DC MOTORS

- A machine that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy

Speed Characteristics of DC Motors

𝑬𝒃
𝑺 = 𝒌𝒃
𝝓

Where: S = Speed in rpm

kb = proportionality constant
Eb = Back emf or Counter emf
= as the armature rotates, it also induces its own voltage
Φ = flux per pole

Torque Characteristics of DC Motors

Torque – turning moment of rotating body

Consider a shaft,

𝑻 = 𝑭 ∗ 𝒓 (𝑵. 𝒎)

Where: T = Torque in Newton-meter

F = Force in Newton
r = radius in meters

HORSEPOWER DEVELOPED IN A ROTATIONAL BODY

𝟐𝝅𝑺𝑻
𝑯𝑷 =
𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟔𝟎

Where: HP = mechanical power in horsepower

S = speed in rpm
T = torque in N-m
Note:
𝟏 𝑯𝑷 = 𝟕𝟒𝟔 𝑾

From this, a variation of a formula for torque can be developed

𝑻 = 𝒌𝒕 𝝓𝑰𝒂

Where: T = torque
kt = proportionality constant
φ = flux per pole
𝐼𝑎 = armature current
TYPES OF DC MOTORS

A. Shunt Motor

+
𝐼𝑠
𝐼𝑎
𝐼𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑎

𝑉𝑠 𝑅𝑠ℎ
+
A
𝐸𝑏 R
M
−
−

Where: Vs = Supply Voltage

Is = Supply Current

Current Analysis:
𝑰𝒔 = 𝑰𝒔𝒉 + 𝑰𝒂

Voltage Analysis:
𝑽𝒔 − 𝑰𝒂𝑹𝒂 − 𝑬𝒃 = 𝟎
or
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑰𝒂𝑹𝒂 + 𝑬𝒃

Power Analysis:
𝑷𝒔 = 𝑽𝒔𝑰𝒔

and
𝑷𝒅 = 𝑬𝒃𝑰𝒂

Where: Ps = Supply Power in Watts

Pd = Power Developed in the armature

Example 1: A 50Hp, 550V shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.36Ω when operating at rated load speed while
the armature takes 75A. What resistance should be inserted in the armature circuit to obtain 20% reduction in flux and
when developing 70% of the rated torque?
Example 2: A 220V shunt motor runs at 800rpm and takes an armature current of 50A. find the resistance to be added
to the field circuit to increase the speed to 1000rpm at an armature current of 80A. Armature and shunt field resistances
are 0.015Ω and 250Ω respectively.

B. Series Motor

𝑅𝑠𝑒

+
𝐼𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑎
𝑅𝑎

𝑉𝑠
+
A
𝐸𝑏 R
M
−
−
Current Analysis:

𝑰𝒔 = 𝑰𝒔𝒆 = 𝑰𝒂
Voltage Analysis:

𝑽𝒔 − 𝑰𝒔𝒆𝑹𝒔𝒆 − 𝑰𝒂𝑹𝒂 − 𝑬𝒃 = 𝟎
or

𝑽𝒔 = 𝑰𝒔𝒆𝑹𝒔𝒆 + 𝑰𝒂𝑹𝒂 + 𝑬𝒃
or

𝑽𝒔 = 𝑰𝒔(𝑹𝒔𝒆 + 𝑹𝒂) + 𝑬𝒃; 𝑽𝒔 = 𝑰𝒔𝒆(𝑹𝒔𝒆 + 𝑹𝒂) + 𝑬𝒃; 𝑽𝒔 = 𝑰𝒂(𝑹𝒔𝒆 + 𝑹𝒂) + 𝑬𝒃

Power Analysis:
𝑷𝒔 = 𝑽𝒔𝑰𝒔

and
𝑷𝒅 = 𝑬𝒃𝑰𝒂

Example 3: A 400V series motor working with an unsaturated field is taking 60A and running at 840RPM. If the armature
and series field resistances are 0.04Ω and 0.06Ω respectively, at what speed will the motor run when developing half-full
load toque?
Example 4: The speed of a 50Hp series motor working on 500V supply is 750RPM at full load and 90% efficiency. If the
load torque is made to be 350N-m and 5Ω resistance is connected in series with the machine, calculate the speed in
which the machine will run where the armature and series field resistances to be 0.5Ω.

C. Compound Motor
1. Long-Shunt Compound Motor
𝑅𝑠𝑒
+
𝐼𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑎
𝐼𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑎

𝑉𝑠 𝑅𝑠ℎ
+
A
𝐸𝑏 R
M
−
−

Current Analysis:
𝑰𝒔𝒆 = 𝑰𝒂
so
𝑰𝒔 = 𝑰𝒔𝒉 + 𝑰𝒔𝒆
Or
𝑰𝒔 = 𝑰𝒔𝒉 + 𝑰𝒂

Voltage Analysis:
𝑽𝒔 − 𝑰𝒔𝒆𝑹𝒔𝒆 − 𝑰𝒂𝑹𝒂 − 𝑬𝒃 = 𝟎
or
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑰𝒔𝒆𝑹𝒔𝒆 + 𝑰𝒂𝑹𝒂 + 𝑬𝒃
or
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑰𝒔𝒆(𝑹𝒔𝒆 + 𝑹𝒂) + 𝑬𝒃; 𝑽𝒔 = 𝑰𝒂(𝑹𝒔𝒆 + 𝑹𝒂) + 𝑬𝒃
Power Analysis:
𝑷𝒔 = 𝑽𝒔𝑰𝒔
and
𝑷𝒅 = 𝑬𝒃𝑰𝒂
2. Short-Shunt Compound Motor
𝑅𝑠𝑒
+
𝐼𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑎
𝐼𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑎

𝑉𝑠 𝑅𝑠ℎ
+
A
𝐸𝑏 R
M
−
−

Current Analysis:
𝑰𝒔 = 𝑰𝒔𝒆 = 𝑰𝒔𝒉 + 𝑰𝒂

Voltage Analysis:
𝑽𝒔 − 𝑰𝒔𝒆𝑹𝒔𝒆 − 𝑰𝒂𝑹𝒂 − 𝑬𝒃 = 𝟎
or
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑰𝒔𝒆𝑹𝒔𝒆 + 𝑰𝒂𝑹𝒂 + 𝑬𝒃
or
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑰𝒔𝑹𝒔𝒆 + 𝑰𝒂𝑹𝒂 + 𝑬𝒃

Power Analysis:
𝑷𝒔 = 𝑽𝒔𝑰𝒔
and
𝑷𝒅 = 𝑬𝒃𝑰𝒂

Example 5: A 550V long-shunt compound motor has an armature resistance of 0.815Ω and series field resistance of
0.15Ω. the full-load speed is 1900rpm when the armature current is 22A. At what speed will the motor operate at no-
load if the armature current drops to 3A with a corresponding drop in flux to 90% of the full-load value? (Assume a
brush drop of 5 volts at full load and 2 volts at no-load)

MOTOR STARTING
- at starting, the armature of the motor draws high current due to zero back emf. To limit the current, a rheostat is
inserted/ connected in series with armature circuit.

Example: A shunt motor inserted with a starting resistor

𝑅𝑠
+
𝐼𝑠
𝐼𝑎
𝐼𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑎

𝑉𝑠 𝑅𝑠ℎ
+
A
𝐸𝑏 R
M
−
−

Current Analysis:
𝑽𝒔
𝑰𝒂 =
𝑹𝒂 + 𝑹𝒔

Where: Rs = Starting Resistance

Note: After the motor developed its rated speed/torque or the motor starts to rotate, the rheostat must set back to
zero/minimum value so the motor characteristics is not affected

Example 6: A shunt motor is running at the speed of 720RPM and draws 50A from 500V source. The armature and field
resistance are 0.4 & 250Ω respectively. Determine;
a. starting resistance to maintain the torque
b. ohmic value of the rheostat to reduce the speed to 540RPM.
Example 7: A 220V shunt motor delivers 40Hp on full load at 950RPM and has an efficiency of 88%. The armature and
field resistances are 0.2Ω and 110Ω, respectively. Determine the starting resistance such that the starting armature
current does not exceed 1.6 times the full load current.
Example 8: A 220V shunt motor running at full-load speed of 900rpm has an armature resistance of 0.5Ω and takes an
armature current of 20A. Determine,
a. the starting resistance in order that the starting current will not exceed 200% of full-load value.
b. the resistance to be inserted in series with the armature to reduce the speed to 600rpm with no change in armature
and field current.