Here’s a highly expanded Java roadmap focusing on fundamentals

to advanced core Java concepts, excluding frameworks, tools,

databases, microservices, and advanced web development. I’ve
added many additional topics and subtopics to the remaining
sections for a truly exhaustive learning path.

 1. Programming Fundamentals (for Beginners)

Core Concepts:
 Understanding Programming Paradigms:
o Procedural Programming: Step-by-step procedures (C-
like style).
o Object-Oriented Programming: Encapsulation,
inheritance, polymorphism.
o Functional Programming (Intro).
 Basic Syntax and Constructs:
o How compilers and interpreters work.
o Writing and executing your first Java program (javac,
java commands).
 Variables and Data Types:
o Primitive Types (byte, short, int, long, float, double, char,
boolean).
o Non-Primitive Types: Strings, Arrays, Enums.
o Type Inference (var introduced in Java 10).
 Operators:
o Unary, Binary, and Ternary Operators.
o Advanced Operators: Bitwise, Shift Operators.
 o Short-circuit Operators (&&, ||).
Control Flow and Loops:
 Conditional Statements:
o Best Practices for If-Else chains.
o Nested If-Else.
 Switch Statement:
o Use of switch with Strings (Java 7+).
o Enhanced Switch Expression (Java 12+).
 Looping:
o Infinite Loops (When and Why to Avoid).
o Enhanced for-loop (for-each).
o Labels with Loops.
o Performance Optimization in Looping.
Functions/Methods:
 Method Deep Dive:
o Method Signatures.
o Argument Passing (Call by Value in Java).
o Default Method Parameters (Java 15+ Workaround using
varargs).
o final in Methods: Preventing Override.
 Recursion:
o Tail Recursion.
o Recursive Algorithms (e.g., Factorial, Fibonacci).
 Variable Scope:
 o Shadowing, Lifespan, and Access Levels of Variables.

 2. Java Basics
Core Syntax:
 Class Structure:
o Anatomy of a Java Class.
o Writing Clean Code with Comments and Naming
Conventions.
 Input/Output in Java:
o Using Scanner, BufferedReader for Input.
o Writing Output to Console and Files (PrintStream,
FileWriter).
Deep Dive into Java Data Types:
 Primitive Data Types:
o Default Values and Memory Allocation.
o Wrapper Classes (e.g., Integer, Double) and Auto-
boxing/Unboxing.
 Strings:
o String Pool in Java.
o Difference Between == and .equals().
o Immutability and Benefits of Strings.
o Utility Methods: compareTo, toCharArray, join.
o Regular Expressions (Pattern and Matcher classes).
 Enums:
o Enum Constants with Fields and Methods.
 o Implementing Interfaces with Enums.
Operators:
 Relational and Logical Operators:
o Understanding Short-circuit Behavior.
o Combining Relational Operators.
 Advanced Operators:
o Bit Manipulation (AND, OR, XOR, ~).
o Shift Operators (>>, <<, >>>).
 Unary Operators:
o Prefix vs Postfix in Expressions.

 3. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Core OOP Concepts:
1. Encapsulation:
o Advantages of Data Hiding.
o private Fields with Getter/Setter.
2. Inheritance:
o super() and Constructor Chaining.
o Protected Access Modifier.
o Avoiding Inheritance Misuse (Composition over
Inheritance).
3. Polymorphism:
o Static vs Dynamic Binding.
o Overloading Ambiguities (Type Promotion and varargs).
 4. Abstraction:
o Why Interfaces Were Introduced.
o Difference Between Abstract Class and Interface Post-
Java 8.
Deep Dive into Classes:
 Constructors:
o Advanced Constructor Scenarios (e.g., Constructor
Overloading).
o Copy Constructors in Java.
 Nested and Inner Classes:
o Static Nested Classes vs Inner Classes.
o Anonymous Classes for On-the-Fly Behavior.
 Static Features:
o Static Blocks and Their Use Cases.
o Singleton Pattern Using Static Methods.
 Final Keyword:
o Final Fields, Methods, and Classes.
o Effect of final with Mutable Objects.
 Object Class:
o Methods (toString, hashCode, equals).
o clone() and Cloneable Interface.
o Best Practices for Overriding equals and hashCode.

 4. Advanced Core Java

Java Collections Framework:
  Collection Hierarchy:
o Complete Understanding of Iterable and Collection
Interfaces.
o NavigableMap and NavigableSet.
 List Implementations:
o Performance Comparison: ArrayList vs LinkedList.
o Advanced Usage of Iterators (ListIterator).
 Set Implementations:
o HashSet: Internal Hashing.
o TreeSet: Navigable and Sorted Set Behavior.
 Queue Implementations:
o PriorityQueue with Custom Comparators.
o Deque (ArrayDeque vs LinkedList).
 Map Implementations:
o HashMap: Internal Bucketing and Load Factor.
o WeakHashMap: Automatic Garbage Collection Handling.
o TreeMap: Natural Ordering and Custom Comparators.
Generics in Depth:
 Wildcards:
o ? extends T vs ? super T Usage.
 Generic Methods:
o Writing Type-Safe Code with Generics.
o Generic Restrictions (No Primitives, Type Erasure).
Exception Handling:
  Exception Hierarchy:
o Checked vs Unchecked Exceptions.
o Custom Exception Creation.
 Best Practices:
o Using try-with-resources (Java 7+).
o Logging Exceptions Effectively.
Multithreading and Concurrency:
 Thread Communication:
o wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() Usage.
o Thread Interruption.
 Deadlocks and Solutions:
o Avoiding Circular Wait.
o LiveLocks and Starvation.
 Advanced Threading:
o ThreadLocal Variables.
o Thread Group and Thread Priority.
Java 8+ Features:
 Lambda Expressions:
o Syntax: Parameter, Arrow Token, Body.
o Functional Interfaces (Consumer, Supplier, BiFunction).
 Streams API:
o Intermediate vs Terminal Operations.
o Parallel Streams.
 Optional:
 o Avoiding NullPointerException.
o Methods: orElse, orElseThrow, ifPresent.

 5. Java I/O
File Handling:
 Streams:
o InputStream and OutputStream.
o Buffered Streams for Performance.
 Character Streams:
o Reader and Writer Classes.
o Handling Encodings (InputStreamReader).
 File Utilities:
o Java NIO (Paths, Files).
o WatchService for Monitoring File Changes.
Serialization:
 Object Streams:
o Serialization and Deserialization.
o transient Keyword Usage.
 Best Practices:
o Avoiding Compatibility Issues.

 6. Java Memory Management

JVM Internals:
 Memory Areas:
 o Heap, Stack, Method Area, and Program Counter.
 Garbage Collection:
o Generational GC (Young, Old, Permanent).
o G1 GC, ZGC, and Epsilon GC (Java 11+).
Performance Tuning:
 JVM Options:
o Common Flags (-Xms, -Xmx, -XX Flags).
o Diagnosing Memory Leaks Using Profiling Tools (e.g.,
VisualVM).
 Object Lifecycles:
o Reachable and Unreachable Objects.
o Soft, Weak, and Phantom References.

 7. Practical Problem Solving and Algorithms

Data Structures:
 Arrays, Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues, Hash Tables.
 Trees (Binary Tree, BST, AVL Trees).
 Graphs (DFS, BFS).
Algorithms:
 Sorting Algorithms (QuickSort, MergeSort, HeapSort).
 Searching Algorithms (Binary Search, Interpolation Search).
 Recursion-Based Problems.

This roadmap now dives into every detail of core Java, OOP,
multithreading, collections, I/O, memory management, and more,
ensuring complete expertise. Let me know if you want additional
focus on any specific area!
Weekly Projects

Month 1: Fundamentals and Java Basics

Week 1: Programming Fundamentals

 Topics: Paradigms, Syntax, Variables, Data Types, Operators.

 Projects/Tasks:

1. "BMI Calculator"

 Input: Weight (kg) and height (m).

 Output: BMI value and health status (underweight, normal, overweight).

 Practice: Variables, data types, operators (arithmetic, relational).

2. "Unit Converter"

 Convert units like Celsius to Fahrenheit, kilometers to miles.

 Implement using switch-case (later in the week).

 Learn control structures and enhance operator use.

Week 2: Control Flow and Loops

 Topics: If-else, switch, loops, labels, optimizations.

 Projects/Tasks:

1. "Simple ATM Simulator"

 Features: Deposit, withdraw, check balance.

 Use: If-else for menu, loops for repeated operations.

2. "Number Guessing Game"

 Generate a random number (1–100) and let the user guess.

 Provide hints (e.g., "too high" or "too low").

 Learn loops (while/for) and conditional logic.

3. "Prime Number Checker"

 Input: Any integer.

 Output: Whether it's a prime number or not.

 Enhance: Use labels for nested loops.

Week 3: Functions/Methods

 Topics: Method signatures, recursion, scopes, variable lifespans.

 Projects/Tasks:

1. "Factorial and Fibonacci Calculator"

 Implement both iterative and recursive versions of factorial and Fibonacci

series calculators.

 Understand recursion in-depth and compare it to iterative methods.

2. "Temperature Converter with Functions"

 Create reusable functions for conversions like Celsius ↔ Fahrenheit, Kelvin

↔ Celsius.

 Focus on method signatures, argument passing.

Week 4: Java Basics (Classes, Strings, I/O)

 Topics: Class structure, strings, file handling.

 Projects/Tasks:

1. "Student Grade Calculator"

 Input: Names and scores for 5 students.

 Output: Average, highest score, and topper name.

 Use: Arrays and String manipulation.

2. "Word Counter"

 Input: A sentence.

 Output: Word count and frequency of each word.

 Use: String methods (split(), toLowerCase()).

3. "Basic File Operations"

 Read a text file and write its content to another file with line numbers
prefixed.

Month 2: OOP and Advanced Core Java

Week 1: OOP Basics

 Topics: Encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction.

 Projects/Tasks:

1. "Bank Account System"

  Classes: Account (base), SavingsAccount (child).

 Features: Deposit, withdraw, calculate interest.

 Use: Encapsulation and inheritance.

2. "Shape Area Calculator"

 Abstract class Shape with a method calculateArea().

 Implementations: Circle, Rectangle, Triangle.

 Focus: Abstraction and polymorphism.

Week 2: Advanced Classes and Objects

 Topics: Constructors, static features, final keyword.

 Projects/Tasks:

1. "Book Management System"

 Features: Add books, view all books, find books by author.

 Use: Constructors for initialization, static variables for unique book IDs.

2. "Calculator with Singleton Pattern"

 Implement a Calculator class as a singleton.

 Include basic operations (add, subtract, etc.).

 Practice static methods and blocks.

Week 3: Java Collections Framework

 Topics: Lists, sets, maps, iterators, generics.

 Projects/Tasks:

1. "Student Management System"

 Store student details in a List.

 Search, update, and delete student data.

 Learn: Generics and ArrayList.

2. "Library Book Tracker"

 Use a HashMap to track books by title and availability status.

 Allow: Add, lend, and return books.

3. "Unique Elements Finder"

 Input: Array of numbers.

  Output: Unique numbers using a Set.

Week 4: Exception Handling and File I/O

 Topics: Custom exceptions, try-catch-finally, serialization.

 Projects/Tasks:

1. "Custom Calculator with Error Handling"

 Handle invalid inputs (non-numeric, divide by zero).

 Use custom exceptions for invalid operations.

2. "Employee Data Serialization"

 Store employee objects in a file using serialization.

 Allow reading/deserializing the data to display employee details.

Month 3: Advanced Topics and Problem Solving

Week 1: Multithreading and Concurrency

 Topics: Threads, synchronization, deadlocks.

 Projects/Tasks:

1. "Producer-Consumer Simulation"

 Simulate producer-consumer using threads and a shared buffer.

 Learn: Synchronization and wait()/notify().

2. "Thread Pool Executor Demo"

 Create a thread pool to perform parallel tasks.

Week 2: Java 8+ Features

 Topics: Lambda, Streams, Optional.

 Projects/Tasks:

1. "Employee Salary Filter"

 Input: Employee data.

 Use Streams to filter salaries above a threshold and sort by name.

2. "Optional Demo with User Login"

 Avoid NullPointerException in a user authentication system using Optional.

Week 3: Java Memory Management

 Topics: JVM, GC, profiling.

 Projects/Tasks:

1. "Garbage Collection Experiment"

 Create a memory-intensive program to observe GC behavior using

System.gc() and profiling tools.

Week 4: Algorithms and Data Structures

 Topics: Sorting, searching, graphs.

 Projects/Tasks:

1. "Sorting Algorithm Visualizer"

 Implement and compare sorting algorithms (bubble, quicksort, mergesort).

2. "Maze Solver"

 Implement BFS and DFS to solve a maze problem.

End-of-Program Capstone Project

Build a mini-application (e.g., a task management app, inventory system, or a simple game) that
combines concepts like OOP, collections, file handling, multithreading, and Java 8+ features.

Let me know if you'd like further customization! 😊