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Lec 3

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views33 pages

Lec 3

Uploaded by

alamiria670
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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System Administration and Maintenance

Lec (3)

Mr. RIAN Al_kamali


‫‪Automatic Private IP Addressing‬‬
‫)‪(APIPA‬‬

‫‪ ‬هو بروتوكول يستخدم بشكل اساسي في انظمة التشغيل الخاصة بشبكات‬


‫مايكروسوفت حيث يقوم بتعيين عناوين ‪ IP‬تلقائيا ً لالجهزه على الشبكة‬
‫عندما يكون خادم ‪ DHCP‬معطل‪.‬‬
‫‪ the Host selects an IP address from a range of‬‬
‫‪addresses (from 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255).‬‬
‫‪APIPA‬‬ ‫فوائد‬

‫‪ ‬يمنع تعطل االتصال بين االجهزة المحلية عند وجود‬


‫‪.DHCP‬‬
‫‪ ‬يتيح اعدادا تلقائيا ً دون تدخل المستخدم ما يسهل عملية‬
‫االتصال االساسية‪.‬‬
WAN Connection Types
10.0.0.1/8 11.0.0.1/8
S0 S0 12.0.0.1/8
Afric S1 Asia S1 BAN S0 6
a E0 10.0.0.2/8 E0 11.0.0.2/8 E0
192.168.1.150/24 192.168.2.150/24 192.168.3.150/24

12.0.0.2/8
LAN - 192.168.1.0/24 LAN - 192.168.2.0/24 LAN - 192.168.3.0/24
14.0.0.2/8 13.0.0.2/8 S1
15.0.0.1/8 S1 S1
S0 SUR S0 BOM S0 PUNE
E0 14.0.0.1/8 E0 13.0.0.1
192.168.6.150/24 192.168.5.150/24 E0
192.168.4.150/24

15.0.0.2/8 LAN - 192.168.6.0/24 LAN - 192.168.5.0/24 LAN - 192.168.4.0/24


S1 16.0.0.1/8 17.0.0.1/8
S0 S0
JAI S1 AGRA S1 DEL
E0 16.0.0.2/8 E0 17.0.0.2/8 E0
192.168.7.150/24 192.168.8.150/24 192.168.9.150/24

LAN - 192.168.7.0/24 LAN - 192.168.8.0/24 LAN - 192.168.9.0/24


Wan Interface Configuration
10.0.0.1/8
S0
Africa S1 Asia
E0 10.0.0.2/8 E0
192.168.1.150/24 192.168.2.150/24

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24 LAN - 192.168.2.0/24


‫‪Telnet‬‬

‫‪ ‬هو اختصار لـ ‪ Terminal Network‬لتوفير‬


‫االتصال بين جهازين عبر الشبكة يعمل البروتوكول على‬
‫تمكين المستخدم من الوصول الى جهاز اخر عن بعد‬
‫وكانه يعمل عليه مباشرة‬
Telnet
‫‪Routing‬‬

‫‪ ‬التوجية ‪ : Routing‬هو عملية نقل البيانات (حزم البيانات) عبر الشبكات‬


‫من المصدر الى الوجهة باستخدام اجهزة تسمى الموجهات (‪)Routers‬‬
‫‪ ‬الهدف االساسي من التوجية هو اختيار افضل مسار لتوصيل البيانات بين‬
‫االجهزة الموجودة في شبكات مختلفة‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Routing involves two basic activities:‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Determining best paths.‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Forwarding Packets through these paths.‬‬


Types Of Routing

• Static Routing

• Default Routing

• Dynamic Routing
Static Routing

• It is configured by Administrator manually.

.‫يتم عملها يدويًا بواسطة المسؤول‬ •

• Mandatory need of Destination Network ID

‫مطلوب معرف شبكة الوجهة‬ •

• It is Secure & fast

‫آمن وسريع‬ •
Static Routing

 It is configured by Administrator manually. Used for

Small organization which have network of 10-15

Routers.

.‫ جهاز توجيه‬15 ‫ إلى‬10 ‫يُستخدم للمؤسسات الصغيرة التي لديها شبكة من‬ 

 It is the “trustworthiness” of the routing information.

‫تعتبر اكثر موثوقية لتوجية المعلومات‬ 


Static Routing
Static Routing For Multiple Routers -
Network Diagram
Disadvantages of Static Routing

• Administrative work is more.

.‫العمل اإلداري أكثر‬ •

• Compulsory need of Destination Network ID’s

destination ‫الحاجة لمعرفة الشبكات ال‬ •

• Used for only Small organizations

‫تستخدم فقط للمؤسسات الصغيرة‬ •

• It cannot dynamically update topology changes.

.‫ال يمكنها تحديث تغييرات الطوبولوجيا ديناميكيًا‬ •


Default Routing

• A Default routing protocol is configured for unknown


destinations.

.‫يتم ضبط بروتوكول التوجيه االفتراضي للوجهات الغير المعروفة‬ •


• Generally used in the internet where the destinations are
unknown.

.‫يستخدم بشكل عام في اإلنترنت حيث تكون الوجهات غير معروفة‬ •


Default Routing

• Configured at end points

• It is the last preferred routing

• Default routes help in reducing the size of your routing table.

.‫يساعد التوجية االفتراضي في تقليل حجم جدول التوجيه الخاص بك‬ •

• Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2


Default Routing - Real Time Example
INTERNET

Africa
E0
192.168.1.1/24 E0
202.54.30.150/24

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24
IP 202.54.30.1/24
Dynamic Routing

 Advantages of Dynamic Routing over Static Routing :

• Works with advertisements ( of directly connected networks)

• Updates the topology changes dynamically.

• Administrative work is reduced.

• Used in medium & large networks.

• Neighbor routers exchange routing information and build the

routing table automatically


Dynamic Routing

 Class full Protocols:


• Classfull routing protocol do not carry the subnet mask information
along with updates
• which means that all devices in the network must use the same
subnet mask
• Ex : RIP v1 , IGRP

Classless Protocols:
• Classless routing protocol carry the subnet mask information
along with updates
• That's why they support sub network s and default networks also
Ex : RIPv2 . EIGRP , OSPF. IS-IS
Routing Information Protocol
Routing Information Protocol

• Open Standard Protocol ‫مفتوح المصدر‬

• Classfull routing protocol

• Metric : Hop count

Max Hop counts : 15 Max routers : 16

• Used for small networks

‫• يستخدم للشبكات الصغيره‬


Routing Information Protocol

R1#config t
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.1 .0
R1(config-router)#passive-interface serial 0
OSPF Properties

• It's a link state protocol

• It uses SPF (shortest path first) or dijkistra algorithm

• Unlimited hop count

• It is a classless routing protocol

• It supports only equal cost load balancing

• Hello packets are sent every 10 seconds & Dead = 40 sec


How Neighbor Table is created ?

S1 S0

USA
E0 - 192.168.4.0
S1 S0
S0 S1 S0 S1
Europe 10.0.0.0 Africa 11.0.0.0 Asia
E0
E0 - 192.168.1.0 E0 E0
E0 - 192.168.2.0 E0 - 192.168.3.0
1.150 2.150 3.150

Neighbor ID Int Neighbor ID Int Neighbor ID Int


192.168.2.150 S0 192.168.1.150 S1 192.168.2.150 S1

192.168.4.150 S1 192.168.3.150 S0 192.168.4.150 S0

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24 LAN - 192.168.2.0/24 LAN - 192.168.3.0/24


How Topology Table is created ?

S1 S0

USA
E0 - 192.168.4.0
S1 S0
S0 S1 S0 S1

Europe 10.0.0.0 Africa 11.0.0.0 Asia


E0
E0 - 192.168.1.0 E0
E0 - 192.168.2.0 E0
E0 - 192.168.3.0
1.150 2.150 3.150

Link ID Link ID Link ID

192.168.4.150 192.168.4.150 192.168.1.150


192.168.1.150 192.168.1.150 192.168.3.150

192.168.2.150 192.168.2.150 192.168.2.150

192.168.3.150 192.168.3.150 192.168.4.150

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24 LAN - 192.168.2.0/24 LAN - 192.168.3.0/24


How Routing Information Table is created ?
E0 - 192.168.4.0
K
S1 S0

Cost = 10 USA Cost = 15

H S1 C S0 B
Cost = 10 Cost = 10
S0 S1 S0 S1
Europe 10.0.0.0 Africa 11.0.0.0 Asia
E0
E0 - 192.168.1.0 E0
E0 - 192.168.2.0 E0
E0 - 192.168.3.0
1.150 2.150 3.150

Best path Best path Best path

192.168.2.0 = H  C 192.168.1.0 = C  H 192.168.1.0 = B  C  H

192.168.3.0 = H  C  B 192.168.3.0 = C  B 192.168.2.0 = B  C

192.168.4.0 = H  K 192.168.4.0 = C  H  K 192.168.4.0 = B  K

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24 LAN - 192.168.2.0/24 LAN - 192.168.3.0/24


Europe(config)# router ospf 1
Europe(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
Europe(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1
Europe(config-router)# ^Z

Europe# show ip route


Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0


O IA 11.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 10.0.0.2, 00:01:03, Serial0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
O IA O192.168.2.0/24
IA – for OSPF [110/74]
110 isMetric
viaof10.0.0.2,
nothing OSPF
but 00:01:03, Serial0
O IAInter Administrative
Area routes
192.168.3.0/24 Distance
Cost
[110/138] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:13, Serial0
Europe#
32
END

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