Q1: Why do we make block of statements using

braces?
Answer:
Braces {} are used to group multiple statements into a
single block. This is necessary in control structures
like if, for, and while to ensure that all enclosed
statements are executed together.

Q2: Purpose and Syntax

 do-while: Executes the loop body at least once
before checking the condition.
Syntax:
 do {
 // Code to execute
 } while (condition);
 break: Exits from the current loop or switch
statement immediately.
Syntax: break;
 cout: Displays output to the console in C++.
Syntax: cout << "Hello, World!";
 switch: Selects one of many code blocks to execute
based on a variable’s value.
Syntax:
 switch (expression) {
  case value1:
 // Code
 break;
 case value2:
 // Code
 break;
 default:
 // Default code
 }

Q3: Define Logical Operators with Example

Answer:
Logical operators are used to combine conditional
expressions.
 && (AND): Returns true if both conditions are
true.
 || (OR): Returns true if at least one condition is
true.
 ! (NOT): Reverses the logical state.
Example:
if (a > 0 && b > 0)
{
cout << "Both are positive";
}
Q4: Define Algorithm
Answer:
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or set of
rules to solve a specific problem.

Q5: Simplify the Boolean Expression

Expression:
Z=AB+A(B+C)+B(B+C)Z = AB + A(B + C) + B(B + C)
Simplification:
1. Expand:
Z=AB+AB+AC+BB+BCZ = AB + AB + AC + BB +
BC
2. Simplify using Boolean identities (BB = B):
Z=AB+AC+B+BCZ = AB + AC + B + BC
3. Apply the Absorption Law:
Z=B+ACZ = B + AC

Q6: Remove the Errors

i) cout << I read in class X;
  Error: Missing quotation marks.
 Correct: cout << "I read in class X";
ii) if {c < 10};
 Error: Incorrect syntax for if condition (missing
parentheses).
 Correct: if (c < 10) { }
iii) cin<< abc;
 Error: Wrong operator (<< should be >>).
 Correct: cin >> abc;

Q7: Describe Script Area in Scratch Editor

Answer:
The Script Area in Scratch is where you drag and
drop code blocks to create scripts that control the
behavior of sprites.

Q8: Advantages and Disadvantages of Flowchart

 Advantages:
o Easy to understand visual representation.

o Simplifies complex processes.

o Better Documentation

 Disadvantages:
 o Time-consuming to create.
o Difficult to modify for large systems.

Q9: Output of the Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int b;
for (b = 0; b <= 10; b++)
{
cout << "\n" << b;
}
return 0;
}
Output:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
(Corrected syntax: added #include <iostream>
and fixed quotes.)

Q10: What is the Use of Scratch Editor?

Answer:
Scratch Editor is used to create interactive stories,
animations, and games using visual programming
blocks.

Q11: Difference Between Tree and Graph Data

Structure

Tree Graph
 Non-hierarchical
 Hierarchical structure
structure
 Only one path between  Multiple paths between
two nodes nodes
 Can have cycles or be
 No cycles (acyclic)
acyclic
 Has a root node  No root node required
 Follows parent-child  No strict parent-child
relationship relationship
Q12: Need of Index in an Array
Answer:
An index allows accessing array elements directly
using their position, enabling efficient data retrieval.

Q13: Difference Between Stack and Queue

Stack Queue
Follows LIFO (Last In, Follows FIFO (First In,
First Out) First Out)
Insertion and deletion at Insertion at the rear,
the same end (top) deletion from the front
Operations: push (add), Operations: enqueue (add),
pop (remove) dequeue (remove)
Used in function calls, Used in scheduling, buffer
undo features, etc. management, etc.
Maintains the order of
Easier to reverse data
processing

Q14: Difference Between Source Code and Object

Code
 Source Code Object Code

Written in high-level Written in machine code

languages (like C, Java, (binary or intermediate
Python) code)

Machine-readable, not
Human-readable and easy
easily understood by
to understand
humans

Generated by compilers
Created by programmers
after processing source code

Can be edited and modified Requires recompilation if

easily modifications are needed
Examples: .c, .java, .py Examples: .obj, .o, .cla
files ss files
Q15: Rules of Naming Variables
 Must start with a letter or underscore.
 Cannot contain spaces or special characters.
 Cannot be a reserved keyword.

Q16: Three Advantages of IDE

 Integrated tools (editor, compiler, debugger).
 Code auto-completion.
 Syntax highlighting for better readability.

Q17: Use ‘\a’ and ‘\r’ in a Program?

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Hello\a World!\rC++";
return 0;
}
 \a: Produces a beep sound.
 \r: Carriage return, moves the cursor to the
beginning of the line.

Q18: Difference Between Arithmetic and Relational

Operators
 Arithmetic Operators Relational Operators
Used to perform mathematical Used to compare
calculations. two values.
Computes numerical Determines relationships between
values. values.
> (Greater than), < (Less than), >=
+ (Addition), - (Subtraction),
(Greater than or equal to), <= (Less
* (Multiplication), /
than or equal to), == (Equal to), !=
(Division), % (Modulus).
(Not equal to).
int sum = 5 +
if (5 > 3) { printf("True");
A3; // sum becomes
numerical result. A Boolean resultTrue.
(true or false).
} // Outputs
8.

Used for calculations in formulas and Used in conditional statements

expressions. and loops.

Q19: Difference Between Increment and Decrement

Operator
Increment Operator (++) Decrement Operator (--)
 Increases a variable by  Decreases a variable
1 by 1
 x++ (post-increment),  x-- (post-decrement),
++x (pre-increment) --x (pre-decrement)
 int a = 5;
 int a = 5; a+
a--; // Now a =
+; // Now a = 6
4
 Commonly used in  Used for countdowns
 Increment Operator (++) Decrement Operator (--)
loops and counters or reducing values
 Adds 1 to the  Subtracts 1 from the
variable's current variable's current
value value

Q20: Difference Between ‘\n’ and ‘\t’

\n (Newline) \t (Tab)
Moves the cursor to the
Function Inserts a horizontal tab space
next line
Used to separate lines in
Usage Used to align text properly
output
Fixed (Moves to a new Variable (Depends on tab stop
Width
line) settings)
Example printf("Hello\nWorld"); → Outputs:
Hello
World printf("Hello\tWorld"); → Outputs:
Hello World
Common Formatting output with line Creating table-like
Use breaks formatting

Q21: How many types of comments are used in C++?

Answer:
There are two types of comments in C++:
1. Single-line comment: Starts with //
2. // This is a single-line comment
 3. Multi-line comment: Enclosed between /* and */
4. /* This is a
5. multi-line comment */

Q22: Main Difference Between while Loop and

do..while Loop
Point of Difference while Loop do..while Loop
1. Execution Condition is checked before Condition is checked after
Check execution of the loop body. execution of the loop body.
2. Minimum May execute zero times if the Executes at least once, even
Iterations condition is false initially. if the condition is false.
3. while(condition) do { statements; }
Syntax { statements; } while(condition);
4. Used when the number of iterations is Used when the loop must
Usage not known beforehand. run at least once.
c int x = 5; while (x c int x = 5; do
5. > 10) { printf("%d", { printf("%d", x); x+
Example x); x++; } (Will not +; } while (x > 10);
execute) (Executes once)

Q23: Function of for Loop

Answer:
The for loop is used to repeat a block of code a
specific number of times. It has initialization,
condition, and increment/decrement parts.
Syntax:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
 cout << i << " ";
}
This will output: 0 1 2 3 4

Q24: Why Do We Use Header Files?

Answer:
Header files in C++ contain declarations of functions,
classes, and constants that can be reused in multiple
programs. They help organize code and avoid
redundancy.
Example:
#include <iostream> // Includes
functions like cout and cin

Q25: Explain AND Logic Gate and Its Operation

Answer:
The AND gate is a digital logic gate that outputs 1
(true) only if both inputs are 1.
Truth Table:
A B A AND B

0 0 0
 0 1 0
1 0 0

1 1 1

Q26: Purpose of a Truth Table

Answer:
A truth table is used to display all possible input
combinations and their corresponding output for a
logic circuit. It helps in analyzing and simplifying
Boolean expressions.

Q27: Difference Between NAND and NOR Gates

NOT AND (Negated AND) NOT OR (Negated OR)

Output is 0 only if both Output is 1 only if both

inputs are 1; otherwise, inputs are 0; otherwise,
output is 1 output is 0

Y=A⋅B Y=A+B

(AND with a NOT circle) (OR with a NOT circle)

Universal Gate (can Universal Gate (can
implement any logic circuit) implement any logic circuit)

Used in memory circuits, Used in ALUs, digital logic,

flip-flops, and logic circuit and simplified circuit
designs designs

Q28: Diagrams
Q29: Difference Between Push and Pop

Push Pop
Used to add an element to Used to remove the top
a stack element from a stack
Increases the size of the Decreases the size of the
stack stack
Performed at the top of Also performed at the top of
the stack the stack
May cause stack overflow May cause stack underflow
if the stack is full if the stack is empty
 Push Pop
Example: push(5) adds Example: pop() removes
5 to the stack the last added element

Q30: Define Language Translator

Answer:
A language translator converts code written in one
programming language into another, typically from
high-level language to machine language. Examples:
Compiler, Interpreter, Assembler.

Q31: Difference Between Machine Language and

Assembly Language

Machine Language Assembly Language

Written in binary code Written in mnemonics
(0s and 1s) (symbolic codes)
Directly understood by Requires an assembler to
the computer convert to machine code
Difficult for humans to Easier to read, write, and
read and write understand
Faster in execution as Slower than machine code
it's native code due to translation
Example: 10110000
Example: MOV AL, 61h
01100001
Q32: Define IDE
Answer:
An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a
software application that provides tools for
programmers, such as a code editor, compiler,
debugger, and build automation tools in one place.
Examples: Code::Blocks, Visual Studio, Eclipse

Q33: Why Draw Flowchart and Algorithm?

 Flowchart: Provides a visual representation of a
process, making it easier to understand.
 Algorithm: Provides a step-by-step approach to
solve a problem, which is essential for logical
problem-solving before coding.

Q34: Define Linear Data Structure

Answer:
A linear data structure organizes data in a sequential
manner where elements are connected one after the
other.
Examples: Arrays, Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues
Q35: Define Data Types Used in C++
Answer:
C++ data types define the type of data a variable can
hold.
 Basic Data Types: int, char, float, double,
bool
 Derived Data Types: Arrays, Functions, Pointers
 User-defined Data Types: Structures (struct),
Unions (union), Enums (enum)
 Void: Represents no value.

Q36: Write a Program in C++ Using Arithmetic

Assignment Operators
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int a = 10, b = 5;

// Using arithmetic assignment

operators
a += b; // Equivalent to a = a +
b
 cout << "After a += b: " << a <<
endl;

a -= b; // Equivalent to a = a -
b
cout << "After a -= b: " << a <<
endl;

a *= b; // Equivalent to a = a *
b
cout << "After a *= b: " << a <<
endl;

a /= b; // Equivalent to a = a /
b
cout << "After a /= b: " << a <<
endl;

a %= b; // Equivalent to a = a %
b
cout << "After a %= b: " << a <<
endl;

return 0;
}
Output:
After a += b: 15
After a -= b: 10
After a *= b: 50
After a /= b: 10
After a %= b: 0

Q37: Logic Circuit of the Given Boolean Expressions

1. Y = A̅ BC(A + D)̅
o Simplification Steps:

 First, apply NOT gates to A and (A +

D).
 Use AND gates to combine A̅ , B, C, and (A

+ D)̅.
2. X = AB(C + D)̅
o Simplification Steps:

 Apply an OR gate for (C + D), then use

a NOT gate to get its complement.

 Finally, apply an AND gate with inputs A,

B, and (C + D)̅.
Let me know if you'd like the circuits drawn visually
—I can create diagrams for you.

Q38: Define Jump Statement with Its Different Forms

in Detail
Jump statements are used to control the flow of a
program by transferring control to another part of the
code.
Types of Jump Statements in C++:
1. break Statement:
o Exits from loops or switch cases

immediately.
o Example:

o for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

o if (i == 3) break;
o cout << i << " ";
o }

o // Output: 0 1 2

2. continue Statement:
o Skips the current iteration and continues with

the next loop cycle.

o Example:

o for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

o if (i == 2) continue;
o cout << i << " ";
o }

o // Output: 0 1 3 4

3. goto Statement:
o Jumps to a labeled statement in the program.

o Example:

o int x = 1;

o start:
 o cout << x << " ";
o x++;

o if (x <= 3) goto start;

o // Output: 1 2 3

4. return Statement:
o Exits from a function and optionally returns a

value.
o Example:

o int sum(int a, int b) {

o return a + b; // Returns the

sum
o }

Q39: Describe Linear Data Structure and Its Types

A linear data structure stores data in a sequential
manner, where each element is connected to its
previous and next element.
Types of Linear Data Structures:
1. Arrays:
o A collection of elements stored in contiguous

memory locations.
o Example: int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4,

5};
2. Linked Lists:
o A series of nodes where each node contains

data and a reference to the next node.

 3. Stacks:
o Follows the LIFO (Last In, First Out)

principle.
o Operations: push (add), pop (remove)

4. Queues:
o Follows the FIFO (First In, First Out)

principle.
o Operations: enqueue (add), dequeue (remove)

Q40: Use of Codes in Scratch Editor

1. forever Block:
o Repeats the enclosed code indefinitely.

o Example: Move a sprite continuously.

2. wait Block:
o Pauses the script for a specified time.

o Example: wait 2 seconds pauses for 2

seconds before continuing.

3. play Block:
o Plays a sound until it's finished or

continuously.
o Example: play sound "meow" plays the

"meow" sound.
4. sound Block:
o Controls various sound effects in Scratch.

o Example: Adjust volume or stop sounds.

5. goto x, y Block:
 o Moves a sprite directly to specified (x, y)
coordinates.
o Example: go to x: 100 y: -50 moves

the sprite to that position.

6. say Block:
o Displays a speech bubble with text above the

sprite.
o Example: say "Hello!" for 2

seconds shows the message "Hello!" for 2

seconds.