–5.4 mg/dL

Magnesium Neuromuscular 0.70–1.05 mmol/L 1.7–2.5 mg/dL

Phosphate Energy/bone 0.81–1.45 mmol/L 2.5–4.5 mg/dL

Urea (BUN) Renal function 2.5–7.1 mmol/L 7–20 mg/dL

Creatinine (M) Renal function 53–106 µmol/L 0.6–1.2 mg/dL

Creatinine (F) Renal function 44–97 µmol/L 0.5–1.1 mg/dL

Uric Acid (M) Gout risk 0.24–0.50 mmol/L 4.0–8.5 mg/dL

Uric Acid (F) Gout risk 0.16–0.43 mmol/L 2.7–7.3 mg/dL

Osmolality (plasma) Water balance 275–295 mOsm/kg

Anion gap (no K■) Metabolic acidosis 8–12 mmol/L With K■: 12–16 mmol/L

eGFR Renal filtration ≥90 mL/min/1.73m² CKD-EPI; age■adjusted

Glucose & Diabetes Markers (Adults)

Parameter Clinical Relevance Normal Range (SI) Conventional / Notes
Fasting Plasma Glucose Diabetes screen 3.9–5.5 mmol/L 70–99 mg/dL

Post■prandial (2■hr) Glycemia control <7.8 mmol/L <140 mg/dL

HbA1c 3■month control 20–38 mmol/mol 4.0–5.6 % (normal)

Liver Function Tests

Parameter Clinical Relevance Normal Range (SI) Conventional / Notes
Total Bilirubin Excretion 5–21 µmol/L 0.3–1.2 mg/dL

Direct Bilirubin Conjugated fraction 0–5 µmol/L 0.0–0.3 mg/dL

ALT (SGPT) Hepatocellular injury 7–56 U/L

AST (SGOT) Hepatocellular injury 10–40 U/L

ALP Cholestasis/bone 44–147 U/L Higher in adolescents, pregnancy

GGT Cholestasis/alcohol 9–48 U/L

Albumin Synthetic function 35–50 g/L 3.5–5.0 g/dL

Total Protein Nutritional status 60–83 g/L 6.0–8.3 g/dL

A/G Ratio Albumin:globulin 1.0–2.2

Ammonia Hepatic encephalopathy 11–35 µmol/L 19–60 µg/dL

Lipid Profile (Adults)

Parameter Clinical Relevance Desirable (mg/dL) SI (mmol/L)
Total Cholesterol ASCVD risk <200 <5.2
 LDL■C (optimal) Atherogenic <100 <2.6

HDL■C (M/F) Protective >40 / >50 >1.0 / >1.3

Triglycerides Pancreatitis risk <150 <1.7

Non■HDL■C Residual risk <130 <3.4

Enzymes & Other Biochemistry

Parameter Clinical Relevance Normal Range (SI) Conventional / Notes
CK (Total) Muscle injury 0.7–6.0 µkat/L 20–200 U/L (lab■varies)

CK■MB Cardiac isoenzyme <5 % of total CK

Troponin I/T Myocardial injury Assay■specific <0.03 ng/mL (I)

BNP Heart failure <100 ng/L <100 pg/mL

CRP Inflammation <10 mg/L

Procalcitonin Bacterial sepsis <0.05 ng/mL

Lactate (plasma) Perfusion marker 0.5–2.0 mmol/L

Vitamin D (25■OH) Bone/immune 75–150 nmol/L 30–60 ng/mL (sufficient)

Vitamin A Nutrition 1.13–2.73 µmol/L 32.5–78 µg/dL

Vitamin C Nutrition 23–85 µmol/L 0.4–1.5 mg/dL

Vitamin K Coagulation 0.4–2.0 nmol/L 0.2–1.0 ng/mL

Notes – Pediatrics, Geriatrics & Pregnancy (Biochemistry)

• Pediatrics: Neonates have higher ALP (bone growth), lower creatinine (low muscle mass), higher bilirubin in first week
(physiologic jaundice).
• Geriatrics: eGFR declines with age; creatinine may appear 'normal' despite reduced GFR (low muscle mass). Consider
cystatin■C.
• Pregnancy: ↑Plasma volume → ↓Albumin; ALP rises (placental isoenzyme); reference ranges for TSH, glucose and lipids
shift—use trimester■specific ranges.
 Master Normal Values - Part 2

Endocrine & Hormones

Hormone Normal Range Notes

TSH 0.4 – 4.0 mIU/L Higher in elderly & pregnancy reference differs

Free T4 0.8 – 2.0 ng/dL Low in hypothyroidism

Cortisol (AM) 5 – 25 µg/dL Morning peak

Cortisol (PM) <10 µg/dL Lower in evening

ACTH 10 – 60 pg/mL High in Cushing’s disease

Prolactin Male: <20 ng/mL; Female: <25 ng/mL ↑ in pituitary adenoma, pregnancy

Growth Hormone <5 ng/mL (basal) Stimulated ↑ after exercise, sleep

Insulin (fasting) 2 – 25 µIU/mL ↑ in insulin resistance

HbA1c <5.7% (normal), 5.7–6.4% (preDM), ≥6.5% (DM) Reflects 3-month glucose control

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

Parameter Normal Range Clinical Note

pH 7.35 – 7.45 Acidosis <7.35, Alkalosis >7.45

PaO2 80 – 100 mmHg ↓ in hypoxemia

PaCO2 35 – 45 mmHg ↑ in respiratory acidosis

HCO3- 22 – 26 mmol/L Metabolic component

O2 Sat 95 – 100% ↓ in hypoxia

Anion Gap 8 – 16 mEq/L High gap → metabolic acidosis

Body Fluids & CSF

Fluid Normal Range Notes

CSF Opening Pressure 70 – 180 mmH2O ↑ in meningitis, ↓ in dehydration

CSF Protein 15 – 45 mg/dL ↑ in infection, demyelination

CSF Glucose 50 – 80 mg/dL (or 2/3 of blood glucose) ↓ in bacterial meningitis

CSF Cells <5 lymphocytes/µL ↑ in infection

Pleural Fluid Protein <3 g/dL Transudate vs exudate

Synovial Fluid WBC <200/µL ↑ in arthritis

Urine Osmolality 300 – 900 mOsm/kg ↓ in DI, ↑ in SIADH

 Master Normal Values - Part 3

ECG Parameters

Parameter Normal Value Clinical Note

PR Interval 120 – 200 ms Prolonged in AV block

QRS Duration <120 ms Wide in bundle branch block

QTc Interval <440 ms (men), <460 ms (women) Prolonged → torsades risk

P Wave Duration <120 ms ↑ in atrial enlargement

Cardiac Axis -30° to +90° Left axis: LVH, Right axis: RVH

Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT)

Parameter Normal Value Notes

FEV1/FVC Ratio >0.7 (70%) ↓ in obstructive disease

FVC 80 – 120% predicted ↓ in restrictive disease

TLC 80 – 120% predicted ↑ in emphysema

RV 25 – 30% of TLC ↑ in air trapping

DLCO 75 – 120% predicted ↓ in interstitial lung disease

PEFR 400 – 600 L/min (adults) ↓ in asthma/COPD

Radiology / Imaging Normal Ranges

Modality Normal Range Notes

Chest X-ray Cardiothoracic Ratio <0.5 ↑ in cardiomegaly

Chest X-ray Diaphragm Right higher than left (≤3 cm) Elevation in paralysis

CT Brain Midline Shift <5 mm Significant if >5 mm

CT/MRI Ventricular Size (Evans Index) <0.3 ↑ in hydrocephalus

Ultrasound Gallbladder Wall <3 mm Thickened in cholecystitis

Ultrasound CBD Diameter <6 mm (<8 mm post-cholecystectomy) ↑ in obstruction

Ultrasound Kidney Size 9 – 12 cm ↓ in CKD

Fetal USG Nuchal Translucency (11–14 wks) <3 mm ↑ in Down syndrome

Fetal USG AFI 8 – 18 cm <5 cm = oligohydramnios

Pediatric Normal Values

 Parameter Normal Value Notes

Heart Rate (newborn) 100 – 180/min Slows with age

BP (1 yr) ≈ 90/60 mmHg Gradually rises with age

Respiratory Rate (newborn) 40 – 60/min ↓ with age

Birth Weight 2.5 – 4.0 kg LBW <2.5 kg

Head Circumference (birth) 35 cm Increases 1 cm/month first yr

Geriatric Normal Variations

Parameter Expected Change Notes

Renal Function ↓ GFR Affects drug dosing

BP ↑ systolic BP Arterial stiffness

Bone Density ↓ with age Risk of osteoporosis

Sleep ↓ REM sleep Fragmented pattern

Pregnancy Adjustments

Parameter Normal Change Notes

Plasma Volume ↑ 40–50% Physiological anemia

Cardiac Output ↑ 30–50% Peaks mid-pregnancy

BP Slight ↓ mid-pregnancy Returns late pregnancy

Respiratory ↑ tidal volume, ↓ FRC Mild respiratory alkalosis

Renal ↑ GFR by 50% ↓ Serum creatinine

 Receptor Cheatsheet – FMGE Quick Revision
Receptor G-protein / Channel Location / Action

ADH V1 Gq Vessels – Vasoconstriction

ADH V2 Gs Kidney – Water reabsorption (AQP2)

Histamine H1 Gq Allergy – Bronchoconstriction, vasodilation

Histamine H2 Gs Stomach – ↑Acid secretion, ↑HR

Histamine H3 Gi CNS – ↓Histamine release (sedation)

Histamine H4 Gi Immune – Chemotaxis, inflammation

α1 Gq Vessels – Vasoconstriction, mydriasis

α2 Gi Presynaptic – ↓NE, ↓insulin

β1 Gs Heart/Kidney – ↑HR, ↑Renin

β2 Gs Lungs/Vessels – Bronchodilation, vasodilation

β3 Gs Fat – Lipolysis, thermogenesis

D1 Gs Renal vessels – Vasodilation, ↑GFR

D2 Gi CNS – ↓Prolactin, presynaptic

5-HT1 Gi CNS – Mood, antimigraine

5-HT2 Gq Smooth muscle – Vasoconstriction, platelets

5-HT3 Ion channel CNS/GIT – Vomiting reflex

5-HT4 Gs GIT – ↑Motility

M1 Gq CNS, Gastric glands – ↑Cognition, ↑Acid

M2 Gi Heart – ↓HR, ↓Contractility

M3 Gq Glands/Smooth muscle – Secretion, peristalsis, miosis

GABA-A Cl■ channel Fast inhibition – Benzos, barbs

GABA-B Gi Slow inhibition – Baclofen

NMDA Ca²■/Na■ channel Excitatory – Memory, plasticity

Opioid µ, κ, δ Gi ↓cAMP, ↑K■ efflux – Analgesia, sedation

Super-Mnemonic: QISSS QIQ

• Gq = α1, M1, M3, H1, V1
• Gi = α2, M2, D2, H3, H4
• Gs = β1, β2, β3, D1, H2, V2, 5-HT4
 Gs, Gi, Gq Receptor Pathways – Complete Notes
■ What are Gs, Gi, Gq?
They are G-proteins (guanine nucleotide-binding proteins) that link receptors to intracellular
signaling pathways.

1. Gs (Stimulatory)
• Activates Adenylate Cyclase → ↑cAMP → ↑PKA
• Effect: Stimulates cell functions
• Examples: β1, β2, β3, D1, H2, V2, 5-HT4
• Actions: ↑HR, ↑Renin, ↑Acid, ↑Lipolysis, ↑Water reabsorption

2. Gi (Inhibitory)
• Inhibits Adenylate Cyclase → ↓cAMP → ↓PKA
• Effect: Inhibits functions
• Examples: α2, M2, D2, H3, H4
• Actions: ↓NE release, ↓Insulin, ↓HR, ↓Prolactin, Sedation

3. Gq (Quick contraction)
• Activates Phospholipase C → ↑IP3 & DAG → ↑Ca²■ → ↑PKC
• Effect: Contraction, secretion
• Examples: α1, M1, M3, H1, V1, 5-HT2
• Actions: Vasoconstriction, Bronchoconstriction, Secretion, Platelet aggregation

■ Mnemonic: "QISSS QIQ"

• Gq = α1, M1, M3, H1, V1
• Gi = α2, M2, D2, H3, H4
• Gs = β1, β2, β3, D1, H2, V2, 5-HT4