lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj

oS / krk bdkbZ 15 oS/krk

bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
15-0 mís';
15-1 izLrkouk
15-1-1 lkoZtfud ,oa jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dh izÑfr dk lanHkZ
15-1-2 izkf/kdkj oS/k lÙkk gS
15-1-3 izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk] nksuksa O;k[;kRed ,oa fu;ked
15-1-4 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dh leL;k
15-2 ,d ,sfrgkfld le> dh vksj
15-2-1 jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dh nSoh vo/kkj.kk
15-2-2 17oha lnh % nSoh vo/kkj.kk dks pqukSfr;k¡
15-2-3 lkekftd lafonk fl)kar
15-2-4 ekSarfLD;q ds oS/krk fo"k;d oSdfYid n`f"Vdks.k
15-2-5 :lks % ekSarfLD;q ls vkxs iz;kl
15-2-6 dkyZ ekDlZ ds fopkj
15-3 eSDl oScj vkSj izkf/kdkj-O;oLFkk laca/kh mudh izrhdkRed O;k[;k
15-3-1 oScj vkSj mudk oS/krk esa fo'okl
15-3-2 oScj ds vkn'kZ fun'kZ (Types)
15-3-3 MSfoM chFke }kjk eSDl oScj dh vkykspuk
15-4 gScjekl vkSj oS/khdj.k ladV
15-4-1 ladV izo`fÙk;k¡
15-4-2 ladV ds nkSjku jkT;h; dkjZokbZ
15-5 lkjka'k
15-6 'kCnkoyh
15-7 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
15-8 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

15-0 mís ' ;

izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk laca/kh /kkj.kk,¡ jkT;] jktuhfr vkSj lH; lekt ds Kku ls vfHkUu
gSaA gesa euLFk dj ysuk pkfg, fd izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk ml jhfr dks n'kkZrs gSa] ftlesa
jktuhfrd leqnk; laxfBr gSA lHkh ekuo laxBu ,d fu;e-Ük`a[kyk ij vk/kkfjr gS]
izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk ;g bafxr djrs gSa fd leqnk; ds lnL;ksa }kjk ;s fu;e dSls vkSj
D;ksa Lohdkj fd, tkrs gSa - D;k os vkKkikyu ;ksX; gSa vkSj ,d ck/;dkjh y{k.k j[krs
gSa\ vkxs ds Hkkxksa esa ge ml jhfr dk irk yxk,¡xs] ftlesa ;s vo/kkj.kk,¡ jktuhfrd
lksp ds fofHkUu lw=ksa esa le>h tkrh gSa vkSj fdl izdkj ;s vk/kqfud jkT; vkSj lekt
dks le>us gsrq lk/ku ds :i esa dke vkrh gSaA Hkkxksa ds ckn iz'u fn, x, gSa] tks vkidks
viuh izxfr tk¡pus esa enn djsaxsA vfrfjDr ikB~;-lkexzh dh ,d lwph ikBkar esa nh
18 xbZ gSA
 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
15-1 iz L rkouk Øka f r

izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk jktuhfrd fo'ys"k.k esa lokZf/kd ekSfyd vkSj LFkk;h eqíksa esa ls ,d
jgs gSaA jktuhfr-nk'kZfudksa] jktuhfr-oSKkfudksa o lekt'kkfL=;ksa us ,d yEcs le; ls
Lo;a dks tu-izkf/kdkj vkSj ljdkj dks le>us gsrq mi;ksxh lk/ku Lo:i bu
vo/kkj.kkvksa dh Nku-chu esa yxk j[ks gSaA bu vo/kkj.kkvksa dks] rFkkfi] bl :i esa ns[kk
tkuk pkfg, fd os xr dqN 'krkfCn;ksa esa gh fodflr gqbZ gSa] fof'k"V ,sfrgkfld
vVdyckft;ksa ds chp xfBr vkSj iquxZfBr gqbZ gSaA ;s] bl izdkj] mu fofHkUu lw=ksa dks
izdV djus ds :i esa Hkh ns[kh tk ldrh gSa] ftUgksaus vius Øe-fodkl esa ,sfrgkfld
:i ls ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
15-1-1 lkoZtfud ,oa jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dh izÑfr dk lanHkZ
blls igys fd ge bu fofHkUu lw=ksa dh tk¡p djsa] gesa eu esa cSBk ysuk pkfg, fd izkf/
kdkj vkSj oS/krk nksuksa gh lkoZtfud vkSj jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dh izÑfr dks bafxr djrs
gSaA lHkh ekuo lekt] tSlk fd Åij mYys[k fd;k x;k] fu;eksa ij pyrs gSa] tks mUgsa
lEc)rk (cohesion) vkSj ,d fof'k"V igpku iznku djrs gSaA bu fu;eksa dks izkekf.kd
vkSj fof/klaxr ekuk tkrk gS] ;fn os yksxksa }kjk LosPNkiwoZd ck/;dkjh eku fy, tkrs
gSaA tcfd fu;eksa dk ikyu ljdkjksa }kjk Hk; vkSj voihM+u ds ek/;e ls djok;k tk
ldrk gS] vuqikyu dk cykr~ fu"d"kZ.k oS/k ugha ekuk tk ldrk gS ¼ns[ksa ^b.VªksMD'ku*]
ySftfVeslh@ySftfVekbV] la- ,sFksuSflvks ewykdh] i`- 4½A
15-1-2 izkf/kdkj oS/k lÙkk gS
pfy,] lcls igys ljy 'kCnksa esa ;g le>us dk iz;kl djrs gSa fd bu vo/kkj.kkvksa
dk eryc D;k gSA lk/kkj.kr;k izkf/kdkj dks lÙkk dk ,d :i le>k tkrk gSA tcfd
lÙkk O;fDr ds okrkoj.k dks izHkkfor vkSj ifjofrZr djus dh {kerk vFkok ;ksX;rk dks
bafxr djrh gS] izkf/kdkj ifjorZu ykus dh {kerk ds lkFk-lkFk ifjorZu djus ds
vf/kdkj dk Hkh ladsr djrk gSA izkf/kdkj dks] blh dkj.k] lÙkk ds ,d la'kksf/kr :i
esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS] tgk¡ lÙkk dks U;k;lEer ekuk tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd
izkf/kdkj fdlh Hkh izdkj ds neu vFkok Ny-diV ij fuHkZj ugha djrk] tcfd bldh
ctk;] vkKkikyu vkSj vuqikyu ds dÙkZO; dk vkg~oku djrk gSA LoSfPNd vFkok lg"kZ
vkKkikyu] tks ifjorZu ykus ds fy, vfuok;Z gS] djokus ds fy,] izkf/kdkj dks lgh gksus
ds nkos izLrqr djus iM+rs gSaA oS/krk izkf/kdkj dks lR;rk vkSj vkSfpR; ds xq.k iznku
djrh gS] ftlds }kjk vkKkikyu vkSj vuqikyu dk dÙkZO; ds :i esa] u neu vkSj cy-
iz;ksx ds ifj.kkeLo:i] vkg~oku fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj] izkf/kdkj tc oS/krk ls tqM+k
gks rks mls ^^oS/k lÙkk** ds :i esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA

15-1-3 izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk% nksuksa O;k[;kRed ,oa fu;ked

izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk ds vFkks± dh bl O;kid O;k[;k ls gesa ;g Li"V gks tkuk pkfg,
fd ;s vo/kkj.kk,¡ O;k[;kRed vkSj fu;ked nksuksa gh Jsf.k;ksa ds :i esa iz;ksx dh tk
ldrh gSaA O;k[;kRed Jsf.k;ksa ds :i esa] os jktuhfrd laxBu o 'kklu ds LoHkko dk
fp=.k vFkok o.kZu djrh gSaA fu;ked Jsf.k;ksa ds :i esa] os ,d ^'kklukf/kdkj* gsrq nkoksa
dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy, uSfrd ekud iznku djrh gSaA blh ds lkFk gh] gesa ;kn
j[kuk pkfg, fd bu nks /kkj.kkvksa dk dksbZ fu;r vFkZ ugha gSA bfro`ÙkkRed :i ls
muds vFkZ cnyrs vkSj foLr`r gksrs jgs gSaA fdlh Hkh iznÙk ,sfrgkfld volj ij] blds 19
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj vfrfjDr] ;s vo/kkj.kk,¡ izfrLi/kkZRed rjhdksa ls O;k[;kf;r vkSj ifjHkkf"kr gksrh jgh
oS / krk gSaA bl izdkj] tcfd mnkjoknh tu oS/krk dks ,d ldkjkRed ladsrkFkZ j[kus okys ds
:i esa ns[krs gSa] ekDlZoknh tu oS/krk dks fdlh Hkh oS/k uSfrd nkos vFkok ^'kklukf/kdkj*
iznku djus ds :i esa ns[kus dh vksj izo`Ùk jgrs gSaA mnkjoknh o lektoknh tu
izkf/kdkj dks ;qfDrlaxr] lksís'; o e;kZfnr ds :i esa ns[krs gSa( ,d ,slk n`f"Vdks.k tks
fof/klaxr-;qfDrlaxr izkf/kdkj ,oa lkoZtfud mÙkjiznrk gsrq izkFkfedrk esa izdV gqvkA
:f<+oknh tu] rqyukRed :i ls] izkf/kdkj dks uSlfxZd vko';drk ls mitk ekurs gSa]
tks vuqHkoksa] lkekftd fLFkfr ,oa ckSf)d {kerk ds vleku forj.k ds vk/kkj ij ^Åij
ls* iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA izkf/kdkj gsrq vkSfpR; izfriknu bl nkos ds bnZ-fxnZ dsfUnzr
gS fd O;oLFkk dk;e j[kus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS] vkSj ^izkÑr voLFkk*] ,d
jktuhfrd 'kklu-jfgr lekt] dh Øwjrk o vU;k; ls cpus dk ;gh ,dek= rjhdk
gS ¼ns[ksa ,UMª;w gsoqM] ikWfyfVDl] i`"B 193½A

15-1-4 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dh leL;k

oS/krk] vFkkZr~ fdlh 'kklu-i)fr vFkok 'kklu-O;oLFkk dk vkSfpR;] dk iz'u vUrrksxRok
jktuhfrd cglksa dh ,d lcls cqfu;knh] jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dh leL;k ls tqM+k gSA
;g ckr fuEufyf[kr iz'u mBkrh gS % ukxfjd x.k ljdkj ds izkf/kdkj dks Lohdkj
djus gsrq Lo;a dks D;ksa ck/; eglwl djrs gSa] vkSj D;k jkT; dk vknj djuk vkSj
mlds dkuwuksa dks ekuuk mudk dÙkZO; gS\ vk/kqfud jktuhfrd cgl esa] rFkkfi] oS/krk
dks Hkh jktuhfrd O;ogkjksa ,oa fo'oklksa dh ut+j ls ns[kk tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;g
dsoy ,d xw<+ vFkZ esa yksxksa dks jkT; dk vkKkikyu D;ksa djuk pkfg, laca/kh iz'u dh
gh O;k[;k ugha djrh] oju~ bl iz'u dk Hkh mÙkj nsrh gS fd mUgsa ,d jkT;-fo'ks"k
vFkok 'kklu-O;oLFkk dk gh vkKkikyu D;ksa djuk pkfg,] nwljs dk D;ksa ughaA nwljs
'kCnksa esa] ;g mu n'kkvksa vFkok izfØ;kvksa laca/kh leL;k dh Nku-chu djrk gS] tks
yksxksa dks vkKkikyu gsrq] vFkok] nwljs 'kCnksa esa] izkf/kdkj dks U;k;laxr ekuus gsrq izsfjr
djrh gSaA ;s ekeys gekjk /;ku vo/kkj.kk ds vkuqHkfod vFkok O;kogkfjd igyqvksa dh
vksj vkÑ"V djrs gSa] ;Fkk] ,sls oS/k ,oa laoS/kkfud izlax ftuesa lÙkk dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS ¼ns[ksa ,FksuSflvks ewykdh] ySftfVesfl@ySftfVekbV] 1986] i`- 60 esa ik'kkyh
fd=ksfeYns] ^bUykbVueUV ,.M ySftfVesfl*½A

vkxkeh Hkkxksa esa ge ml rjhds ij ut+j Mkysaxs] ftlls izkf/kdkj ,oa oS/krk fofHkUu
nk'kZfud ijEijkvksa esa fxus tkrs gSa] vkSj mu fofHkUu vFkks± ij Hkh tks mUgsa muds
,sfrgkfld Øe-fodkl dh izfØ;k esa iznku fd, x, gSaA ge vkxs lekt'kkL=h eSDl
oScj vkSj jktuhfrd-nk'kZfud tqts± gScjekl }kjk fd, x, nks izeq[k vkSj ijLij-
fojks/kh izfriknuksa dk Hkh v/;;u djsaxsA bu nksuksa ds chp vUrj dks le>us ds fy, gesa
oS/krk vkSj izkf/kdkj ds chp laca/k dks ;kn djuk iM+sxk( ;Fkk oS/krk 'kfDr dks izkf/kdkj
esa cny nsrh gSA jktuhfr-nk'kZfud oS/krk dks ,d ;qfDrlaxr fl)kar ds :i esa ysrs gSa]
mu vk/kkjksa ds |ksrd ds :i esa ftu ij ljdkjsa ukxfjdksa ls vkKkikyu dh vis{kk
j[krh gSaA oS/krk gsrq bu nkoksa dk vUos"k.k okLrfod rF; vFkok vkKkikyu dh vis{kk
vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gSA lekt'kkL=h] gkyk¡fd] oS/krk dks ml rjhds ij /;ku vkÑ"V djrs
gq, lekt'kkL=h; :i esa ns[krs gSa] ftlesa fu;eksa dk vuqikyu izdV gksrk gSA pfy,]
ns[krs gSa fd ;s fopkj fdl izdkj bfrgkl esa fodflr gq, vkSj os y{k.k Hkh tks mUgksaus
fof'k"V ,sfrgkfld vVdyckft+;ksa esa /kkj.k fd,A

20
Ckks/k iz'u 1 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
Øka f r
uksV % i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk iz;ksx djsaA
ii½ vius mÙkj dks bdkbZ ds var esa fn;s x;s mÙkjksa ls feyk;saA
1½ izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk ds chp lEcU/k Li"V djsaA
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2½ jktuhfrd nkf;Ro D;k gS\

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15-2 ,d ,sfrgkfld le> dh vksj

15-2-1 jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dh nSoh vo/kkj.kk
oS/krk dk fopkj vk/kqfud ;qx dh 'kq#vkr gksus rd jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj ds cks/k esa
gkf'k, ij gh jgkA l=goha 'krkCnh ls iwoZ] O;kid :i ls ;g ekuk tkrk Fkk fd
jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj nSoh :i ls fofgr vkSj izÑfr-iznÙk gS] vkSj blh dkj.k] rdZlaxr
gSA os yksx tks ;g n`f"Vdks.k j[krs Fks] yksxksa ds ,d lewg dk nwljs ij vfook| izHkqRo
ekurs FksA ;g izHkqRo bl fo'okl ls dk;e jgrk Fkk fd ;s fu;e bZ'ojsPNk vkSj
izkf/kdkj dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSa] vkSj flQ+Z ogh tkurs gSa fd yksxksa ds fy, D;k vPNk
gS] vkSj bl vPNkbZ ds vuqlj.k gsrq mfpr rjhds D;k gSaA l=goha 'krkCnh ls] rFkkfi]
oS/krk tks vc rd bZ'ojh; vf/kdkj dh /kkj.kk esa gh Mwch gqbZ Fkh] us vkdkj ysuk vkSj
mu xq.kksa dks fodflr djuk 'kq: dj fn;k ftudks vkt ge blls tksM+rs gSaA
15-2-2 17 oha lnh % nSoh vo/kkj.kk dks pqukSfr;k¡
17oha
l=goha 'krh ds fopkjdksa] tSls fd FkkWel gkWCl ¼1588-1679½ us bl n`f"Vdks.k dk i{k
ysrs gq, 'kklu gsrq jktkvksa ds bZ'ojh; vf/kdkj dh /kkj.kk dks pqukSrh nh fd lHkh euq";]
LoHkkor% vkSj bZ'oj ds le{k] Lora= ,oa leku gSaA pw¡fd lHkh euq"; Lora= Fks] dksbZ Hkh
O;fDr] uSlfxZd :i ls vFkok bZ'ojh; :i ls fofgr] lHkh euq";ksa ij 'kklu djus dk
21
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj izkf/kdkj ugha j[k ldrk FkkA lHkh euq";ksa dh izkÑfrd Lora=rk vFkok lekurk dh
oS / krk /kkj.kk dk iz;ksx baXyS.M vkSj Ýkal esa fujadq'k jktra=ksa }kjk 'kklu djus ds nkoksa dh
lR;rk ij lansg izdV djus vkSj mudks m[kkM+ Qsadus ds fy, fd;k x;kA

15-2-3 lkekftd lafonk fl)kar

l=goha vkSj vBkjgoha 'krkfCn;ksa esa fodflr gq, lafonk fl)karksa esa uSlfxZd lekurk
laca/kh vo/kkj.kk,¡ bl izdkj lfEefyr dh xb± fd os fof/klaxr 'kklu dks ,d lS)kafrd
vkSj rkfdZd vk/kkj iznku djsaA gkWCl vkSj tkWu ykWd tSls lafonk fl)kafr;ksa us bl
vk/kkj-okD; ls 'kq#vkr dh fd lHkh euq"; leku gSa] vius vki ij vf/kdkj j[krs gSa]
vkSj blh dkj.k] Lo;a dks izHkkfor djus okys fu.kZ;ksa dks ysus dh {kerk ds lkFk-lkFk
mldk vf/kdkj Hkh j[krs gSaA ;s Lora= o leku euq"; ,slh mi;qDr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks
tUe nsus ds fy,] ftuesa os vkfFkZd Lora=rk dk ykHk mBk ldsa] viuh vksj ls Lo;a ij
'kklu djus ds fy, izkf/kÑr djrs gq, mUgsa dqN Lo-fu/kkZj.k vf/kdkjksa dks gLrkarfjr
djus laca/kh fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA tc ;g gLrkarj.k cM+s Lrj ij gksrk gS] ;Fkk] ,d cM+h
la[;k esa yksx viuk uSlfxZd vf/kdkj Lo-'kklu dks lkSai nsrs gSa] rks jktuhfrd
izkf/kdkj tUe ysrk gSA ;g jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj vFkok 'kklu] tks dqN vf/kdkjksa o
Lora=rkvksa ds ifjR;kx ds ifj.kkeLo:i lkeus vkrk gS] oS/krk/kkjd dgk tkrk gSA
'kklu djus gsrq ljdkj dh oS/k 'kfDr 'kkflrksa dh lEefr }kjk iznf'kZr gksrh gS] tks
le;-le; ij O;Dr vkSj uohÑr dh tkrh jgrh gSA

ge bl izdkj ns[k ldrs gSa fd l=goha 'krkCnh ls oS/krk-laca/kh /kkj.kk fo|eku fujadq'k
'kklu-ra=ksa ds izkf/kdkj dh vkykspuk vFkok mldks pqukSrh ds :i esa mnkjoknh o
x.krkaf=d ijEijkvksa esa fodflr gqbZA vaxzst+h ¼1688½ vkSj Ýkalhlh ¼1789½ nksuksa gh
Økafr;ksa esa oS/krk ds fo"k; dks oLrqr% bl :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd ;g ml ljdkj
ds Lo:i ls lacaf/kr mu iz'uksa ds fy, cqfu;knh gS] ftudk rdZlaxr vkSj U;k;laxr
:i ls ikyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkjokn esa izkf/kdkj dh oS/krk dks ,d O;fDroknh
lkekftd lafonk vkSj 'kkflrksa dh lEefr ij izklafxd cuk;k x;kA

15-2-4 ekSarfLD;q ds oS/krk fo"k;d oSdfYid n`f"Vdks.k

lafonkokfn;ksa }kjk lefFkZr oS/krk-laca/kh O;fDroknh <k¡ps dks Bqdjkrs gq,] ekSarfLD;q
¼1689-1775½ us viuh iqLrd n fLizV vkWQ+ n ykWt+ ¼1748½ esa oS/krk ds oSdfYid :iksa
dks izfrlarqfyr (counterpoise) fd;kA bl oSdfYid :i dk vfHkizk; izkf/kdkj iz;ksx
dks lkekftd ifjizs{; esa j[kdj O;fDroknh Lora=sPNk ds euekusiu dks de djuk FkkA
ekSarfLD;q us vius <k¡psa esa lekt-lq/kkj] lafo/kkuokn vkSj ewy ukxfjd Lora=rkvksa dh
j{kk laca/kh rÙoksa dks 'kkfey dj jkT; gsrq ,d lkekftd :i ls nkf;Roiw.kZ Hkwfedk
j[khA bu lcdks oS/k izkf/kdkj esa ;ksxnku djus vFkok mlds lkjrÙo cuus ds :i esa
ns[kk x;kA
15-2-5 :lks % ekSarfLD;q ls vkxs iz;kl
t+kSa - t+kd :lks ¼1712-1778½ us mnkjoknh-O;fDroknh <k¡ps esa ifjdfYir oS/krk dks
x.kra=h; pqukSrh dk fp=.k fd;kA lSd.M fMLdkslZ esa feF;k lafonk laca/kh vius
fl)kar esa :lks us ogha ls dke 'kq: fd;k tgk¡ ekSarfLD;q us NksM+k FkkA lekt vkSj
jktuhfr ds ,d mnkjoknh-O;fDroknh fl)kar dh lhekvksa dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gq,]
:lks us ekSarfLD;q dh gh Hkk¡fr vius fu:i.k esa lkekftd fo"k;ksa ds vf/kd O;kid {ks=
22
dks lesVus dk iz;kl fd;k vkSj bl izdkj mls 'kkfey fd;kA ekSarfLD;q ds fu:i.k ls jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
vkxs fudyrs gq, gkyk¡fd :lks us bl lkekftd nk;js esa lekt ds mu oxks± dh Øka f r
vk'kkvksa dks 'kkfey djus dk iz;kl fd;k Fkk ftudks mnkjoknh <k¡ps esa dksbZ vfHkO;fDr
ugha feyh FkhA :lks us eglwl fd;k fd lkekftd lafonk ,d /kks[kk gS] ftlds
ek/;e ls /kuh yksx x+jhcksa dks viuh v/khurk Lohdkj djus ds fy, et+cwj djrs gSaA
blhfy,] :lks ds vuqlkj] oS/krk flQ+Z jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj ds yksdra=hdj.k ls izkIr
ugha dh tk ldrhA yksdra=hdj.k yksxksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh] vkSj mudh lkekftd
o jktuhfrd vko';drkvksa dh igpku ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkuk FkkA :lks dh ;kstuk
esa ljdkj dh oS/krk vkSj lÙkk-iz;ksx ukxfjdksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ij fVds FksA
oS/krk gsrq bl oSdfYid fopkj dk egÙo lacaf/kr O;fDr] lkoZtfud mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj
lkewfgd y{;ksa esa fufgr gS] tks lHkh ,d x.kra=kRed jkT; dh mÙkjthfork gsrq
vko';drk ds :i esa ns[ks x, ¼ik'kkyh fd=ksfeYns] 1986] i`- 62-64½A

15-2-6 dkyZ ekDlZ ds fopkj

dkyZ ekDlZ ¼1818-1883½] rFkkfi] lfØ; Hkkxhnkjhiw.kZ ukxfjdrk vkSj jktuhfrd
izkf/kdkj ds chp laca/k ds fo"k; esa :lks ds vk'kkokn ls lger ugha gSaA muds ds
vuqlkj] vk/kqfud jkT; e/;oxZ ds fgrksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk Fkk vkSj blhfy,] turk
dh vke bPNk dk izfrfuf/k ugha FkkA turk T+;knk ls T+;knk ukxfjdksa ds :i esa Lo;a
dh flQ+Z ^dYiuk* gh dj ldrh Fkh] D;ksafd ^jktuhfr* esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh ,d oxZ-
foHksfnr lekt esa mudh v/khuLFk fLFkfr ij fuHkZj Fkh vkSj mlh ls ckf/kr Hkh FkhA ekDlZ
us eglwl fd;k fd vke bPNk ds <k¡ps esa O;fDr okLrfod eqíksa ls ?kcjk;k gqvk Fkk] ;Fkk
lekt dh cqjkb;k¡ vkSj iw¡thokn ds vlerkoknh izk/kkj] ftUgksaus mUgsa tUe fn;k FkkA
bl izdkj] ,d iw¡thokn jkT; dHkh Hkh fof/klaxr vkSj ^yksdsPNk LFky* ugha cu ldk(
D;ksafd og tUetkr 'kks"kd gksrk FkkA ekDlZ dh :ijs[kk esa] blhfy,] ,d iw¡thoknh
lekt esa jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dh oS/krk ,d feFkd FkhA ;g vo/kkj.kk] tSlk fd geus
ns[kk] bl vk/kkj-okD; ij fVdh Fkh fd iw¡thoknh jkT; tUetkr 'kks"k.kdkjh Fks vkSj
blhfy, vke bPNk dks dHkh O;Dr ugha dj ldrs FksA oS/krk ekDlZ ds fy, ;gk¡ rd
vizklafxd Fkh fd og ,d ,slh Hkkoh ekuoh; n'kk dh izR;k'kk djrs Fks] ftlesa yksx
Lo;a viuh fu;fr ij dkcw dj ldsa vkSj Lo;a dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, ^?kcM+kgVksa* ij
fuHkZj u gksa] ¼ns[ksa fofy;e dkWukWyh] ySftfVeslh ,.M n LVsV] i`- 7-8½A

ekDlZ ds vuqlkj] bl izdkj mDr jí fo"k; oS/krk ugha FkkA mUgksaus ,d vkfFkZd O;oLFkk
ds :i esa iw¡thoknh lektksa ij /;ku vkÑ"V fd;k] tks mRiknu-lk/kuksa ds Lokfe;ksa ,oa
osruHkksxh dkexkj oxZ ds chp fojks/kkHkklh vkfFkZd fgrksa ij vk/kkfjr FkkA ekDlZoknh
fo'ys"k.k esa] leL;k mu n'kkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus laca/kh Fkh ftuesa jgdj dkexkj oxZ
iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dks cny Mkyus ds fy, Lo;a dks ,d lkewfgd cy esa xfBr djsA
eSDl oScj ¼1864-1920½ ds fu:i.k dks ,d izfrlan'kZ ifjizs{; (counter-perspective)
ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vafre Nksj ls 'kq: djus ij] oScj us Lo;a dks izkf/kdkj
dh izÑfr vkSj vkKkikyu lqfuf'pr djus laca/kh leL;kvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls tksM+kA
iw¡thoknh jkT; ds vuqlkj] izkf/kdkj vkSj vkKkikyu lqfuf'pr djus ds lk/kuksa ls ;g
laca/k gh gS tks vk/kqfud fo'o esa izkf/kdkj O;oLFkkvksa ij oScj ds lS)kafrd fu:i.k esa
izdV gksrk gS ¼ns[ksa tsEl iS=k] Dykl ikWfyfVDl] LVsV ikWoj ,.M ySftfVeslh]
i`- 1955½A

23
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj Ckks/k iz'u 1
oS / krk
uksV % i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk iz;ksx djsaA
ii½ vius mÙkj dks bdkbZ ds var esa fn;s x;s mÙkjksa ls feyk;saA
1½ fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksao'k oS/krk dh ladYiuk jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dks le>us gsrq
egÙoiw.kZ gks xbZ\
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2½ ekSarfLD;q vkSj :lks us oS/krk dh mnkjoknh-O;fDroknh O;k[;k dks FkksM+k cny

fn;kA dSls\
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3½ oS/krk fo"k;d mnkjoknh-O;fDroknh fopkj ekDlZoknh fopkj ls fdl izdkj fHkUu

gS\
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24
 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
15-3 eSDl oScj vkSj izkf/kdkj -O;oLFkk laca/kh mudh Øka f r
izrhdkRed O;k[;k
izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk laca/kh gekjh ppkZ esa vc rd vo/kkj.kkvksa ds ,sfrgkfld Øe-
fodkl dks le>us ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k x;kA geus [kklrkSj ij bu fo"k;ksa ij xgjh
#fp n'kkZ;h - izkf/kdkj dk vUos"k.k] os vk/kkj ftu ij oS/krk dk nkok fd;k tkrk gS]
vkSj bl izdkj ds LohÑfr ds eqdkcys ijhf{kr nkos dh izklafxdrk( buds vykok] gkWCl]
ekSarfLD;q] :lks vkSj ekDlZ tSls jktuhfr-nk'kZfudA eSDl oScj tSls lekt'kkfL=;ksa us]
gkyk¡fd Lo;a dks lÙkk ds fy, fd, x, nkoksa ls ugha tksM+kA mUgksaus Lo;a dks bu
O;kogkfjd iz'uksa ls tksM+k - og rjhdk ftlesa oS/krk izdV gksrh gks] lÙkk ds inksa ij
vklhu gksus ds fy, mldh izHkko'khyrk] os ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ftuesa oS/krk dk vuqHko vFkok
dVko fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj mlds vlQy jgus ij D;k gksrk gSA ,d jktuhfr-
lekt'kkL= laca/kh fo"k; ds :i esa oS/krk] bl izdkj] dbZ ekeyksa dks ns[krh gS] tSls -
os lkekftd vfHkdj.k dkSu ls gSa ftuds ek/;e ls oS/krk izHkkoh cu tkrh gS\ ;Fkk] ,d
jktuhfrd izkf/kdj.k dh oS/krk yksx dSls Lohdkj djrs gSa\ bl LohÑfr dks os dSls
O;Dr djrs gSa] vkSj os ekè;e vFkok lalk/ku ftuds ekQ+Zr jktuhfrd 'kklu-iz.kkfy;k¡
oS/krk tqVkrh gSa ¼MSfoM chFke] CySdoSy dWEiSfuvu Vq iWfyfVdWy lksf'kvksyWft] i`- 107-
108 esa ^iWfyfVdWy ySftfVeslh*½A

15-3-1 oScj vkSj mudk oS/krk esa fo'okl

oS/krklaca/kh oScj dk v/;;u jktuhfrd 'kklu dh tfVyrkvksa dks le>us ds fy,
mi;ksxh le>k tkrk gSA oScj us oS/krk dks lÙkk-laca/kksa ds ,d ;kstukc) v/;;u gsrq
cqfu;knh ekukA oScj us dgk] ^jhfr-fjokt+] O;fDrxr ykHk] HkkbZpkjs ds fo'kq) izHkkoksRiknd
vFkok vHkh"V iz;kstu*] mlds dk;e jgus ds fy, i;kZIr vk/kkj ugha gSA izHkqRo LFkkiu
dh fdlh iznÙk O;oLFkk dks dk;e j[kus ds fy, vkerkSj ij ,d vkSj rÙo gksrk gS] ;Fkk
^oS/krk esa fo'okl*A nwljs 'kCnksa esa] tgk¡ izkf/kdkj dh oS/krk dks ,d vke ekU;rk feyh
gksrh gS] mlds vkns'k ekuuk ck/;rk gksrh gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] voihM+u dk dksbZ O;kid
iz;ksx ugha gksxk] vFkok mPNsnu vFkok voKk dk dksbZ fujUrj Hk; ugha gksxk [eSDl
oScj] bdkWUeh ,oa lkslkbfV] 1978 ¼1922½] i`- 213]A izHkqRo LFkkiu laca/kh O;oLFkkvksa ds
oScj ds v/;;u us mUgsa bl fu"d"kZ dh vksj izo`Ùk fd;k fd oS/krk laca/kh vusd /kkj.kk,¡
vFkok fl)kar gSaA vHkh"V oS/krk ds fof'k"V izdkj vFkok fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr] bl
fu"df"kZr vkKkikyu esa erHksn Fks ftudh xkj.Vh nsus ds fy, ,d izdkj dk iz'kklfud
ra= fodflr gqvk] vkSj ,d izdkj dk izkf/kdkj Hkh] ftlus bldk iz;ksx fd;kA

15-3-2 oScj ds vkn'kZ fun'kZ (Types)

oScj us izR;sd }kjk vHkh"V oS/krk gsrq nkoksa ds izdkj ij vk/kkfjr] izHkqRo-LFkkiu ds
fofHkUu uewuksa vFkok ^O;oLFkkvksa* dh igpku dh ¼ns[ksa MSfoM chFke] iWfyfVdWy
ySftfVeslh] i`- 109½A rnuqlkj] oScj us rhu ^vkn'kZ uewuksa* vFkok ^ladYiukRed
ekWMyksa* dk fuekZ.k fd;k] ftuls mls mEehn Fkh fd jktuhfrd 'kklu dh mPp :i ls
tfVy izÑfr dks vFkZ iznku djus esa enn djsaxs] ;Fkk ijEijkxr izkf/kdkj] dfj'ekbZ]
vkSj fof/klaxr-;qfDrlaxr izkf/kdkj dks vFkZ iznku djus esaA bu ekWMyksa esa ls izR;sd
jktuhfrd oS/krk ds ,d fof'k"V lzksr dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk Fkk vkSj buls lEcfU/kr ,sls
fofHkUu dkj.kksa dk Hkh] tSls - yksx ,d 'kklu-i)fr fo'ks"k dk vuqikyu D;ksa djrs Fks\
25
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj izFke ekWMy] ;Fkk ijEijkxr izkf/kdkj] esa yEcs le; ls pys vk jgs jhfr-fjokt+ vkSj
oS / krk ijEijk,¡ jktuhfrd oS/krk ds lzksr gksrs FksA bl oS/krk dh ifo=rk bl rF; ls O;qRiUu
Fkh fd izkf/kdkj dh ;s i)fr;k¡ igys dh ihf<+;ksa }kjk LohÑr vkSj vkKkikfyr jgh FkhaA
izkf/kdkj-laca/kh ijEijkxr i)fr;ksa ds mnkgj.k gSa - fir`lÙkk ¼ifjokj ij firk dk
'kklu½ vFkok o`)-iq#"k 'kklu ¼^cM+ksa* dk 'kklu½A ijEijkxr izkf/kdkj dh ,slh
O;oLFkkvksa dks mu lektksa esa vkt Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS] tgk¡ lÙkk vkSj fo'ks"kkf/kdkj
dh iSr`d vkSj oa'kxr i)fr;k¡ vfLrRo esa gSa( ;Fkk lkmnh vjc] eksjDdks vkSj dqoSr esa]
vkSj mlds laoS/kkfud :iksa esa] tSls fd baXyS.M] uhnjyS.M~l vkSj Lisu esaA

nwljk :i] ;Fkk] dfj'ekbZ izkf/kdkj us oS/krk fdlh O;fDr-fo'ks"k ds peRdkfjd vFkok
vkd"kZd O;fDrRo ls O;qRiUu dhA bl vkd"kZ.k dk vk/kkj O;fDr-fo'ks"k dh tkfr] oxZ
vFkok vU; vkjksI; xq.kksa esa fufgr ugha FkkA ;g vuU; :i ls ml O;fDr ds futh
vkd"kZ.k ij fuHkZj gksrk Fkk] tks yksxksa dks vkKkikyu gsrq yqHkkrs gq,] mls ,d usrk@us=h
ds :i esa Lohdkj dj nsrk gSA dfj'ekbZ izkf/kdkj ds mnkgj.k gSa & eqlksfyuh] fgVyj]
vkSj uSiksfy;u] ftudk usr`Ro vkSj izfl)h] tkWu ,Q- dSusMh tSls vU; izfl) usrkvksa
ls fHkUu] muds jktuhfrd in ls O;qRiUu izkf/kdkj ij de] vkSj muds O;fDrxr
vkd"kZ.k ij vf/kd vk/kkfjr FksA

oScj dh rhljs izdkj dh oS/krk] fof/klaxr-;qfDrlaxr] izkf/kdkj dks ;FkkFkZ vkSj fof/kor~
ifjHkkf"kr fu;e-lewg ls tksM+rh gSA izkf/kdkj dk fof/klaxr-;qfDrlaxr :i] oScj ds
vuqlkj] vf/kdka'k vk/kqfud jkT;ksa esa ik, tkus okys izkf/kdkj dk gh izrhd :i gSA bl
izdkj dh izkf/kdkj O;oLFkkvksa esa] dfj'ekbZ vkSj ikjEifjd :iksa ls fHkUu] jktuhfrd
lÙkk vkSipkfjd] fof/klEer] laoS/kkfud fu;eksa ls O;qRiUu gksrh gS] mlh ij fuHkZj djrh
gS] vkSj ifjlhfer gksrh gSA ;s fu;e gh gSa tks lÙkk inklhu dh izÑfr vkSj dk;Z{ks=
dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa ¼,.Mª;w gsoqM] ikWfyfVDl] i`- 195½A

15-3-3 MSfoM chFke }kjk eSDl oScj dh vkykspuk

vk/kqfud ;qx esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ,oa 'kklu-i)fr;ksa dh oS/krk dks le>us esa izkf/
kdkj i)fr;ksa laca/kh oScj ds oxhZdj.k dks ,d egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ekuk tkrk gS]
[kkldj ml rjhds ls ftlesa izkf/kdkj ds vk/kqfud :i ijEijkxr :iksa ls fHkUu gSaA
MSfoM chFke tSls jktuhfr-oSKkfud] gkyk¡fd crkrs gSa fd oScj dh rhuksa rdZlaxr fl)
gksrh /kkj.kk,¡] tcfd os gesa ;g le>us esa enn djrh gSa fd izkf/kdkj dh iwokZ/kqfud
ds eqdkcys vk/kqfud i)fr;ksa ds ckjs esa D;k [k+kl gS] mu fofHkUu 'kklu-i)fr;ksa ds
pfj=-fp=.k gsrq vi;kZIr gSa tks chloha 'krh ds nkSjku vfLrRo esa Fkha ¼ns[ksa MSfoM chFke]
iWfyfVdWy ySftfVeslh] i`- 110½A
oScj] tks 'kklu-i)fr;ksa dks rhu izrhdkRed O;k[;kvksa esa ij[krs vkSj j[krs gSa] vFkok
fodYir%] 'kklu-i)fr;ksa dks nks uewuksa ds feJ.k ds :i esa ns[krs gSa] ls fHkUu chFke
vkKkikyu dh izfØ;kvksa ,oa vk/kkjksa dh le> gsrq ,d foLr`r izk/kkj dks T;knk ilan
djrs gSaA muds izk/kkj esa jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dks le>us ds fy, rhu Lrj vFkok ekud
fn, x, gSaA chFke dgrs gSa] jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj bl lhek rd oS/k gSa fd % (1) ;g
LFkkfir fu;eksa ds vuqlkj vHkh"V vkSj O;oâr gksrk gS ¼oS/krk½( (2) ;s fu;e lkekftd
:i ls LohÑr /kkj.kkvksa ds vuqlkj nks fo"k;ksa esa lgh Bgjk, tkrs gSa - (i) izkf/kdkj dk
oS/k lzksr] vkSj (ii) ljdkj ds mfpr lk/ku o ekud( vkSj (3) izkf/kdkj dh fLFkfr Li"V
lgefr vFkok leqfpr v/khuLFkksa dh vfHkiqf"V }kjk] vkSj nwljs fof/klaxr
26 izkf/kdkjksa ls ekU;rk }kjk lefFkZr gksrh gS ¼oS/khdj.k½A
;s rhu Lrj oSdfYid :i vFkok ekWMy ugha gSa] ijUrq rhuksa feydj izkf/kdkj ds jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
vkKkikyu vFkok lg;ksx gsrq yksxksa dks uSfrd vk/kkj iznku djrs gSaA bl izdkj ds Øka f r
izk/kkj] chFke dks yxrk gS] bu dkj.kksa dk Hkh Kku djkrs gSa fd lÙkk esa oS/krk dk vHkko
D;ksa gks ldrk gSA ;fn dgha fu;eksa dk mYya?ku gksrk gks] rks ^voS/krk* 'kCn dk iz;ksx
gksrk gS( ;fn fu;e lkekftd fo'oklksa }kjk nks"kiwoZd lefFkZr gSa] vFkok xgjs fookfnr
gSa rks ge dgrs gSa fd ;gk¡ ^oS/krk vHkko* gS vkSj ;fn lgefr vFkok ekU;rk dks
lkoZtfud :i ls okil ys fy;k tkrk gS vFkok LFkfxr dj fn;k tkrk gS] ge
^oS/krk-R;kx* dh ckr djrs gSaA

chFke dks yxrk gS fd bl izdkj dk izk/kkj oScj ds fo'ys"k.k dh ,d vkSj vi;kZIrrk

dks iwjk djrk gSA ;g gesa yksx fojks/k D;ksa djrs gSa ;g le>us esa] vFkok mu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks le>us esa enn djrk gS ftuesa tu fojks/k vkSj minzo }kjk jktuhfrd
izkf/kdkj dks pqukSfr;ksa ds ek/;e ls jktuhfrd ifjorZu gksrk gSA oS/krk dks ,d ^oS/krk
esa fo'okl* ls vf/kd dqN ugha le>uk] tSlk fd oScj us fd;k] dsoy lÙkklhu
O;fDr;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ls oS/krk fu/kkZj.k ij /;ku vkÑ"V djrk gSA chFke dk izk/kkj]
nwljh vksj] mu izfØ;kvksa dks mtkxj djrk gS ftuds ek/;e ls 'kkflr oxZ ekU;rk
vkSj vkKkikyu iznku djrk vFkok nsus ls badkj djrk gSA

;g ckr vk/kqfud jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa oS/krk izfØ;kvksa dks le>us esa ,d vkSj
egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku djrk gS( ;g tqts± gScjekl laca/kh gS tks fd ge vxys ikBka'k esa
i<+saxsA
Ckks/k iz'u 3
uksV % i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk iz;ksx djsaA
ii½ vius mÙkj dks bdkbZ ds var esa fn;s x;s mÙkjksa ls feyk;saA
1½ eSDl oScj izkf/kdkj i)fr;ksa dks fdl izdkj le>rs gSa\ oScj ds fu:i.k esa MSfoM
chFke D;k vFkZ ifjorZu djrs gSa\
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15-4 gScjekl vkSj oS/khdj.k ladV

tqts± gScjekl us oS/krk ds oScsfj;u vfHkxe gsrq ,d fodYi dk foLr`r v/;;u fd;k
gSA ;g dke djus ds fy,] gkyk¡fd] gScjekl us ,slk dksbZ :f<+oknh ekDlZoknh fopkj
ugha viuk;k tks oS/krk dks ,d e/;oxhZ feFkd ls vf/kd dqN ugha le>rk gks] ,d ,slh
ckr tks mu vlekurk vkSj 'kks"k.k dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ugha gks ldrh tks vk/kqfud
27
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj iw¡thoknh lektksa esa fo|eku FksA gScjekl us ekuk fd vk/kqfud iw¡thoknh lekt vFkok
oS / krk mnkjoknh yksdra=ksa ds ikl tulk/kkj.k dh lgefr vkSj leFkZu izkIr djus dh ,d
O;oLFkk vo'; gksrh gSA mUgksaus] blhfy,] u flQ+Z vlekurkvksa ij /;ku vkÑ"V fd;k]
tks iw¡thoknh lektksa esa fo|eku Fkha] oju~ ml iz'kklu-ra= ij Hkh /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k
ftlds ek/;e ls oS/krk dks dk;e j[kk tkrk Fkk] ;Fkk yksdrkaf=d iz.kkyh] nyh;
iz.kkyh] lkekftd o dY;k.kdkjh lq/kkj] vkfnA lkFk gh] cgjgky] gScjekl us oS/krk
dh mu eqf'dyksa dks Hkh crk;k] tks ,d ,slh jktuhfrd izfØ;k esa fuf'pr :i ls lkeus
vk,¡xh ftlus vleku oxZ lÙkk dks tUe fn;k vkSj dk;e j[kkA

15-4-1 ladV izo`fÙk;k¡

viuh iqLrd ySftfVes'ku Økbfll ¼1973½ esa] gScjekl us iw¡thoknh lektksa esa ^ladV
izo`fÙk;ksa* ds :i esa bu eqf'dyksa dh igpku dh gSA ;s ladV izo`fÙk;k¡ iw¡thoknh lap;u
laca/kh rdZ vkSj yksdrkaf=d jktuhfr }kjk de fd, x, vke ncko ds chp ,d
cqfu;knh fookn ds ifj.kkeLo:i mHkjhaA

ykHk vuq/kkou (pursuit of profit) vkSj oxZ vlekurkvksa dks tUe nsus ij vk/kkfjr
iw¡thoknh lektksa dks 'kklu gsrq ,d vke nkos dk okLrk nsdj jktuhfrd fLFkjrk cuk,
j[kuh iM+rh gSA bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk esa] oS/krk mu yksdrkaf=d izfØ;kvksa }kjk
lqfuf'pr dh tkrh gS tks lekt-dY;k.k izko/kkuksa] c<+h tu lgHkkfxrk vkSj lkekftd
lekurk gsrq vfrfjDr ek¡xksa dh vksj izo`Ùk djrh gSaA ;g cnys esa jkT; ij ncko Mkyrh
gSa] rkfd og vius lkekftd nkf;Ro foLr`r dj lds] vkSj dY;k.kdkjh ¼vykHkdkjh½
mik;ksa ij [kpZ c<+k;s tkus ij ncko Mkyrs gq,] vlekurkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy,
jkT;-gLr{ksi dh ek¡x Hkh djrh gSA ;s ncko djk/kku ,oa lkoZtfud O;; esa o`f) vkSj
ykHk Lrjksa ij yxke yxkdj vkSj m|e dks fu#Rlkfgr djds iw¡thoknh lap;u dks
jksdus dh vksj izo`Ùk djrs gSaA vke nckoksa dks jksdus vFkok vkfFkZd iru dk tksf[ke
ysus ij ck/;] ,sls lekt oS/krk dks dk;e j[kuk mÙkjksÙkj dfBu vkSj izk;% vlaHko
ikrs gSaA

bl izdkj] ,d iw¡thoknh lekt fujUrj ladV-izo`fÙk;ksa ds paxqy esa jgrk gS] tks ml
oS/krk ds ek/;e ls Lo;a dks dk;e j[kus dh mldh ;ksX;rk dks ij[krh gSa] tks og
fofHkUu yksdrkaf=d laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls izdk'k esa yk ldrh gSA ,sls oS/khdj.k mik;ksa
esa fuos'k djrs le; iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dks ;g ns[kus ds fy, ,d fujarj foifÙkladsr
ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gS fd ;s izfØ;k,¡ ml lhek rd yfEcr u gksa fd os ml iw¡thoknh
O;oLFkk ds O;k[;kRed fl)karksa dh /kfTt;k¡ gh mM+k nsa] tks ,d ykHk-fu"d"kZ.k vFkok
iw¡th-lap;u ls tqM+h oxZ 'kks"k.kdkjh O;oLFkk gSA

gScjekl ds vuqlkj] iw¡thoknh yksdra= lkekftd lekurk o dY;k.kdkjh vf/kdkjksa gsrq

vke ek¡xksa vkSj futh ykHk ij vk/kkfjr ,d ckt+kj vFkZO;oLFkk dh vis{kkvksa] nksuksa dks
LFkk;h :i ls larq"V ugha dj ldrkA bl izdkj ds ^ladVksa* ds fufgrkFkZ esa lekt vkSj
iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk ds fu;ked izk/kkjksa ds ,dhdj.k vFkok lEc)rk esa vO;oLFkk
'kkfey gSA

15-4-2 ladV ds nkSjku jkT;h; dkjZokbZ

ladVksa ds bl izdkj ifjn`';ksa esa] vk/kqfud jkT;] gScjekl ds vuqlkj] fo|eku izk/kkjksa
28 dks fof/kÑr ,oa fLFkjhÑr djus ds fy, ^ra= ifjpkyu* vkSj lS)kfUrd mik;ksa dk ,d
lkFk lgkjk ysrk gSA blesa vkfFkZd ¼osru Jfed ,oa iw¡th laca/kksa½ rFkk jktuhfrd {ks=ksa jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
¼'kklh laLFkkvksa½ dh ^foeqfDr* vFkok fo;kstu 'kkfey gksrk gSA jktuhfrd {ks= Øka f r
ifj.kker% de lgHkkfxrkiw.kZ vkSj T+;knk voS;fDrd] deZpkjh-ra=hÑr] vkSj fu;eksa ls
nwj gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk dks] rFkkfi] mu vf/kdkjksa] U;k; ,oa ukxfjdrk
laca/kh ^loZeqfDroknh* laykiksa dks fof/kÑr djds lS)kafrd :i ls ,d lkFk j[kk tkrk
gS tks bu fu;eksa dks 'kklukFkZ uSfrd vf/kdkj nsrs gSaA
Ckks/k iz'u 4
uksV % i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk iz;ksx djsaA
ii½ vius mÙkj dks bdkbZ ds var esa fn;s x;s mÙkjksa ls feyk;saA
1½ t+ts± gScjekl mnkjoknh-iw¡thoknh lektksa esa lektksa esa oS/krk-ladV dks fdl
izdkj le>us dk iz;kl djrs gSa\
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15-5 lkjka'k
izkf/kdkj bl ckr esa lÙkk ds ,d vFkZ-lhfer :i dh vksj b'kkjk djrk gS fd ;g u
flQ+Z ifjorZu {kerk dh ,d vfHkO;fDr Hkj gS] cfYd ifjorZu gsrq vf/kdkj Hkh gSA og
rÙo tks izkf/kdkj dks ;g fof'k"V y{k.k iznku djrk gS] oS/krk dgykrk gSA ;g oS/krk
gh gS tks izkf/kdkj ds izfr vkKkikyu dks izlUurkiwoZd iznÙk vkSj ca/kudkjh cukrh gSA
vk/kqfudrk ds vkxeu rd oS/krk-jfgr izkf/kdkj dh /kkj.kk jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dh
le> ds izfr mikafrd gh jghA Kkuksn; ds fopkj }kjk mRiUu vk/kqfudrk vkSj ckSf)d
mÙkstuk ds lkFk gh] bl /kkj.kk ij fd izkf/kdkj bZ'ojh; :i ls fofgr fo"k;oLrq gS]
lansg fd;k tkus yxkA

l=goha 'krkCnh esa] FkkWel gkWCl tSls nk'kZfudksa us 'kklu djus ds nkos ds :i esa bZ'ojh;
vf/kdkj dh /kkj.kk dks pqukSrh nhA mlus bl n`f"Vdks.k dks n`<+rkiwoZd j[kk fd lHkh
euq"; Lora= o leku gSa vkSj Lo;a-fu/kkZj.k ds fygkt ls 'kfDr o {kerkizkIr gSaA gkWCl
vkSj ykWDl }kjk fodflr lkekftd lafonk dh /kkj.kk us ;g ladsr fd;k fd oS/k
izkf/kdkj varrksxRok O;fDr;ksa }kjk ,d LoSfPNd ifjR;kx ij fuHkZj gS] tks vius vkiksa
ij 'kklu djus ds vf/kdkj laca/kh gS] rkfd ge ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cuk ldsa tks vf/kd
O;kid vkfFkZd Lora=rkvksa gsrq lgk;d gksaA

ekSra fLD;q tSls nk'kZfudksa us lafonkokfn;ksa }kjk izfrikfnr oS/krk dh mnkjoknh-O;fDroknh

/kkj.kk dks mYVk c;ku fd;k] ;Fkk lekt-lq/kkj ,oa lafo/kkuokn ds rÙoksa dks 'kkfey
dj ,d lkekftd lanHkZ esa izkf/kdkj ds fof/kdj.k dks LFkkfir fd;kA :lks us oS/k
izkf/kdkj dh O;fDroknh /kkj.kk ij ,d x.kra=h; izgkj dks n'kkZrs gq,] lq>k;k fd 29
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj lkekftd lafonk oLrqr% ,d feF;k vuqca/k gS vkSj jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk gsrq ,d Hkzked
oS / krk mnkjoknh gy crykrh gSA mUgksaus lfØ; ukxfjdrk cks/k vkSj tu-Hkkxhnkjh ds ek/;e
ls lkewfgd y{;ksa ds dk;kZUo;u ij vk/kkfjr jkT;-O;oLFkk ds yksdra=hdj.k dh
odkyr dhA

dkyZ ekDlZ] gkyk¡fd] jktuhfrd oS/krk ds iz'u gsrq bl izdkj ds fdlh gy ds izfr
lansgdkjh FksA muds vuqlkj oS/krk dh /kkj.kk esa Lo;a gh ,d e/;oxhZ feFkd 'kkfey
Fkk] tks ,d 'kks"k.k vkSj izHkqRo LFkkiu ds fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr iw¡thoknh lekt esa fu"ik|
ugha FkkA eSDl oScj] ,d lekt'kkL=h] us izkf/kdkj vkSj iw¡thoknh lektksa esa vkKkikyu
lqfuf'pr djus laca/kh leL;kvksa ij n`f"Vikr fd;kA ,sls vk/kkj vkSj lkekftd
vfHkdj.kksa dh [kkst djrs gq, ftUgksaus oS/krk dks vius vki izHkkoh cuk fn;k] oScj us
fof/kdj.k dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks le>us ds fy, izkf/kdkj iz.kkfy;ksa dk ,d rhu-lrgh
mnkgj.khdj.k izLrqr fd;kA

t+qts± gScjekl us vk/kqfud lekt ds oxZ-'kks"k.kdkjh vk/kkj ij t+ksj nsrs gq, crk;k fd
mnkjoknh yksdra=ksa esa yksdrkaf=d dk;Ziz.kkfy;ksa ds ek/;e ls turk dk leFkZu gkfly
djus ds lk/ku miyC/k gSaA ;s] rFkkfi] fof/kdj.k ij y{; djrs le;] lkekftd {ks=ksa
esa c<+s jkT; gLr{ksi gsrq vke nckoksa dks Hkh HkM+dkrs gSaA yksdra=hdj.k gsrq nckoksa
¼fof/kdj.k½ vkSj iw¡thoknh lap;u ds chp fooknkLin [khaprku fof/kdj.k ladV }kjk
fuLrkfjr mnkjoknh ¼iw¡thoknh½ yksdra=ksa dks tUe nsrh gSA mnkjoknh yksdra= ^ifjpkyu
mik;ksa* dh 'kj.k ysdj bu ladV-izo`fÙk;ksa ls cpus dk iz;kl djrs gSa] ;Fkk vFkZO;oLFkk
ls jktuhfrd {ks= dks vyx djuk] jktuhfrd {ks= dks de lgHkkfxrkiw.kZ vkSj vf/kd
fuoS;Z fDrd vkSj ukSdj'kkg cukuk] vkSj vf/kdkjks]a ukxfjdrk o U;k; lac/a kh ^loZefq Droknh*
laykiksa ds ek/;e ls O;oLFkk dks oSpkfjd :i ls fuckZ/k j[kukA

15-6 'kCnkoyh
x.kra = h; % x.kra= 'kCn fdlh jktra= dk vHkko crykrk gS vkSj ,d
fof'k"V :i ls lkoZtfud v[kkM+s vkSj tu-iz'kklu dk Hkh
ladsr djrk gSA jktuhfr-fl)kar dh ,d fopkj/kkjk ds
:i esa] ;g dqN lkaLFkkfud izk/kkjksa vkSj uSfrd fl)karksa dh
odkyr djrk gS] ftlesa tu-lgHkkfxrk] ukxj xq.k] tu-
mRlkg] vknj o ns'kHkfDr 'kkfey gSaA
fu;ked % bu vo/kkj.kkvksa dks vDlj ewY;ksa ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
;s mu uSfrd fl)karksa vFkok vkn'kks± dks vkSj ladsr djrs
gSa] tks gksus pkfg,] dÙkZO; :i ls ck/; gksus pkfg,] vFkok
vo';dkjh :i ls djok;s tkus pkfg,A
fuja d q ' kokn % fujadq'kokn] vFkkZr~ rkuk'kkgh 17oha vkSj 18oha 'krkCnh ds
;wjksi esa ,d izcy jktuhfrd :i FkkA ;g bl nkos ls
tqM+k Fkk fd laizHkqrk] vukifÙk;ksX; vkSj vfoHkkT; oS/k
izkf/kdkj dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gqbZ] loZ-iz/kku 'kkld esa
fufgr gksrh FkhA vkt vke bLrseky esa ge fdlh ljdkj
dks fujadq'k bl vFkZ esa iqdkjrs gSa fd mlds ikl csjksd
lÙkk gSA
30
jktuhfrd nkf;Ro % nkf;Ro vFkkZr~ ck/;hdj.k ,d jhfr-fo'ks"k ls dk;Z djus jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
gsrq ,d vis{kk vFkok dÙkZO; gSA jktuhfrd nkf;Ro jkT; Øka f r
ds izkf/kdkj dks Lohdkj djus vkSj mlds dkuwuksa dk ikyu
djus gsrq ukxfjd dk dÙkZO; gSA
O;k[;kRed % ;s vo/kkj.kk,¡ mu rF;ksa dh vksj b'kkjk djrh gSa] ftudks
,d ;FkkFkZ vfLrRo /kkjd ekuk tkrk gS vkSj muds n`“Vkarksa
(illustrations) ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS tks fo|eku gS] vFkok
tks oLrqr% vfLrRo j[krk gSA
lkekftd la f onk % gkWCl] ykWd vkSj :lks tSls nk'kZfud] tks lkekftd lafonk
dh /kkj.kk ls tqM+s Fks] lafonk vFkkZr~ vuqca/k dks O;fDrtuksa
ds chp ,d LoSfPNd le>kSrs ds :i esa ns[krs gSa] ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i ,d laxfBr lekt vFkok jktuhfrd
izkf/kdkj dk tUe gksrk gSA lkekftd lafonk dksbZ ,sfrgkfld
rF; ugha gSaA ;g lkekftd o jktuhfrd laxBuksa ds
v/;;u ds fy, ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed ;qfDr gSA

15-7 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

chFke] MSfoM] iWfyfVdWy ySftfVeslh] dsV uS'k ,oa ,sysu LdkWV ¼la-½ Ñr n CySdoSy
dEiSfuvu Vq iWfyfVdy lksf'kvksyWth esa] CySdoSy] 2001A
_______ ] n ySftfVes'ku vkWQ ikWoj] eSdfeyu] csflaxLVksd] 1991A

dkWukWyh] ySftfVeslh ,.M n LVsV] csfly CySdoSy] vkWDlQkMZ] 1984A

gsoqM] ,UMª w] ikWfyfVDl] eSdfeyu] yanu] 1997A
iS=k] tsEl] ^Dykl iWfyfVDl] LVsV ikoj ,.M ySftfVelh*] bdkWfUed ,.M iWfyfVdWy
ohdyh] 26 vxLr] 1989] i‘- 1955-58A
iwykdh] ,FksuSfl;ks] ySftfVeslh@ySftfVekbV] okYrj n xzqbvj] cfyZu] 1986A

15-8 Ckks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

Ckks/k iz'u 1
1) ns[ksa Hkkx 15-1
2) ns[ksa miHkkx 15-1.4
Ckks/k iz'u 2
1) ns[ksa Hkkx 15-2
2) ns[ksa miHkkx 15-2-4 vkSj 15-2-5
3) ns[ksa miHkkx 15-2-6
Ckks/k iz'u 3
1) ns[ksa Hkkx 15-3
Ckks/k iz'u 4
1) ns[ksa Hkkx 15-4
31