Integration and Its Types
1. Definition of Integration
• Reverse process of differentiation.
• Represents accumulation of quantities, such as area under a curve,
displacement from velocity, etc.
f ( x)dx = F ( x) + C
2. Types of Integration
• Indefinite Integrals
• Definite Integrals
o Proper Integrals (finite interval, finite integrand)
o Improper Integrals (infinite limits or discontinuity in integrand)
(A) Indefinite Integral
• No limits of integration. f ( x)dx = F ( x) + C
• Answer is a function + constant.
x4
x dx = 4 + C
3
(B) Definite Integral
b
• Has limits [a, b].
a
f ( x) dx = F (b) − F (a)
• Answer is a number.
2
2 x3 8
x dx = =
2
0
3 0 3
(C) Proper Integral
• Both limits are finite, integrand is continuous.
3
3 x2
1
( x + 2) dx = + 2 x = 8
2 1
(D) Improper Integral
At least one of these occurs:
1. The interval of integration is infinite. (Limit → infinity), or
2. The function becomes infinite (discontinuous) within the interval. (Integrand
becomes infinite)
Such integrals are defined using limits.
Example 1 (infinite limit):
1
1 x2
dx = 1
t
1 t 1 1
Here 1 x 2
dx = lim 2 dx = lim − = 1
t → 1 x t →
x 1
Example 2 (discontinuous):
1 1
0
x
dx = 2
1 1 1 −1 1
Here dx = lim+ x 2 dx = lim+ 2 x = 2
0
x →0 →0
3. Techniques of Integration (with Examples)
(i) Substitution Method
• Change of variable to simplify.
Example:
2x cos( x Let u = x 2 du = 2 xdx
2
) dx
= cos(u ) du = sin(u ) + C = sin( x 2 ) + C
(ii) Integration by Parts
• Used when integrand is a product.
Formula: udv = uv − vdu
Example: xe x dx
Take u = x du = dx , dv = e x dx v = e x .
= xe x − e x dx = xe x − e x + C
(iii) Partial Fractions
• For rational functions.
1
Example: dx
x −1
2
1 1 1
Decompose: = −
x − 1 2( x − 1) 2( x + 1)
2
1 1
= ln | x − 1| − ln | x + 1| +C
2 2
(iv) Trigonometric Integral
• Use trig identities.
Example: sin 2 xdx
1 − cos(2 x)
Use identity: sin 2 x =
2
1 1 x sin(2 x)
=
2 1dx − cos(2 x)dx = −
2 2 4
+C
(v) Reduction Formula (Recursive Integration)
• Repeated integrals in terms of lower powers.
Example: I n = sin n xdx
Reduction formula:
1 n −1
I n = − sin n −1 x cos x + I n−2
n n
Some useful examples
