What is script writing?

Writing a screenplay can be daunting, and there is a ton to consider when

it comes to film writing. We have to understand what scripts are because script writing and
screenwriting are very different from writing in any other format. Writing scripts requires a
visual mindset and precise formatting that most other writing forms don’t demand. Knowing
what it entails is critical, and it all starts with understanding movie script writing basics. Let’s
dive into the fundamentals of screenwriting and what makes a script compelling by covering the
essential movie script writing basics every writer should know. Whether you’re just starting or
refining your technique, knowing how to write a script is essential to get started.
What is script writing?
Script writing is the process of writing stories for a variety of media, including film, TV, video
games, and commercials, and is often referred to more broadly as film writing when focused on
cinematic storytelling. The process of writing a novel, a poem, or an essay is entirely different
from script writing. The definition of script writing includes not just storytelling, but formatting,
because to express yourself effectively on the screen, particular methods are required. Screenplay
format is used to express the story visually, and studying script examples can help writers
understand how to apply these techniques effectively. This makes writing scripts both a technical
craft and a creative challenge. When we define script writing this way, it highlights the balance
between formatting precision and artistic expression. Script writing can be done for hire or on
speculation in hopes of selling their screenplay or finding an agent. Writers often begin with a
rough draft and refine it into a full, polished written script that can be pitched or submitted. If
you’ve ever wondered how are scripts written professionally, this is where the process begins—
through multiple rewrites and formatting passes.
Define Script Writing: Scriptwriting Considerations
 Externalize a character's internal motivations
 Tell a story visually
 Use proper screenplay format
The process of screenwriting is the constant reminder that you are writing for the screen,
something that shapes every choice when writing a script meant to be seen, not just read. The
definition of script writing reflects this need to translate internal ideas into external, visual action.
So, if you write the line, “he remembers their past fights…”, what would that look like on
screen? In actuality, it tells us nothing. Why?
Well, no one can see his thoughts, so that's not an effective form of communication when writing
for the screen. Externalizing the internal is critical to telling a story visually—something a well-
written script must accomplish on the page before it ever reaches the screen.
What could you do in this scenario? One way to externalize this would be to add in
a montage scene or a series of flashbacks of all the times they fought.
With that in mind, let’s move on to why we have this medium to begin with. Why couldn't we
just write down our movies like we write down our novels, essays, and poems?
Why script writing format?
Thinking visually isn’t always easy, which is why understanding what scripts are and how they
function in storytelling is crucial. Breaking the habit of describing what the characters are feeling
doesn't always come naturally. And knowing how to pace a scene for the screen is equally as
challenging, especially in fast-paced video production environments.
Luckily, basic screenplay formatting streamlines the production process and helps remedy this,
and is an essential aspect of screen writing that professionals must master. Screen writing bridges
the gap between written ideas and visual storytelling, requiring precision and craft.
First things first, formatting helps with geography, and using a scene heading establishes
clear locations for each scene. These visual anchors are critical for any full script, helping
directors and crew prepare efficiently.
Slug lines or scene headings tell the reader where the action is happening, while action lines
describe what is unfolding visually and indicate the time of day for each scene. Action lines tell
us what the actors are doing.
This formatting tells the reader where the characters are, or even where you’re taking your
audience — a major component of learning to write for a visual medium and effective video
production, especially in the context of film writing. Every element in a full script must serve
this visual clarity and flow, and that begins at the earliest stages of writing a script. Learning how
scripts are written means learning how each component—from sluglines to action lines—
supports the story visually. See the graphic below to get a better idea.
Notice, too, how the characters' names (aka character cues) are indented, clearly identifying who
is speaking when. Check out this graph, where we identify all the major script elements that
appear in a standard written script and are important to understand. The provided graphic
identifies the essential script elements that are important to understand.
One page of a written script, typed using the standard screenplay font, represents about one
minute on screen. Understanding this can help you pace your final draft more effectively. Proper
script formatting ensures that pacing and timing translate effectively to the final production.
Reviewing script format examples will help you see how professional screenplays achieve the
right pacing. Why should I know this? Whether you’re writing an action-adventure film or a
drama, pacing is crucial.
Well, when we're writing, this is helpful to understand scene pacing. We could think something is
working, but a fight lasting for a few pages may not translate well on screen, and could feel
drawn out.
For even more tips on script writing and video production, including action-adventure sequences,
script examples like telephone conversations, text messages, and plot devices, watch part two of
our screenplay series focused on film writing techniques and how to write a script with clarity
and confidence.
Understand the formats of scripts for film and TV products
Film and TV scripts share a standardized format that includes elements like font, margins,
spacing, scene headings, action lines, character names, and dialogue. These elements are crucial
for clarity, readability, and ensuring consistency throughout the production process.
Key elements of film and TV script formatting:
 Font: 12-point Courier New is the industry standard for screenplays.
 Margins: 1.5-inch left margin (for binding), 1-inch margins on the right, top, and
bottom.
 Scene Headings (Sluglines): Always in all caps, indicating the location and time of day
(e.g., INT. COFFEE SHOP - DAY).
 Action Lines: Concise descriptions of what is happening on screen, aligned to the left
margin and written in the present tense.
 Character Names: Written in all caps and centered above their dialogue.
 Dialogue: Centered, indented, and written below the character's name.
 Page Numbers: Located in the top right corner, starting from page two.
Specific differences between film and TV scripts:
 Film (Screenplays): Typically a single-column format with consistent formatting
throughout.
 TV (Teleplays): Can include act breaks, teasers, and outros depending on the show's
format and network. Some TV shows, especially those on streaming services, may adopt
a more film-like structure.
Understanding these formatting conventions helps:
 Communicate effectively: The script serves as a blueprint for the entire production
team.
 Ensure clarity: Standardized formatting helps avoid confusion during filming.
 Maintain consistency: All members of the production team can easily understand and
interpret the script.
 Save time and resources: A well-formatted script can streamline the production
process.
In essence, mastering script format is crucial for turning a written story into a successful film or
TV production.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Standard Font
 Font: Courier or Courier New (12-point size)
 Why: Mimics the old typewriter format; 1 page ≈ 1 minute of screen time

2. Page Layout
 Margins:
o Top: 1 inch

o Bottom: 1 inch

o Left: 1.5 inches (for binding)

o Right: 1 inch

 Text Alignment: Left-aligned (never justified)

 Spacing: Single-spaced elements with double space between major elements (e.g.,
scene headings and action lines)

3. Abbreviations

Common abbreviations used in scripts include:

Abbreviation Meaning

INT. Interior

EXT. Exterior

V.O. Voice Over

O.S. Off Screen

CONT'D Continued (used with dialogue)

SFX Sound Effects

Abbreviation Meaning

POV Point of View

M.O.S. Without Sound (from German "Mit Out Sound")

4. Generic Terminology
Used to standardize the way scripts are read and understood:
 Slugline/Scene Heading: Indicates location and time (e.g., INT. KITCHEN - DAY)
 Action: Describes what’s happening on screen, written in present tense
 Character Cue: Character name centered above dialogue
 Dialogue: Centered text below the character cue
 Parentheticals: Directions for how the line is delivered (used sparingly)

5. Page Headers and Footers

 Headers: Usually contain the script’s title and possibly a draft or revision date
 Footers: Often used in shooting scripts to indicate scene numbers, revision dates, or
versioning
 Not used in Spec Scripts (meant for reading rather than filming)

6. Page Numbering
 Starts on the second page of the script (title page has no number)
 Typically located in the top right corner
 Shooting scripts may have letters added for revised pages (e.g., 45A, 45B)

7. Colour Coding
Primarily used in shooting scripts to track revisions:
Draft/Revision Colour Code

First Revision Blue

Second Revision Pink

Third Revision Yellow

Fourth Revision Green

Fifth Revision Goldenrod

Sixth Revision Buff

Seventh Revision Salmon

Eighth Revision Cherry

 Each new revision is printed on different colored paper and dated

 Helps cast and crew stay up to date with changes

✍️8. Style Guidelines

 Consistency is key—consistent use of formatting, font, and terminology

 Avoid excessive camera directions unless you are also the director
 Avoid bold, underlining, or italicizing (except in rare emphasis or titles)
 Action lines should be concise and visual, avoiding literary flourishes

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 Types of Scripts (And What Types of Media Require Them)
When creating content, you may need to make a guide for what people say and certain actions
that the performers or crew can take. A script is a good way to describe the dialogue and physical
occurrences in a story and is a useful tool for multiple different mediums. Understanding the
various types of scripts and when to use them can help you decide which kind you may want to
write. In this article, we explain the purpose of scripts, review what types of media require them,
list eight types of scripts and include some tips to help you create your own.
What is a script?
A script is the written content for a visual story such as a play, television show or movie. While
scripts often contain information for performers and crew, such as stage directions and
production notes, they primarily focus on the dialogue between characters in the story. You can
create a script from an original story or an existing property.
What is the purpose of a script?
1. The purpose of a script is to help actors know what to say to portray specific characters
correctly. This can help an actor prepare for the role and may allow them to deliver a more
engaging performance.
2. Scripts can also help technical crew members track when to perform their duties. For example,
a stagehand might refer to a script to know when to trigger a particular special effect and a
cinematographer could look at a script to plan specific shots. Some situations, such as in plays or
during other types of live events, may require people to memorize their lines in advance, so a
script can be an important tool to help professionals prepare.
. Blueprint for Production
 Provides detailed instructions for how a scene or story should unfold.
 Guides directors, actors, camera crew, editors, and designers.
 Ensures everyone works toward the same vision.

2. Guides Performance
 Supplies actors with dialogue and emotional cues.
 Includes directions for body language, tone, and stage movement.
 Helps performers understand the character and context.
3. Storytelling Tool
 Communicates a narrative with structure: beginning, middle, and end.
 Defines characters, plot, dialogue, setting, and mood.
 Engages the audience through visual and spoken storytelling.

4. Planning and Coordination

 Helps with planning budgets, shooting schedules, locations, and set design.
 Coordinates technical elements like lighting, sound, costumes, and effects.
 Used during rehearsals and production meetings.

5. Legal and Professional Use

 Serves as a legal document for contracts, copyright, and production rights.
 Used in pitching to studios or investors.
 Helps estimate production costs and time.

What types of media require a script?

Here are a few types of media that may require a script:
Film and television
Film and television are two ways to tell stories visually and often require a script for the actors
and other members of the production crew. While film and television are similar, they have a few
key differences. Films usually have a larger budget and tell self-contained stories in around two
hours. Television works on a smaller scale and in half-hour or hour-long installments. It may use
multiple episodes to tell a longer story.
Documentaries
While documentaries record real events and often have a less defined script, the people filming a
documentary may create a script to help them understand the film or television show's overall
narrative. A script for a documentary may focus less on dialogue and more on general situations
that the documentarian wants to shoot. For example, if you're making a documentary about
shrimp, your script may resemble an outline. It might list the experts you're planning to
interview; explain what kind of shrimp footage you want and show the general order in the film.
Some documentaries also have scripts for voice-overs that they create after editing the footage.
Radio
Some types of radio productions and other audio media have scripts to help the performers keep
track of what to say. Common radio content that may require a script includes radio plays,
educational broadcasts and podcasts. Some live events may also contain moments of brief
scripting to save time, convey information or introduce a sponsor.
Plays
Plays are a type of fictional production that takes place live on a stage. A stage script helps actors
prepare for a live performance and often includes stage directions. Actors typically use a script to
rehearse and memorize their lines, so they may contain language that's easy for an actor to
remember.
Video games
Many video games contain stories and require scripts for cut scenes and in-game moments. Some
genres of video games, such as role-playing games, mysteries or adventures, may contain more
detailed scripts than others, such as puzzle games. The format and relevant information of a
video game script may rely on the genre and specific type of game.

8 types of scripts
Here are eight types of scripts that you can write:
1. Original script
Original scripts include those that you create from your own ideas. For example, if you create a
story about a magical wizard who turns into an airplane, you can turn that idea into an original
script for a stage play. Since the only requirement of an original script is that it doesn't relate to
an existing intellectual property, there are original scripts in every different type of medium.
2. Adapted script
An adapted script re-imagines an existing story or narrative. You can adapt a script for a different
medium, update the time period of a piece or re-create a story in your own personal style. For
example, if you want to create a musical version of your favorite book, you could write an
adapted script.
3. Screenplay
A screenplay is a script meant exclusively for a visual medium, such as film or television. This
type of script focuses on visual elements and often includes instructions about what the audience
sees, such as character actions, locations and camera angles. Screenplays often use a traditional
story structure and usually fall within a set length that depends on their subtype.
4. Storyboard
A storyboard is a type of script that uses both writing and images to convey the story. You can
create a storyboard by sketching a brief scene, adding the dialogue from that scene, and
arranging several of these sketches in a chronological sequence. Professionals often use
storyboards for animated productions and may also use them to help them visualize a screenplay
before filming.
5. Spec script
A spec script, short for speculative script, focuses on an existing property that you don't have
official rights to. Script writers use spec scripts to demonstrate their writing ability or try to get
hired for particular properties. For example, if you want a job working on your favorite
television show, you might write a spec script and send it to the show's head writer.
6. Standalone script
A standalone script is a script for a franchise that contains the same characters, world and tone of
an existing property. These types of scripts are more common in episodic media, such as TV
shows. Production teams may use standalone scripts as backup stories if they experiecne
production emergencies. For example, if the head writer of a television series quits, you can
produce and film from a standalone script until the show finds a replacement.
7. Pitch script
A pitch script allows you to demonstrate to a producer or other professional in your industry
what you may do with an existing property. Pitch scripts are different from spec scripts because
they usually involve properties you're already involved with or have the rights to. For example, if
a movie studio asks you to create a sequel to a popular franchise, you can create a pitch script to
show them your basic ideas for the film.
8. Shooting script
A shooting script is a collection of directions that helps a film or television program understand
which scenes to shoot and in what order. They can also include other important information, such
as important props, essential camera shots, chronology of the scene and location. Shooting
scripts don't contain any dialogue. Instead, they provide instructions for a production team to
follow.
Tips for writing scripts
Here are some suggestions that may help you when writing a script:
Choose your medium
The medium and format of a story can affect how you structure your narrative. For example, a
script for a movie is often self-contained, while you can create a story for a television series that
lasts several episodes. Consider researching the common traits of the various types of scripts and
choose a structure that works best for your narrative.
Research
Researching your script can help you learn about important details that may relate to your story
and may allow you to create a more realistic or engaging narrative. If your script focuses on a
particular subject, activity or event, you can perform research to ensure your script contains
accurate details. You can also research common script formatting techniques or best practices
within your medium to help you make a quality script of your chosen type.
Create an outline
Scripts often detail the particular dialogue and actions of characters throughout a story. Creating
an outline before writing a script can help you decide the general story arc and may improve the
consistency of your plot. Consider outlining the key locations, characters and plot points of your
script before you start writing to give yourself a basic guide about the story you want to tell.

What is a script format?

A script format defines the layout and formatting standards, character details, transitions,
dialogue and action, and scene and stage directions for screenplays and scripts in video games,
TV shows, plays, movies, and other productions. When it comes to video production, knowing
how to format a script will help you create a visually appealing script with clear, concise, and
easy-to-follow content. But there’s also special software that can help format your script to
industry standards. Final Draft and Celtx are popular screen-writing tools that apply automatic
formatting to scenes and dialogue.
How to format a script
1. Create a title page
Your title page must include the title, writer’s name, logline, and contact information. Center the
title in full caps and use sentence casing for the rest of the text. Example:
SHADOWS OF JUSTICE
By John Smith
An idealistic lawyer is torn between legal victory and believing his client is guilty.
2. Structure each page and scene
Use a standard script format template or writing software to help arrange your information
according to industry guidelines. Example:
 12-point Courier font
 1.5-inch left margin
 1.0–1.25-inch right margin
 .5-1-inch top and bottom margin
 2.5-inch dialogue block centered from the left margin
 3.5-inch character name centered from the left margin
 INT. or EXT. to define if the area is interior or exterior
3. Outline character dialogue
The character’s name must always be capitalized and appear one line above their dialogue. Use
parentheses for line delivery instructions next to the dialogue. Example:
DAVID
The evidence is circumstantial at best, so I think we have a strong case.
CLIENT
(menacingly) We’d better. I’m not paying you so I can end up in jail.
4. Describe actions and scenes
Write all action lines in the present tense with descriptive, concise wording. Position every new
shot or focus on a new line. Example:
• David exits the courthouse.
• Reporters crowd the steps, shouting questions at David.
5. Insert transitions
Transitions like CUT TO: FADE TO: or DISSOLVE TO: indicate specific visual changes and
convey time, location, and mood shifts. Example:
CUT TO: EXT. COURTHOUSE STEPS – The client smirks with each step.
How to format a play script
 1. A play script format must have a 12-point font like Courier, keeping 1-inch margins for
notes and directions on all four sides.
2. Write the act number in the top-left corner and center the scene number underneath it.
3. Center and capitalize characters’ names above spoken lines and left-align the dialogue.
4. Italicize stage directions and line delivery info in parentheses next to the dialogue.
5. Right-align and bolden the lighting and sound cues and include specific timings.
How to format a movie script
1. Start all new scenes with a slugline describing location and time. Use INT. and EXT.
followed by location and time.
2. Center and capitalize character names above their dialogue. Only use quotation marks for
quotes or references.
3. Use parentheses for line delivery instructions, writing it under the character’s name and
above the dialogue.
4. Use transitions to indicate scene changes if necessary, and align them to the right of the
page.
5. Include important camera shots in full caps, like ANGLE ON or CLOSE UP.
How to format a TV script
1. Include the show, episode, writer’s name, contact information, and draft version or date
on the title page.
2. All new scenes must have a scene heading or slug line with INT. or EXT. and the location
and time.
3. Start each new TV script format with a TEASER scene. This short opening scene sets the
episode’s tone, genre, and conflict.
4. Center the act and scene numbers in a TV script format and italicize stage directions in
parentheses.
5. Use parentheses to describe character line deliveries; write them under the name above
the dialogue.
How to format a voice over script
1. Use clear, professional fonts like Arial or Times New Roman, size 12, to ensure script
readability.
2. Include a pronunciation guide for unusual words the voice actor must read.
 3. Mark pauses with an ellipsis (…) for a brief pause, or note the length of the pause if it’s
extended [pause: 5 sec.]
4. Use boldface or italics to indicate words that need precise emphasis during the voice
over.
5. Write descriptors in brackets next to the corresponding text for tone and pitch
changes (speak in a whispering tone).
Final thoughts
A script format template is more than just parentheses and italicized instructions. Understanding
how to format a script helps screenwriters of all industries communicate their vision to directors,
actors, and producers. From video games to comic book scripts, the right script format can take
your stories from page to stage (or screen).
And when it’s time to add intriguing voice overs to your project – work with our
exceptional vocal talent on Voice123 or hire our professional Managed Services to handle your
project from A to Z.
Now it’s your turn to craft cinematic magic with script-writing formats!
Why Is the Standard Format Important?
Scripts are formatted to follow an industry-wide standard in order for them to be easily
understood at every level, from executives to directors to production crew to marketers.
Your script is typically the introduction of your talent to a prospective representative, executive
or buyer. A properly formatted script signals an out of the gate level of professionalism that
speaks volumes and can’t be faked. A script written following industry guidelines tells readers,
executives, producers and directors you’re an artist who takes their craft seriously and your work
should be treated as such.
In addition to readability and clarity, script formatting also affords a length-gauge for writers,
producers, directors, and executives. This aids immensely when it comes to finance and
budgeting. For auditioning purposes, the script format affords casting directors designated space
to denote casting ideas. And finally, when it comes to editing, the standard industry script format
allows the necessary space to make adjustments (which are constant in the script writing world).
Does this mean you have to follow all the formatting standards? Not exactly.
There are many screenwriters who intentionally change up the formatting to emphasize tone,
showcase their voice, or better align the reading experience with the future viewing experience.
Just check out all the different font sizes in the script for The Substance (2024).
However, it’s important to understand the formatting standards before finding out clever ways to
break free from them. If a screenwriter adds their own formatting flare, but it’s distracting and/or
less enjoyable than standard formatting, it could sabotage their script and success as a
screenwriter.
Script Elements
The eighth elements of script formatting are
1. Scene headings (Sluglines)
2. Action
3. Character name
4. Dialogue
5. Parenthetical
6. Extension
7. Transition
8. Shot
Let’s break down each one into more detail…

1.Scene Headings (Sluglines)

Sluglines set the scene via a few components. The first is denoting if the scene is taking place
inside or outside (INT. for interiors, EXT. for exteriors). The next piece of information a slugline
offers is the scene’s location. Finally, sluglines designate the time of day the scene is taking place
(this is done using a dash after the location). Sluglines are always capitalized (they can be bolded
as well, but that’s not necessarily required).
A sample slugline looks like this:
INT. House – Day
Sometimes, if there’s a specific location you want your reader to know the scene is taking place
in, the slugline can be detailed with an addition to the location, like so –
INT. House/Bedroom – Day
Always remember to keep your sluglines brief. Save your descriptions for the action lines.
2. Action
Action lines define what happens in your scenes. They describe the look of the scene and
designate the characters’ movements inside it. In short, action lines lay out everything an
audience can see onscreen. They’re also always written in present tense.
Occasionally, certain words or phrases can be bolded, underlined, capitalized or italicized for
emphasis.
For instance:
…no time to stop, the car smashes right through the wall of the building. People scatter in the
chaos…
While these highlights can be striking and fun to use, make sure not to overdo them. The effect
of the underscoring tends to be less impactful with each use.
3.Character Name
A character’s name should be capitalized the first time they appear onscreen. It also helps to give
a bit of information about them – gender, age, and any personality specific(s) that would help
define them in the reader’s mind (this benefits both story and casting purposes). Be descriptive,
but brief. Don’t let a description slow down the pace of your narrative.
4. Dialogue
All spoken dialogue, whether in voiceover or in-scene should be written as dialogue. The name
of the character speaking should appear in caps, centered on the page. The dialogue is also
centered, and appears directly beneath their name.
If two characters are speaking at the same time, set the character names and dialogues side by
side with one another. This is called dual dialogue.1
5.Parenthetical
If you’re looking to make certain aspects of your characters’ dialogue be clearly distinct or very
specific, you can put a parenthetical between the character’s name and their dialogue to provide
some extra direction and context on how the line is meant to be performed. A parenthetical can
add depth and meaning to dialogue. It’s also used to indicate a pause in speech, if the moment
calls for it. Setting a pause, or a beat of silence, in a character’s speech is often used to offer a
dramatic moment to land or allow the character to switch topics without confusing the reader or
audience.
Here’s an example:
JOHN
I got the groceries.
(then)
What was it you were going to ask me?
Be careful about overusing parentheticals in scripts, as they can sometimes encroach on actors
and/or directors (more on this in the “what not to include” section).
Extension
An Extension is an indicator placed to the right of a character’s name to explain how their voice
will be heard. If a character is speaking in voiceover, denote this with a “V.O.” inside a
parenthetical next to the character’s name. When a character is present in a scene but not visible
on camera (either out of frame or in another room/adjacent location), place an “O.S.” for off-
screen (“O.C.”, for off-camera, is also typically used) next to the character’s name above the
dialogue.
7.Transition
Script transitions are cues to the reader on how changes to the next scene can be executed. They
can be effective communicators on the mood of a scene when it comes to an end. Transitions are
always capitalized and followed by a colon. Except for the final FADE OUT or CUT TO
BLACK, which should be followed by a period.
The most common transitions are CUT TO, DISSLOVE TO, FADE IN and FADE OUT.
8.Shot
A shot is an action line describing what the camera is seeing in your script. For story purposes, it
can sometimes be necessary to draw specific attention to certain details. But it’s important to
remember that you’re writing your script, not directing it, so curtail any need you may have to
design a camera movement. Your job as the writer is to describe, as clearly as possible, what it is
the camera is seeing. How this is done is not the writer’s job, it’s the director’s.

Script Format Types

1.Original Script
An original script is created entirely by the writer, without using any IP (Intellectual Property).
It’s something that comes one hundred percent from a writer’s imagination and they are the sole
owner of said work.
2.Adapted Script
Adapted scripts are taken from other mediums (and sometimes even the same medium) to build a
script. Often elements such as setting and character are translated according to their new medium
so there’s a more flow and organic fit to the material.
3.Screenplay
A screenplay is a script written for the movies (a teleplay is a script written for television). It’s
primarily focused on what the audience sees and hears. Unlike a novel, characters’ thoughts and
feelings need to be externalized and clearly defined in screenplays. The only inner monologue
one would find in a screenplay (or teleplay) is one heard in voice-over.
4.Storyboard
A storyboard is a script told using primarily images and minimal writing to tell the story.
Storyboards can be very useful in terms of conveying a scene’s intent in a quick glance. For a fun
video on how MAD MAX: FURY ROAD used storyboards instead of a script to tell its tale,
watch this.
5.Spec Script
A spec, or “speculative” script is one executed by a writer to demonstrate their abilities without
being commissioned by any company or studio to do so. More often than not, spec scripts aren’t
written to sell as much as they’re used as calling cards in the hopes of garnering other work on
projects with similar themes and tones.
6.Standalone Script
Standalone scripts are specifically written for existing franchises and are typically used during
production in the event of unexpected occurrences and an alternate script is needed to replace
what was originally to be shot.
7.Pitch Script
Less a screenplay and more of a guideline, a pitch script is a written treatment of sorts, breaking
down all the key elements of a to-be-written script. It contains the major characters, plot points,
setting, genre, tone, and all other necessary elements to convey the essence of the script you plan
on writing. In brief, pitch scripts are written to get the writing job.
8.Shooting Script
The shooting script is exactly that – the script that’s going to be shot in production. In addition to
all of the format elements mentioned in this article, it also contains scene numbers, which aid the
production team in better understanding what scenes are being shot and what is required for each
one.

Things to Leave Out Of A Script

Equally important to what should be included in a script are some elements to leave out. Yes,
these guidelines are strict, but they’re also necessary in order to get the format exactly right.
Let’s take a deeper dive into what to leave out of a script…
Loglines
It can be tempting to put a logline, a quick descriptive sentence of your story, on the title page (or
immediately following, before the actual script begins). This isn’t part of a script’s standard
format and should be avoided.
Anything The Audience Isn’t Seeing
In novels, authors can put their readers inside characters’ heads and give them detailed insight
into their thoughts and inner feelings. This doesn’t apply to scripts, where all the screenwriter
should put in is what the audience is observing. Instead, try using dialogue and behavior/action
to express your characters’ thoughts and emotions.
Wordy Scene Setting (and wordiness in general)
Scripts are meant to be fast reads. Stay away from over-description and try to economically
express an idea in the fewest words possible. Your readers will thank you for it.
An Excessive Amount of Parentheticals
There’s a fine line between clarifying the way a line should be performed and stepping on an
actor’s (and/or director’s) toes in telling them how to do their job. Sometimes a parenthetical
descriptor of a way to deliver a line is necessary, but in genera it’s best to let your dialogue speak
for itself.
Camera Direction
As discussed earlier, it’s important to point out what the audience can and can’t see vis-à-vis
shots, but don’t direct in your pages. Camera staging is a different department than writing and
the writer’s job is to get the story across through words. Camera direction isn’t just inappropriate
for a script, it can also get distracting, and worse of all, drag a story’s pacing.
Too Many Transitions
Be mindful of how often you use transitions in your script. A good rule of thumb to keep to
whenever you put one is to ask yourself, “Is this transition absolutely necessary to tell my
story?” Sometimes the answer to this will be “Yes.” But more often than not, it’ll be a “No.” If
there’s any doubt (like say, a “Maybe”), more than likely you don’t it.
Scene Numbers
If you’ve ever seen a produced screenplay, odds are you’ve noticed all of the scenes are
numbered. Numbered scenes are used for casting purposes, shooting schedules and post-
production. They shouldn’t be included in any draft you’re working on to get noticed or sold.
Credits Roll
Don’t write this. Please. Just don’t. People get tempted to type that phrase in after the final Fade
Out, but it’s simply not necessary. Settle for a “The End” instead.
Screenwriting Software
There are several types of screenwriting software available. The good news is, these programs
will do the majority of the formatting for you, making sure your script aligns with the following
standards:
 12-point Courier font size
 1.5 inch margin on the left of the page
 1 inch margin on the right of the page
 1 inch on the of the top and bottom of the page
 Each page should have approximately 55 lines
 The dialogue block starts 2.5 inches from the left side of the page
 Character names must have uppercase letters and be positioned starting 3.7 inches from
the left side of the page
 Page numbers are positioned in the top right corner with a 0.5 inch margin from the top
of the page. The first page shall not be numbered, and each number is followed by a
period2.
While some programs focus more on formatting and others on the writing process itself, you’ll
want to find one that suits your needs. Final Draft and Studio Binder are two of the most popular
used script writing software brands out there3. Keep in mind that not all programs are created
equally; research the differences and decide which is the best fit for you.
Summary
Scripts require certain mandatory guidelines in their formatting. It gives the final work its own
distinct and professional aesthetic and above all, denotes clear professionalism in your work.
Fortunately, there are several screenplay sources available to guide you through those specific
margin and spacing requirements. Now all you have to do is find that new great idea!
References
1. 1Bela Lampert. "How To Format Dual Dialogue With Final Draft 12". Bela Lampert.
published: 1 June 2021. retrieved on: November 2022
2. 2SC Lannom. "How to Write a Movie Script Like Professional Screenwriters". Studio
Binder. published: 19 September 2019. retrieved on: November 2022
3. 3Mary-Elisabeth Combs. "Best Screenwriting Software for 2022". CNET. published: 19
July 2022. retrieved on: November 2022
 SCRIPT WRITING FOR BROADCAST NEWS
Broadcast news scripts are the backbone of TV and radio journalism. They combine concise
writing, conversational language, and strategic structure to deliver information effectively. From
lead-ins to packages, every element serves a purpose in engaging viewers and listeners.
Time management and technical considerations are crucial in broadcast scripting. Writers must
craft stories that fit tight time constraints while ensuring clear audio and synchronized visuals.
Mastering these skills is essential for creating compelling news content for broadcast media.
Script Components
Essential Broadcast Elements
 Lead-in introduces the story grabbing the audience's attention with a concise summary
 Package consists of a pre-recorded report combining various elements (narration,
interviews, visuals)
 Voice-over involves an anchor or reporter narrating over video footage or graphics
 Sound bite features a short clip of someone speaking, adding credibility and emotion to
the story
Structural Components
 Teaser previews upcoming stories to maintain viewer interest (often used before
commercial breaks)
 Anchor intro sets up the story for viewers before transitioning to a reporter or package
 Tag concludes the story providing additional information or future developments
Writing Style
Conversational and Accessible Language
 Broadcast style emphasizes clarity and simplicity for easy comprehension by listeners or
viewers
 Conversational writing mimics natural speech patterns to connect with the audience
  Active voice strengthens sentences by placing the subject before the verb (The reporter
covered the story)
 Present tense creates a sense of immediacy and relevance in news reporting
Effective Communication Techniques
 Short sentences enhance clarity and maintain audience attention
 Concrete language uses specific terms to paint vivid pictures in the audience's mind
 Contractions make the script sound more natural and conversational (don't, we're, it's)
 Repetition of key information reinforces important points for the audience
Broadcast Considerations
Time Management
 Time constraints require precise scripting to fit stories within allotted broadcast segments
 Story prioritization determines which elements to include based on time limitations
 Pacing ensures smooth delivery of information within the given time frame
 Timing rehearsals help refine script length and delivery speed
Technical Aspects
 Audio clarity ensures scripts are easily understood when read aloud
 Visual synchronization aligns spoken words with corresponding images or graphics
 Pronunciation guides assist anchors and reporters with unfamiliar names or terms
 Formatting conventions use all caps for anchor reads and lowercase for other elements
Key Terms to Review (23)
Formatting conventions: Formatting conventions are standardized practices and guidelines that
dictate how scripts for broadcast news should be structured and presented. These conventions
ensure clarity and consistency, making it easier for producers, anchors, and technical staff to
follow along with the script during production. Adhering to these conventions helps convey
information effectively to the audience and maintains professionalism in broadcast journalism.
Story prioritization: Story prioritization is the process of determining the order and importance
of news stories to be reported, focusing on what is most relevant and impactful for the audience.
This practice involves assessing factors such as timeliness, significance, proximity, and human
interest to ensure that the most crucial stories are highlighted in broadcast news. Effectively
prioritizing stories helps to maintain viewer engagement and deliver news that resonates with the
audience's interests and needs.
Visual synchronization: Visual synchronization refers to the practice of aligning visual
elements, such as images, graphics, and video, with audio content in broadcast news to enhance
storytelling and viewer comprehension. This technique is crucial as it helps create a cohesive
narrative that keeps the audience engaged while ensuring that the visuals support the spoken
words and overall message being conveyed.
Pronunciation guides: Pronunciation guides are tools used to help readers accurately pronounce
words, often through phonetic representations or other notations. These guides are especially
important in script writing for broadcast news, where clarity and accuracy in verbal
communication are crucial for audience understanding and engagement.
Audio clarity: Audio clarity refers to the quality and intelligibility of sound in broadcast media,
ensuring that the listener can easily understand spoken words and comprehend the message being
conveyed. It is crucial for effective communication in news reporting, as poor audio clarity can
lead to misunderstandings and a loss of audience engagement. High audio clarity is achieved
through proper microphone placement, sound mixing, and editing techniques that eliminate
background noise and enhance vocal quality.
Contractions: Contractions are shortened forms of words or combinations of words, where
letters are omitted and replaced with an apostrophe. This technique is commonly used in script
writing to create a more conversational and natural flow in broadcast news, making the delivery
feel more relatable and engaging to the audience.
Repetition: Repetition is the deliberate use of the same word, phrase, or idea multiple times to
create emphasis and reinforce a message. In script writing for broadcast news, repetition can help
make information clearer and more memorable for the audience, ensuring that key points stand
out and resonate with viewers.
Timing rehearsals: Timing rehearsals refer to the practice sessions where broadcast news
anchors and production teams work on the pacing and delivery of scripted content to ensure that
the final broadcast fits within a predetermined time slot. These rehearsals are crucial for fine-
tuning the timing of news stories, transitions, and visual elements, allowing for a smooth and
engaging presentation. Effective timing during rehearsals helps to manage the flow of
information and ensures that essential content is delivered without unnecessary delays or
omissions.
Present tense: Present tense is a grammatical form used to describe actions or states that are
currently happening or are habitual. It is crucial in script writing for broadcast news as it creates
a sense of immediacy and relevance, making the information feel current and engaging to the
audience. Using present tense helps convey breaking news or ongoing events effectively,
ensuring that viewers understand the urgency of the information being presented.
Time constraints: Time constraints refer to the limited amount of time available to complete a
task or deliver a project. In the context of script writing for broadcast news, these constraints are
critical as they dictate how quickly journalists must gather information, write scripts, and edit
content before it goes on air. Understanding time constraints helps writers prioritize information
and make decisions about what to include, ensuring that the most relevant stories are presented
efficiently.
Conversational writing: Conversational writing is a style of writing that mimics the natural
flow of spoken language, aiming to engage readers in a friendly and relatable manner. This
approach often uses informal language, personal anecdotes, and direct address to create a sense
of connection and intimacy with the audience. It's particularly effective in making complex
information accessible and retaining viewer interest, especially in media formats like broadcast
news.
Short sentences: Short sentences are concise statements that typically contain fewer than 20
words and convey a single idea or piece of information. In script writing for broadcast news,
these sentences enhance clarity and help maintain audience engagement, as they are easier to
follow and remember when delivered verbally.
Voice-over: A voice-over is a production technique where a voice that is not part of the narrative
is used in a broadcast to convey information or emotion. This technique is often employed in
news reporting, documentaries, and advertisements, allowing the audience to receive context or
commentary while visuals are presented. Voice-overs enhance storytelling by providing a
cohesive link between the visuals and the narrative.
Package: In the context of broadcast news, a package refers to a pre-recorded news segment that
combines video footage, sound bites, and a voiceover to tell a complete story. It’s designed to
engage viewers by providing a visual narrative that enhances the reported information. Packages
are often edited to fit a specific time slot and include various production elements, making them
an essential part of television journalism.
Teaser: A teaser is a brief, enticing segment or statement designed to capture the audience's
attention and encourage them to stay tuned for more information during a broadcast news
segment. Teasers often present intriguing details about upcoming stories or news reports, aiming
to create curiosity and suspense. This strategic tool is essential in broadcast news as it helps to
maintain viewer engagement and boosts audience retention throughout the program.
Sound bite: A sound bite is a short, catchy excerpt or quotation from a larger piece of content,
usually used in broadcast news to grab attention and convey a key message. These snippets are
designed to be memorable and impactful, often highlighting the most important points of a story,
making them essential in capturing audience interest and enhancing storytelling.
Lead-in: A lead-in is a brief introductory statement or phrase that sets the stage for a news story,
typically used in broadcast news to grab the audience's attention. It establishes context and
highlights the key elements of the story before diving into the details, effectively guiding viewers
into the narrative. A well-crafted lead-in is crucial as it can enhance viewer engagement and
create a smoother transition into the main content.
Broadcast style: Broadcast style refers to the specific manner of writing and presenting news
content intended for audio or visual media. It emphasizes clarity, conciseness, and a
conversational tone to effectively engage viewers or listeners, ensuring that information is easily
digestible and retains audience attention. Key characteristics include using short sentences,
simple vocabulary, and an active voice to create an approachable and relatable experience for the
audience.
Tag: In broadcast news script writing, a tag is a brief statement or phrase that summarizes or
emphasizes the main point of a news story. It usually comes at the end of a report, often
delivered by the anchor, and serves to reinforce the key message or provide additional context for
the audience. Tags are crucial for ensuring that viewers retain the essential information after the
segment has concluded.
Anchor intro: An anchor intro is the initial segment of a news broadcast where the news anchor
presents the leading story and sets the tone for the program. This segment is critical as it not only
informs viewers about the main news but also engages their attention, providing a smooth
transition into more detailed reports. The anchor intro often includes key elements like a brief
overview of the stories to come, establishing credibility and context for the audience.
Pacing: Pacing refers to the speed and rhythm at which a story unfolds, influencing how quickly
or slowly information is presented to the audience. It is crucial for maintaining audience
engagement and ensuring that the narrative flows in a way that feels natural and compelling.
Effective pacing helps to highlight key moments, build tension, and create emotional impact,
making it essential across various forms of storytelling.
Concrete language: Concrete language refers to words and phrases that are specific, tangible,
and observable, providing clear imagery and detail to enhance understanding. This type of
language helps create vivid pictures in the reader's mind, making the content more relatable and
engaging. In news writing and broadcast scripts, concrete language is essential for delivering
information in a way that is precise and impactful.
Active voice: Active voice is a grammatical structure where the subject of the sentence performs
the action rather than receiving it. This approach makes sentences clearer and more direct, which
is especially important in writing for clarity and engagement.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Why Is the Standard Format Important?
3. Script Elements
4. Script Format Types
5. Things to Leave Out of a Script
6. Screenwriting Software
7. Summary
8. References

You only get one shot at a first impression.

And first impressions in the Entertainment Industry can be everything. A script’s format is the
first thing that jumps off the page when you’ve handed someone your material. The work is
judged by that initial look. Making sure you’ve gotten it right, and adhering to the rules and
guidelines of standard screenplay format is crucial to ensuring your material will be considered
seriously.

Let’s discuss the standard format for a screenplay.

Why Is the Standard Format Important?

Scripts are formatted to follow an industry-wide standard in order for them to be easily
understood at every level, from executives to directors to production crew to marketers.
Your script is typically the introduction of your talent to a prospective representative, executive
or buyer. A properly formatted script signals an out of the gate level of professionalism that
speaks volumes and can’t be faked. A script written following industry guidelines tells readers,
executives, producers and directors you’re an artist who takes their craft seriously and your work
should be treated as such.

In addition to readability and clarity, script formatting also affords a length-gauge for writers,
producers, directors, and executives. This aids immensely when it comes to finance and
budgeting. For auditioning purposes, the script format affords casting directors designated space
to denote casting ideas. And finally, when it comes to editing, the standard industry script format
allows the necessary space to make adjustments (which are constant in the script writing world).

Does this mean you have to follow all the formatting standards? Not exactly.

There are many screenwriters who intentionally change up the formatting to emphasize tone,
showcase their voice, or better align the reading experience with the future viewing experience.
Just check out all the different font sizes in the script for The Substance (2024).

However, it’s important to understand the formatting standards before finding out clever ways to
break free from them. If a screenwriter adds their own formatting flare, but it’s distracting and/or
less enjoyable than standard formatting, it could sabotage their script and success as a
screenwriter.

Script Elements

The eighth elements of script formatting are

Scene headings (Sluglines)

Action

Character name

Dialogue

Parenthetical

Extension

Transition

Shot

Let’s break down each one into more detail…

Scene Headings (Sluglines)

Sluglines set the scene via a few components. The first is denoting if the scene is taking place
inside or outside (INT. for interiors, EXT. for exteriors). The next piece of information a slugline
offers is the scene’s location. Finally, sluglines designate the time of day the scene is taking place
(this is done using a dash after the location). Sluglines are always capitalized (they can be bolded
as well, but that’s not necessarily required).

A sample slugline looks like this:

INT. House – Day

Sometimes, if there’s a specific location you want your reader to know the scene is taking place
in, the slugline can be detailed with an addition to the location, like so –

INT. House/Bedroom – Day

Always remember to keep your sluglines brief. Save your descriptions for the action lines.

Action

Action lines define what happens in your scenes. They describe the look of the scene and
designate the characters’ movements inside it. In short, action lines lay out everything an
audience can see onscreen. They’re also always written in present tense.

Occasionally, certain words or phrases can be bolded, underlined, capitalized or italicized for
emphasis.

For instance:

…no time to stop, the car smashes right through the wall of the building. People scatter in the
chaos…

While these highlights can be striking and fun to use, make sure not to overdo them. The effect
of the underscoring tends to be less impactful with each use.

Character Name

A character’s name should be capitalized the first time they appear onscreen. It also helps to give
a bit of information about them – gender, age, and any personality specific(s) that would help
define them in the reader’s mind (this benefits both story and casting purposes). Be descriptive,
but brief. Don’t let a description slow down the pace of your narrative.

Dialogue

All spoken dialogue, whether in voiceover or in-scene should be written as dialogue. The name
of the character speaking should appear in caps, centered on the page. The dialogue is also
centered, and appears directly beneath their name.
If two characters are speaking at the same time, set the character names and dialogues side by
side with one another. This is called dual dialogue.1

Parenthetical

If you’re looking to make certain aspects of your characters’ dialogue be clearly distinct or very
specific, you can put a parenthetical between the character’s name and their dialogue to provide
some extra direction and context on how the line is meant to be performed. A parenthetical can
add depth and meaning to dialogue. It’s also used to indicate a pause in speech, if the moment
calls for it. Setting a pause, or a beat of silence, in a character’s speech is often used to offer a
dramatic moment to land or allow the character to switch topics without confusing the reader or
audience.

Here’s an example:

JOHN

I got the groceries.

(then)

What was it you were going to ask me?

Be careful about overusing parentheticals in scripts, as they can sometimes encroach on actors
and/or directors (more on this in the “what not to include” section).

Extension

An Extension is an indicator placed to the right of a character’s name to explain how their voice
will be heard. If a character is speaking in voiceover, denote this with a “V.O.” inside a
parenthetical next to the character’s name. When a character is present in a scene but not visible
on camera (either out of frame or in another room/adjacent location), place an “O.S.” for off-
screen (“O.C.”, for off-camera, is also typically used) next to the character’s name above the
dialogue.

Transition

Script transitions are cues to the reader on how changes to the next scene can be executed. They
can be effective communicators on the mood of a scene when it comes to an end. Transitions are
always capitalized and followed by a colon. Except for the final FADE OUT or CUT TO
BLACK, which should be followed by a period.

The most common transitions are CUT TO, DISSLOVE TO, FADE IN and FADE OUT.

Shot

A shot is an action line describing what the camera is seeing in your script. For story purposes, it
can sometimes be necessary to draw specific attention to certain details. But it’s important to
remember that you’re writing your script, not directing it, so curtail any need you may have to
design a camera movement. Your job as the writer is to describe, as clearly as possible, what it is
the camera is seeing. How this is done is not the writer’s job, it’s the director’s.

Script Format Types

So let’s dive into these, one at a time…

Original Script
An original script is created entirely by the writer, without using any IP (Intellectual Property).
It’s something that comes one hundred percent from a writer’s imagination and they are the sole
owner of said work.

Adapted Script

Adapted scripts are taken from other mediums (and sometimes even the same medium) to build a
script. Often elements such as setting and character are translated according to their new medium
so there’s a more flow and organic fit to the material.

Screenplay

A screenplay is a script written for the movies (a teleplay is a script written for television). It’s
primarily focused on what the audience sees and hears. Unlike a novel, characters’ thoughts and
feelings need to be externalized and clearly defined in screenplays. The only inner monologue
one would find in a screenplay (or teleplay) is one heard in voice-over.

Storyboard

A storyboard is a script told using primarily images and minimal writing to tell the story.
Storyboards can be very useful in terms of conveying a scene’s intent in a quick glance. For a fun
video on how MAD MAX: FURY ROAD used storyboards instead of a script to tell its tale,
watch this.

Spec Script

A spec, or “speculative” script is one executed by a writer to demonstrate their abilities without
being commissioned by any company or studio to do so. More often than not, spec scripts aren’t
written to sell as much as they’re used as calling cards in the hopes of garnering other work on
projects with similar themes and tones.
Standalone Script

Standalone scripts are specifically written for existing franchises and are typically used during
production in the event of unexpected occurrences and an alternate script is needed to replace
what was originally to be shot.

Pitch Script

Less a screenplay and more of a guideline, a pitch script is a written treatment of sorts, breaking
down all the key elements of a to-be-written script. It contains the major characters, plot points,
setting, genre, tone, and all other necessary elements to convey the essence of the script you plan
on writing. In brief, pitch scripts are written to get the writing job.

Shooting Script

The shooting script is exactly that – the script that’s going to be shot in production. In addition to
all of the format elements mentioned in this article, it also contains scene numbers, which aid the
production team in better understanding what scenes are being shot and what is required for each
one.

Things to Leave Out Of A Script

Equally important to what should be included in a script are some elements to leave out. Yes,
these guidelines are strict, but they’re also necessary in order to get the format exactly right.

Let’s take a deeper dive into what to leave out of a script…

Loglines
It can be tempting to put a logline, a quick descriptive sentence of your story, on the title page (or
immediately following, before the actual script begins). This isn’t part of a script’s standard
format and should be avoided.

Anything The Audience Isn’t Seeing

In novels, authors can put their readers inside characters’ heads and give them detailed insight
into their thoughts and inner feelings. This doesn’t apply to scripts, where all the screenwriter
should put in is what the audience is observing. Instead, try using dialogue and behavior/action
to express your characters’ thoughts and emotions.

Wordy Scene Setting (and wordiness in general)

Scripts are meant to be fast reads. Stay away from over-description and try to economically
express an idea in the fewest words possible. Your readers will thank you for it.

An Excessive Amount of Parentheticals

There’s a fine line between clarifying the way a line should be performed and stepping on an
actor’s (and/or director’s) toes in telling them how to do their job. Sometimes a parenthetical
descriptor of a way to deliver a line is necessary, but in genera it’s best to let your dialogue speak
for itself.

Camera Direction

As discussed earlier, it’s important to point out what the audience can and can’t see vis-à-vis
shots, but don’t direct in your pages. Camera staging is a different department than writing and
the writer’s job is to get the story across through words. Camera direction isn’t just inappropriate
for a script, it can also get distracting, and worse of all, drag a story’s pacing.
Too Many Transitions

Be mindful of how often you use transitions in your script. A good rule of thumb to keep to
whenever you put one is to ask yourself, “Is this transition absolutely necessary to tell my
story?” Sometimes the answer to this will be “Yes.” But more often than not, it’ll be a “No.” If
there’s any doubt (like say, a “Maybe”), more than likely you don’t it.

Scene Numbers

If you’ve ever seen a produced screenplay, odds are you’ve noticed all of the scenes are
numbered. Numbered scenes are used for casting purposes, shooting schedules and post-
production. They shouldn’t be included in any draft you’re working on to get noticed or sold.

Credits Roll

Don’t write this. Please. Just don’t. People get tempted to type that phrase in after the final Fade
Out, but it’s simply not necessary. Settle for a “The End” instead.

Screenwriting Software

There are several types of screenwriting software available. The good news is, these programs
will do the majority of the formatting for you, making sure your script aligns with the following
standards:

12-point Courier font size

1.5 inch margin on the left of the page

1 inch margin on the right of the page

1 inch on the of the top and bottom of the page

Each page should have approximately 55 lines

The dialogue block starts 2.5 inches from the left side of the page

Character names must have uppercase letters and be positioned starting 3.7 inches from the left
side of the page

Page numbers are positioned in the top right corner with a 0.5 inch margin from the top of the
page. The first page shall not be numbered, and each number is followed by a period2.

While some programs focus more on formatting and others on the writing process itself, you’ll
want to find one that suits your needs. Final Draft and Studio Binder are two of the most popular
used script writing software brands out there3. Keep in mind that not all programs are created
equally; research the differences and decide which is the best fit for you.

Summary

Scripts require certain mandatory guidelines in their formatting. It gives the final work its own
distinct and professional aesthetic and above all, denotes clear professionalism in your work.
Fortunately, there are several screenplay sources available to guide you through those specific
margin and spacing requirements. Now all you have to do is find that new great idea!
What is a Script? Types of Popular Scripts Today
The success of cinematographic works that captivate audiences comes not only from excellent
acting but also from the success of creative and impressive script ideas. Currently in the world of
cinema there are countless different types of scripts, each with its own unique features and
bringing diverse experiences to the audience. Let's explore with Viewfinder Media popular script
types and some secrets to writing an impressive script in the hearts of the audience through the
article below.
1. What is the script?
Script is also known by the term Scripting. This is a written record of a story or drama. They are
used to guide actors and production teams in creating a work of art such as a film, television
show, or play. This is an important document that helps shape the plot, characters, situations and
developments of the story.
What is scripting?
2. Types of scenarios
With the increasingly diverse world of art and cinema, script support is indispensable. It will help
create perfect works that bring great experiences to the audience. The following are some
popular types of scripts today.
2.1. Short film script
Sample scripts for short films typically range in length from 5 to 30 minutes. Nowadays, short
film scripts are gradually becoming a popular choice. Especially for young screenwriters just
entering the film world.
Short film script
When writing a short film script, you only have about 15 pages to convey your ideas. This type
of movie cannot be too long and without focus. However, it cannot be shortened so much that it
cannot express the content of the work. Therefore, choosing the form that represents the content
and layout of the short film script is extremely important.
2.2. Drama script
Television script is a genre of film produced and broadcast on television systems. Television
films are produced with their own film standards. It will follow different frame formats based on
each country's television system. These types of scripts include a collection of many small scripts
that are closely linked together. From there, a series of continuous episodes will be created
around one main theme.

Drama script
Sometimes, the film has been aired to the public but the ending to the script has not yet been
finalized and is subject to revision. This allows the screenwriter to monitor and respond to the
audience's feedback and desires. At the same time, it is also flexible to create better next
developments to create audience expectations.
2.3. Movie script
These types of scripts for movie are extremely popular today. They are produced to make movies
shown in theaters or released as DVDs. The movie script will be limited to a fixed period of
time, usually from 90 to 120 minutes. Script ideas can come from the screenwriter's creativity. It
may also be inspired by another writer's works of fiction or short stories.
2.4. Documentary film script
A documentary script is a types of scripts similar to a memoir. Script ideas inspired by or based
on real life stories. Screenwriters when creating documentaries have the task of conveying
diverse aspects of life into images on screen while still maintaining its aesthetics and emotions.

2.5. Advertising film script

Advertising film script are one of the shortest types of scripts today. They are usually less than 1
minute long and are broadcast repeatedly on television channels. The purpose of this script idea
is to carry out communication campaigns for a specific product.
Advertising film scripts often have a quick structure and succinct language. This is the perfect
combination of music, words and images. This helps attract the audience's attention quickly as
well as convey advertising messages effectively and subtly.
2.6. Animated movie script
Cartoons are created by rapidly displaying a sequence of different still images to create
movement and shape changes. These images will be displayed for a very short moment, usually
24, 25, 30 or 60 frames per second.
The first and most important step when creating an animated film is to have a script idea for a
story. These ideas will help form the plot - the deciding factor in the success or failure of the
film. Therefore, taking the time to refine and perfect is very important.

2.7. Television program script

A television program script is a detailed text document that records the dialogue for a television
program. These types of scripts help shape the content as well as direct the actors, scenes,
cinematographers, and other elements to deliver a great experience for the audience.
TV show scripts require a lot of flexibility. This is to increase the ability to adapt appropriately in
many cases but still maintain the motif set by the manufacturer. Script ideas also often add a few
climax and transformation elements to be as realistic as possible to create trust for the audience.

2.8. Event script

With the trend of increasingly investing in event programs, types of scripts for event also need to
be more elaborate than ever. It can be said that event scripting is one of the most difficult genres.
The reason comes from the fact that in real events, no one can guarantee that everything will
happen exactly as written in the script.
Therefore, screenwriters need to be able to predict possible situations and be willing to change
their script. They also need to prepare a series of alternative plans and make timely adjustments
when unexpected bad situations occur.
2.9. Drama script
Currently, audio musical theaters are having difficulty finding excellent and quality audio drama
types of scripts. A play script is a written document used by actors in performing stage plays.
Drama scripts are often as brief as movie scripts.
This is a delicate blend between the plot and the actors' expressions. They will be performed live
on the stages of major theaters in front of large audiences. From there, the audience will have the
opportunity to directly experience the most genuine emotions without the support of any modern
filming technology.

3. Three (3) elements needed in the script

What are the 3 elements needed when building a scenario? When building the layout of a movie
script, there are three basic and indispensable elements to create effects for the story as well as
attract the public's attention. Each element plays an extremely important role in creating
compelling plot content and evoking emotions for the audience.

3.1. Scripting language

In works of art, character images will be built through script language. Scripting language is a
unique character system that represents each character's behavior. It plays an important role in
outlining the characteristics and personality of each character. Characters in works of art are
often developed through dialogue combined with some text - descriptive language. Script
language also needs to ensure the climax of the plot and the connection between character lines.
The dialogue in the script should be realistic and close to everyday life. Besides, it is also
necessary to limit vulgar words. Instead, script language should be appropriate, coherent, and
able to convey deep philosophical meanings to the audience.
3.2. Conflict
Contrast and conflict are also considered important factors in the process of building script ideas.
Conflict is considered the main driving force promoting the development of actions and leading
to conflicts. It also directly affects the structure, rhythm and content of the work. If types of
scripts lack conflict elements, the work will lose important characteristics of the literary genre.
Conflict elements can exist in many different forms. They include: conflicts between characters,
conflicts between character choices and actions, conflicts between elements in the story world, or
conflicts between values, etc. Screenwriters can create or choose conflicts from existing conflicts
in society. Thereby promoting the climax of the plot as well as ensuring the authenticity of the
script.
3.3. Action in the scenario
People reveal their nature and personality through everyday actions. Therefore, action in these
types of scripts is used as a way to form and characterize the characters. Action is expressed
through gestures, movements, words and many other factors such as conflicts between
characters, ...
4. Rules in scenario building
To build an attractive and professional script, some important rules should be followed. Some
rules in scenario building include:
4.1. Prioritize writing concisely
Brevity needs to be ensured when writing a script. When the story content is too long and has too
many unnecessary elements, the audience's focus will be scattered. This causes a loss of appeal
and charisma of the story as well as a waste of film production costs.
4.2. Stick to reality
Screenplay is considered a new world where screenwriters can freely imagine and create with
countless ideas and inspirations. However, in the process of creating scripts, screenwriters may
get caught up in the vortex of imagination and forget about realistic elements. This has a huge
impact on logic leading to holes or incoherence in the plot. Therefore, creating script ideas linked
to reality is very important to maintain audience appeal and engagement.
4.3. Tell stories with images
You should also use specific images to build a character's story when building all kinds of
scripts. By using strong and specific images, the plot can be visualized more clearly and vividly.
Conveying stories through images helps bring authenticity as well as create impressive moments
for the audience.
4.4. Select old details
Using old details in your work can be an effective way to attract the audience's attention. Old
details in the work can create connections and remind the audience of memories or familiar
moments in the past. This can cause curiosity and excitement to help the audience enjoy the
movie and find its connection and meaning.
4.5. Tell stories with emotions
Content is the top factor for audiences to evaluate the quality of a film work. Therefore, to be
able to control and create emotions for the audience, screenwriters need to use emotional
storytelling and focus on meaningful value when building script ideas.
Telling stories with emotions is a good way to make an impression on the audience.
Emotional storytelling can strongly promote audience empathy and interaction. By using
language subtly, the screenwriter can stimulate the audience's spiritual emotions. This helps
create a strong connection between the work and the viewer.

4.6. Take advantage of the moments

Cinematic works usually only have a certain duration. Sometimes that small amount of time is
not enough for the film to fully express the values the author wants to mention. Therefore, to be
able to touch the audience's emotions, the script needs to take advantage of special moments to
leave a deep impression in the audience's hearts.
Don't forget to take advantage of special moments to make an impression on your audience.

5. Things you need to know when planning a script

Depending on each genre as well as the requirements of each film producer, scripts will have
their own notes.
Animation script:
Characters in animated film scripts are often fictional. The character designs will be inspired by
puppets, dolls, animals, etc., giving them life and characteristics similar to humans.
Animated movie scripts often build funny and adorable storylines. This is to spread joy, helping
viewers relax instead of focusing on real life.
Feature film script:
The content of a feature film script needs to ensure drama in the conflict of the story.
There needs to be a clear plot about the relationships between the characters.
There should be a few climactic scenes to create a deep emotional state for the characters and the
audience.
Build conflict and climax situations logically.
The script needs to focus on key details in each scene.
Documentary script:
Documentary scripts will focus on truthfully reflecting aspects of life and people, with an
emphasis on social phenomena. The plot and characters are based on real events.
Documentary scripts have two main types: literary scripts and storyboards.
In the documentary script there are no fictional characters, no acting or suggestions for drama.