Practical Research 2 Grade 12 - Week 3

2nd Quarter – Module 4:

Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data

Lesson 5 Data Collection Procedures

What’s In

Identify the kind of quantitative research described below.

Nonexperimental research Causal- comparative research

Correlational research Descriptive research Quantitative Research Design

1. The _____________ can be experimental or nonexperimental.

2. The ___________________ is a type of quantitative research that seeks to describe the present status of an identified
variable.
3. A ____________________ is a type of quantitative research that tries to define the extent of a relationship between two or
more variables using statistical data.
4. The _________________ is quantitative research that attempts to establish cause and effect relationships among the
variables.
5. In __________________, the independent variable is not manipulated and there is no random assignment to groups.

What’s New

Look for the words related to quantitative research that you will find in the puzzle.

In the table below, write the words that you found in the puzzle which are
related to data collection and that fits the definition on the right column.

Word Definition

1. A collection of numbers, quantities, facts, records, used as a basis

for drawing conclusions or making inferences.
2. Recollections, observations, and perceptions of respondents about
themselves and of other people.
3. This involves the presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and replies in
terms of oral-verbal responses.
4. Data that include the respondent’s ideas or opinions about, or his
actual behavior, in a situation.
5. A way of collecting data through observing.

What is It
What are the types of data?
Data may be qualitative or quantitative.
 Qualitative Data represent some characteristics or attributes. They depict descriptions that may be observed but cannot be
computed or calculated. For example, data on attributes such as intelligence, honesty, wisdom, cleanliness, and creativity. They
are more exploratory than conclusive.
 Quantitative data can be measured and not simply observed. They can be numerically represented and calculations can be
performed on them. For example, data on the number of students playing different sports from your class gives an estimate of how
many of the total students play which sport. This information is numerical and can be classified as quantitative (toppr.com, n.d.).

What are primary and secondary data?

 Primary data is data that is collected by a researcher from first-hand sources, using methods like surveys, interviews, or
experiments. It is collected with the research project in mind, directly from primary sources. The primary sources are individual
persons, organized groups, established practices (e.g. marriage, religious rites, legal system), documents in their original forms
(e.g. Constitutions, laws, orders, etc), living organisms, man-made material things (buildings, machines, weapons, etc), natural
objects and phenomena (rain, wind, mountains).
 Secondary data is data gathered from studies, surveys, or experiments that have been run by other people or for another
research. Secondary data are verbal (written) data such as books (including dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanac, etc), published
articles, monographs, and other second-hand sources (StatisticsHowto.com. 2020; Calderon & Gonzales, 1993; Valcheva,2020).

What are the categories of data gathered from the respondents?

 Facts. These are memories, observations, and insights of respondents about themselves and of other people.
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  Attitudes and Feelings. These are the respondent’s notions and thoughts about the research topic, and his personal feelings
about the worth of the item being investigated.
 Judgments. These data include the respondent’s ideas or opinions about, or his actual behavior, in a given situation.
 Psychomotor skills. These data refer to the manipulative skills of the individual and his activities that involve his five (5)
senses.
 Results of tests and experimentation. The results of tests and experimentation are very important data especially in
psychology and in the physical, chemical, and biological sciences. All other data from the primary and secondary sources of
data
 All other data from the primary and secondary sources of data (Calderon & Gonzales, 1993).

Methods of Collecting Data

There are several ways of collecting data among which are the following:
1. Questionnaire method 4. Interview method
2. Empirical observation method 5. Registration method
3. Testing method
Data Description Research Sample Scenario
Collection Application
Method
Questionnaire The questionnaire is the main instrument for collecting data in survey Survey and A questionnaire is mailed to a
Method research. It is a set of standardized questions, often called items, which Descriptive large number of people, and
follow a fixed scheme to collect individual data about one or more specific Research willing respondents who can
topics. Paper-pencil-questionnaires can be sent to a large number of complete the survey at their
people and saves the researcher time and money. People are more convenience and return it in
truthful while responding to the questionnaires regarding controversial postage-prepaid envelopes.
issues in particular because their responses are anonymous. But they
also have drawbacks. The majority of the people who receive
questionnaires don't return them and those who do might not be
representative of the originally selected sample (Lavrakas, 2008).

Interview The interview method of collecting data involves the presentation of oral- Survey and A researcher collects information
Method verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses. This method Descriptive by calling the respondents on a
can be used through personal interviews and, if possible, through research, telephone.
telephone interviews. qualitative
In a personal interview, a person known as the interviewer is asking research
questions generally in face-to-face contact with the other person or
persons.
Interviews can be structured or unstructured interviews. Structured
interviews involve the use of a set of predetermined questions and highly
standardized techniques of recording. It can also be unstructured
interviews that do not follow a system of pre-determined questions and
standardized techniques of recording information.
Quantitative interviews are sometimes referred to as survey interviews
because they resemble survey-style question-and-answer formats. They
might also be called standardized interviews (Wisdomjobs.com).
Observation Observation, as the name implies, is a way of collecting data through Qualitative A principal watches a teacher
method observing. The observation data collection method is classified as a research, deliver a lesson to her class to
participatory study because the researcher has to immerse herself in the survey, and assess her effectiveness as an
setting where her respondents are while taking notes and/or recording. descriptive educator.
Observation as a data collection method can be structured or research
unstructured. In structured observation, data collection is conducted
using specific variables and according to a pre-defined schedule.
Unstructured observation, on the other hand, is conducted in an open
and free manner in a sense that there would be no pre-determined
variables or objectives.

Observational research typically provides qualitative data as the

researcher is observing the subject in their natural setting while
quantitative observation is an objective collection of data which is
primarily focused on numbers and values – it suggests “associated with,
of or depicted in terms of a quantity”. A quantitative observation is usually
conducted by sending out surveys, questionnaires, or polls (Dudovski,
2019).
Testing Method The testing method is used in both experimental and quasi-experimental Experimental A teacher wants to test the
research designs. In quasi-experimental research design, participants are and quasi- effectiveness of a new technique
studied before and after the experimental manipulation (Levitas, J. 2003). experimental of teaching how to solve verbal
For experimental research design, pretest-posttest designs are the research problems in mathematics. Before
preferred method to compare participant groups and measure the degree the start of the experiment, the
of change occurring as a result of treatments or interventions. In this group to be used is given an
design, which uses two groups, one group is given the treatment and the achievement test about the
results are gathered at the end. The control group receives no treatment, problems to be covered. After
over the same time, but undergoes the same tests. the experimental period, the
same test in another form is
given to the group as a post-test

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Registration Registration method refers to the continuous, permanent, compulsory Survey A researcher is working on a
Method recording of the occurrence of vital events together with certain research study about the best practices of
identifying or descriptive characteristics concerning them, as provided and LET passers for the last 3 years.
through the civil code, laws, or regulations of each country. descriptive He went to the Professional
The vital events may be live births, fetal deaths, deaths, marriages, research Regulation Commission (PRC) to
divorces, judicial separations, annulments of marriage, adoptions, determine the passers for the
recognitions (acknowledgments of natural children), legitimations. last 3 years.

Calderon and Gonzales, (1993); Uwec.edu.; de Belen & Feliciano (2015)

Writing the Data Collection Method in your Research Paper
In writing the data collection method in your research paper, you need to identify how do you collect your data. Then, justify
why the chosen data collection method will answer your research questions. This answers the question, what data collection
method will best help you collect the data to answer your research questions. For quantitative research, argue why would you use
experiments, surveys, tests, or secondary data. A good argument relates the definition of the data collection method to the
research questions or objectives of the research (BEST, 2019).

What’s More
Activity 1. True or False. Write true if the statement is correct and false if it is not.
__________1. The questionnaire is used to collect data in survey research.
__________2. An interview sheet is a set of standardized questions, often called items, which follow a fixed scheme to collect
individual data about one or more specific topics.
__________3. The interview method of collecting data involves the presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal
responses.
__________4. A person known as the interviewer is the one asking questions in an interview.
__________5. Face-to-face contact with the other person or persons is called a personal interview.
__________6. Structured interviews involve the use of a set of predetermined questions and highly standardized techniques of
recording.
__________7. Unstructured interviews do not follow a system of pre-determined questions and standardized techniques of recording
information.
__________8. Quantitative interviews are sometimes referred to as survey interviews because they resemble survey-style question-
and-answer formats.
__________9. Observation is a way of collecting data through prediction.
__________10. In observation, a researcher has to immerse himself in the setting where his respondents are while taking notes and/or
recording.

Activity 2. Tell me the Story

Identify the data collection method described in each scenario.
Scenario Data Collection Method
1. Researcher A is doing experimental research. Which data collection method will he use?
2. Researcher B is using observation as his data collection method. He practices open and free
manner data collection. What particular observation method is illustrated by the scenario?
3. A pharmaceutical company is using pretest and posttest in his research. Which method of data
collection is being used by the company?
4. The subjects in the research are studied before and after the experimental manipulation, this is an
example of which data collection?
5. The researcher conducts a census to know who will be included in the school-age population for
the next five years. He uses the birth certificate to counter check the data he gathered. What
method is he using?

Activity 3. Decision Point

Decide which data collection method will be most appropriate for the situations given below. Write your answer on the space
before the number.
____________1. What data collection method are you using if you have a questionnaire as your data gathering instrument?
____________2. You will use a data collection method that involves the presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-
verbal responses.
____________3. In this method, there is an interviewer who is asking questions.
____________4. The researchers in this method are using paper-pencil-questionnaires then send them to a large number of people to
save time and money.
____________5. There is a face-to- face contact to the other person or persons in this method.

Activity 4. It’s Your Turn

In writing this part, discuss why would you use experiments, surveys, tests, or secondary data. Do not simply include a long
definition of the data collection method. If you will use a questionnaire, test, interview guide, observation checklist, etc. you need to
attach them in the appendix. A clear description of the tool and its properties should also be included.
Do this pattern:

The research entitled (the title of research) will use (data collection method) in the collection of data. The (data
collection method) is (description of the method). The (data collection method) (reasons for choosing the data collection method
and its appropriateness to the study).

Lesson 6 Data Analysis

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What’s In
Write the null hypothesis for the following research questions:
1. Is there a significant relationship between age and math performance?
H0:_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Is there a significant relationship between caffeine intake and school performance?
H0:_________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Is there a significant difference between students’ level of acceptance to ADM when grouped according to gender?
H0:_________________________________________________________________________________________________

What’s New
Given below are research topics and their variables. Study the table then try to answer the questions below.

Research topics Variables

The relationship between marriage and hours of sleep Marriage, hours of sleep
Differences in the hours of travel and type of community Traveling time, community type
The tobacco use habits of teenagers Tobacco use, age of teens
The correlation between the number of years of education and salary Number of years of education, salary
The relationship between body type and gender Body type, gender

1. How many variables are there in each research topic?

2. What kind of data is marriage? hours of sleep?
3. What kind of data is traveling time, community type?
4. What kind of data is tobacco use, age of teens?
5. The number of years of education, salary?
6. What kind of data is body type, gender?
7. What combination of variables is there in each sample?

There are two (2) variables in the given research topics. Marriage, community type, tobacco use, movie preferences, body
type, and gender are categorical variables. Categorical variables take on values that are names or labels and they are not numerical.
The color of a ball (e.g., red, green, blue) or the breed of a dog (e.g., collie, shepherd, terrier) would be examples of categorical
variables. On the other hand, hours of sleep, traveling time, age of teens, number of years of education, and salary denote numbers,
hence, they are numerical variables. Numerical variables have a value and they can be added, subtracted, divided, or multiplied
(Statisticshowto.com).
Variables Types of Variable
Marriage, hours of sleep Categorical, numerical
Traveling time, community type Numerical, categorical
Tobacco use, age of teens Categorical, numerical
Number of years of education, salary Numerical, numerical
Body type, gender Categorical, categorical

What is it
There are two (2) variables in each of the given examples. When there are two variables it is called bivariate data which
employs bivariate analysis. Bivariate analysis is the simultaneous analysis of two variables (attributes). It explores the concept of the
relationship between two (2) variables, whether there exists an association and the strength of this association, or whether there are
differences between two variables and the significance of these differences.
Simply put, the bivariate analysis looks at how the changes in X variables affect the Y variables. It also uses the X variables to
predict some changes in Y variables
There are three (3) types of bivariate analysis:
a. Categorical and numerical
b. Categorical and categorical
c. Numerical and numerical

Each type of bivariate analysis uses statistical treatment which is shown below:
Type of Bivariate analysis Statistical Treatment
Categorical and numerical  Two- sample T-Test
 One way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
 Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Categorical and categorical  Chi-Square
 Fisher's exact test of independence
Numerical and numerical  Pearson's correlation coefficient
 Simple linear regression
Saedsayad.com; MarinStatsLectures. “Bivariate Analysis for Categorical & Numerical

Further, to decide on a method of analysis. The following should be considered:

a. How many groups are we comparing?
b. Are the groups independent or dependent?
Paired Samples (also called dependent samples) are samples in which natural or matched couplings occur.
Types of Paired Description Research Questions Procedure
Sample
pre-test/post-test a factor is measured before What is the effectiveness of the dependent variable or variables are

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 samples and after an intervention. It small group instruction on measured before the intervention (i.e.,
also measures the effects on students’ reading the pretest) and after the intervention
the same people before and comprehension scores? (i.e., the posttest).
after treatment.

cross-over trials Individuals are randomized What are the effects of drug A Studies comparing two or more
to two treatments and then on reducing systolic and treatments or interventions in which the
the same individuals are diastolic blood pressure in subjects or patients, upon completion of
crossed-over to the participants diagnosed with the course of one treatment, are switched
alternative treatment high blood pressure? to another.

Matched in which individuals are What is the effectiveness of In matched samples, it will assign one
samples matched on personal hypnotism in reducing pain? individual to a treatment group and
characteristics such as age, another to a control group. This process,
sex, socio-economic status, called “matching” is used in matched
etc. pairs design.

Left/ right It compares the left or right What is the effectiveness of Application of the treatment to a left face
treatment. using gluta soap? or right face of the same individual.

MarinStatsLectures. Bivariate Analysis Meaning Statistics Tutorial #19

Independent samples are different people in the group. For example, there are different people in treatment A and different people in
treatment B such as smokers and non-smokers, exposed and non-exposed, males and females, teachers and non- teaching staff,
learners and parents, etc.
In terms of the approaches, it can be parametric or nonparametric.
Parametric data
 rely on larger samples
 have a higher power that nonparametric
Nonparametric data
 work with a smaller sample size
 lower power that parametric

Statistical Methods
Approaches 2 paired/ dependent 3 or more paired/ 2 independent 3 or more independent
(1 group with 2 dependent (there are 2 different (there are 3 or more
treatments) (1 group with 3 or more groups of people in groups of people in the
treatments) the study) study)
Parametric Paired T-Test Repeated measures Two- sample T-Test One- way ANOVA
ANOVA
Nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank Friedman Test Rank sum test Kruskal–Wallis
test

Condition Example
If we apply two (2) treatments to one (1) group we use paired t-test Suppose you are interested in evaluating the effectiveness of a company
if it is parametric, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test if it is training program. One approach you might consider would be to
nonparametric. measure the performance of a sample of employees before and after
completing the program and analyze the differences.
If we apply three (3) or more treatments to one (1) group we use You might get the same subjects to eat different types of cake
repeated measures ANOVA if it is parametric, and Friedman Test (chocolate, caramel, and lemon) and rate each one for taste, rather than
if it is nonparametric. having different people taste each different cake.
If there are two (2) groups in the study we will use the two-sample Suppose that a school has one building for boys and one for girls. The
T-Test if it is parametric, and Rank sum test for its nonparametric principal wants to know if the pupils of the two buildings are working
counterpart. equally hard, in the sense that they put in an equal number of hours in
studies on the average.
If there are three (3) or more groups in the study, we will use one- You would like to test which of the three (3) leading (brand A, B, C)
way ANOVA if it is parametric, and Kruskal–Wallis if it is battery products for cellphones has the longest standby-time in days.
nonparametric.
StatisticsSolutions.com.

Sample Computations
Paired T-Test
 (also called a correlated pairs t-test, a paired-samples t-test or dependent samples t-test) is where you run a t-
test on dependent samples.
 Dependent samples are essentially connected — they are tests on the same person or thing (Santarosa.edu, n.d.;
StatisticsSolutions).

Example:
 Two tests on the same person before and after training,
 Two blood pressure measurements on the same person using different equipment.

Sample question: Is there a significant difference in the scores of students under a new intervention?

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 HO there is no significant difference in the scores of students under the intervention
Ha there is a significant difference on the scores of students under the intervention
Student # Score 1 (X) Score 2 (Y)
1 3 20
2 3 13
3 3 13
4 12 20
5 15 29
6 16 32
7 17 23
8 19 20
9 23 25
10 24 15
11 32 30

Step 1: Subtract each Y score from each X score. (X-Y)

Student # Score 1 (X) Score 2 (Y) X-Y

1 3 20 -17
2 3 13 -10
3 3 13 -10
4 12 20 -8
5 15 29 -14
6 16 32 -16
7 17 23 -6
8 19 20 -1
9 23 25 -2
10 24 15 9
11 32 30 2

Step 2: Add up all the values of (X-Y).

Student Score 1 (X) Score 2 (Y) X-Y
#
1 3 20 -17
2 3 13 -10
3 3 13 -10
4 12 20 -8
5 15 29 -14
6 16 32 -16
7 17 23 -6
8 19 20 -1
9 23 25 -2
10 24 15 9
11 32 30 2
Sum -73

Step 3: Square the differences of (X-Y) then add the differences.

Student # Score 1 (X) Score 2 (Y) X-Y (X-Y)2
1 3 20 -17 289
2 3 13 -10 100
3 3 13 -10 100
4 12 20 -8 64
5 15 29 -14 196
6 16 32 -16 256
7 17 23 -6 36
8 19 20 -1 1
9 23 25 -2 4
10 24 15 9 81
11 32 30 2 4
Sum -73 1,131

Step 4: Use the formula to calculate the t- score:

Where:
∑D: Sum of the differences (sum of X-Y or -73)
(∑D)2: means (-73)2
∑D2: Sum of the squared differences ((X-Y)2)or
1,131
N= the number of students

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Step 5. Subtract 1 from the sample size to get the degrees of freedom. We have 11 items, so 11-1 = 10.

Step 6: Find the p-value in the t-table, using the degrees of freedom in Step 5. If you don’t have a
specified alpha level, use 0.05 (5%). For this sample problem, with df= 10, the t-value is 2.228.

Step 7. Compare your t-table value (or critical value) from Step 6 (2.228) to your calculated t-value (-2.74). The calculated t-value (-
2.74) is greater than the table value (2.228) at an alpha level of .05.

Decision: We can reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the scores of students under the intervention and
accept the alternative hypothesis that there is a significant difference in the scores of students under the intervention.

Note: The larger the absolute value of the t- value, the smaller the p-value. The absolute value means removing any negative sign in
front of a number, hence the absolute value of -2.74 is 2.74 which is greater than 2.228. Thus, we reject the null hypothesis.

Important reminder:
If the calculated value is less than the critical value (t-table value), accept the null hypothesis.
If the calculated value is greater than or equal to the critical value, reject the null hypothesis, and accept the alternative
hypothesis.

Independent Samples t-Test

The independent samples t-test, sometimes called the simple t-test, tests the null hypothesis that there is no difference
between two independent samples (Graziano & Raulin. 2013).

Sample Question:
Is there a significant relationship in the number of absences of males and females when grouped according to age?

Ho: There is no significant relationship between the number of absences of male and female learners when grouped
according to age.
Ha: There is a significant relationship between the number of absences of male and female learners when grouped according
to age.

Step 1: To compute the independent samples t-test, we start by setting up two

Age Male (X1) Female (X2)
columns, one for each group. In our example, we have labeled the
columns Male (X1) and Females (X2). 6-7 5 3
8-9 8 5
10-11 7 2
12-13 8 3
14-15 7 0
Step 2: Look for the sum of column (X1) and (X2)

Age Male (X1) Female (X2)

6-7 5 3
8-9 8 5
10-11 7 2
12-13 8 3
14-15 7 0
35 13
Step 3: Look for the sum of the squared values of the Age Male (X1) Female (X2) (X1)2 (X2)2
column (square each score and then sum it). 6-7 5 3 25 9
8-9 8 5 64 25
10-11 7 2 49 4
12-13 8 3 64 9
14-15 7 0 49 0
35 13

Step 4: Look for the sample size (N) for the column. For X1 the N is 5, for X2 the N is 4.

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Step 5: Look for the mean (X) of the columns (sum divided by the sample size).

Age Male (X1) Female (X2) (X1)2 (X2)2

6-7 5 3 25 9
8-9 8 5 64 25
10-11 7 2 49 4
12-13 8 3 64 9
14-15 7 0 49 0
Step 6: Compute for the sum of squares (SS) for the
column. The formula for the sum of squares (SS) is 35 13 251 47
N 5 4
(X) 7 3.25 50.2 11.75
For this problem, Age Male (X1) Female (X2) (X1)2 (X2)2
the SS for X1 is 6, for X2 is 4.75
6-7 5 3 25 9
8-9 8 5 64 25
10-11 7 2 49 4
12-13 8 3 64 9
14-15 7 0 49 0
35 13 251 47
N 5 4
(X) 7 3.25 50.2 11.75
SS 6 4.75

Step 7: Compute the value of t using the equation:

Step 8: Compute for the degree of freedom(df). To compute for the degree of freedom (df) the formula N1 + N2 –
2 is used.

Having 5 as the N1 and 4 as the N2, the df for the problem is 7.

Step 9: Compare the computed t to the critical value of t. The critical value of t (obtained from
the Student's t Table) is 2.365 (alpha = 0.05 and df = N1 + N2 - 2 = 7).

Decision: Because the computed value of t (4.52) exceeds the critical value (2.365), we reject the null hypothesis which means that
there is a significant relationship between the number of absences of male and female learners when grouped according to age.

Important reminder:
If the calculated value is less than the critical value (t-table value), we failed to reject the null hypothesis.
If the calculated value is greater than or equal to the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative
hypothesis.

You may revisit your notes on statistical methods of your statistics and probability class for other statistical treatments.
Calculated value < Critical value Failed to reject the null hypothesis
Calculated value > Critical value Reject the null hypothesis

Remember that the statistical treatments presented are used to test the hypothesis. If there is no hypothesis in the study, you
might consider using other statistical treatments. Presented below are other statistical treatments to be used in a study.

Statistical When to use? Sample Questions Procedure/ Formula

Treatment/
Operation
Mean Finding the arithmetic average The following numbers represent the ages Add up all the values of data
of people on a bus: 3, 6, 27, 13, 6, 8, 12, given and divide by the
20, 5, 10. Calculate the mean of their number of data provided.
ages.
Median This is used in finding the middle value. Find the median of the set of numbers: First arrange the numbers in a
Median refers to the middle value among a 100, 200, 450, 29, 1029, 300, and 2001. numerical sequence: 29,100,
set or series of values after they have been 200, 300, 450, 1029, 2001.

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 arranged in numerical order. Next, find the middle number.
The median is 300
Mode This is used to find the value with the Find the mode from these test results: 17, Simply find the most recurring
highest frequency. 19, 18, 17, 18, 19, 11, 17, 16, 19, 15, 15, number. The most occurring
Mode refers to the most frequently occurring 15, 17, 13, 11. number in the series is 17.
number or value among a set of values.
Note that it is possible not to have a most
occurring number and then the answer is
‘No Mode’.
Frequency To find the If 10 students score 80 in statistics, then
frequency is to find the number of times a the score of 80 has a frequency of 10.
data value occurs.
Weighted Is used when we consider some data values Alex worked: Multiply each weight w by its
mean to be more important than other values and matching value x, sum that all
so we want them to contribute more to the on 2 weeks: 1 day each week up, and divide by the sum of
final "average". on 14 weeks: 2 days each week weights:
on 8 weeks: 5 days each week
on 32 weeks: 7 days each week

What is the mean number of days Alex

works per week?
Calderon & Gonzales, (1993); de Belen & Feliciano (2015); mathisfun.com; test.preparation.ca

Writing the Data Analysis in your Research Paper

In writing the data analysis, for quantitative data, it requires you to justify the chosen statistical tool and how it will generate results
to answer your research questions. Remember that the statistical treatment depends upon the nature of the problem, especially the
specific problems, and the nature of the data gathered. The explicit hypotheses particularly determine the kind of statistics to be used.

What’s More

Activity 1.The Right Combination

Given are sample research questions. In column 2, identify the combination of variables as numerical or categorical. In
column 3, determine a statistical method applicable for each combination.

Research questions Combination Methods

of Variables
1. What are the teachers’ perceptions of the newly implemented reading assessment
program?
2. Are there differences in students’ grades by gender?
3. Are there differences in job level by gender?
4. Is there a relationship between gender and fitness level?
5. Is there a relationship between age and fitness level?
6. Is there a relationship between ice cream sales and temperature at noon?
7. What is the difference in the daily calorie intake between men and women?
8. What are the differences in attitudes towards online banking between Millennial adults and
older people?
9. What is the relationship between gender and exam results of Grade 12 students?
10. What is the relationship between job satisfaction and salary?

Activity 2. Write true if the statement is correct and false if it is wrong.

______________1. If we apply two (2) treatments to one (1) group, we use paired t-test if it is parametric.
______________2. If we apply three (3) or more treatments to one (1) group, we use repeated measures ANOVA.
______________3. If there are two (2) groups in the study, we will use the two- sample T-Test if it is parametric.
______________4. If there are three (3) or more groups in the study, we will use one- way ANOVA if it is parametric.
______________5. All researches will use T-test and ANOVA as their statistical treatment.

Activity 5. It’s Your Turn

This activity will help you draft a narrative about the statistical treatment of data. Remember to incorporate all the things
discussed in this lesson to help you in your writing. A guide is also given to assist you with the contents of your output. Do this:

Having the (state your research problems) as the main research problem, the study will use the (statistical treatment) as
the statistical treatment of the study. The (statistical treatment) is (description of the statistical treatment) . Since the present study
(reasons for choosing the statistical treatment, you may discuss the groups involved or the conditions of the study) thus, the
(statistical treatment) is deemed to be the most appropriate statistical treatment for the research study.

‘Patience is a virtue’…. CSO/SDN