TRANSPORT

PHENOMENA

FLUID
DYNAMICS

Exercises

M. van Sint Annaland

Twente University
Fac. Science and Technology, IMPACT
Fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Engineering
Chapter 1

1.1: Give an expression in words and symbol of the “momentum-content per unit
mass” and “momentum-content per unit volume” for a flowing fluid.

1.2: A well-stirred tank contains 0.1 m3 water with an initial temperature (T0) of
80 oC. To this tank, a constant water flow (Φ v = 1 l/s) with a temperature of T1 =
20 oC is fed. Calculate the time required to decrease the temperature from the initial
value to 30 oC. You may assume that the tank is completely filled and that the tank is
perfectly isolated.

1.3: Prove that, at constant temperature, the atmospheric pressure as a function of

the height (h) is given by:

 M gh 
P(h) = P0 exp − A  .
 RT 
P0 = atmospheric pressure at the ground level
MA = molecular mass of air
h = height with respect to ground level

1.4: A liquid flows with a stationary mass flow rate of Φ m = 10.0 kg/s through a
horizontally placed pipe, with a right angle bend (see figure). Before the bend, the
liquid pressure equals to p1 = 1.2·105 Pa. After the bend the pressure of the liquid is
equal to p2=1.0·105 Pa.

“2”

Φm

p = p2

Φm

p=p1
“1”
Calculate the force Rfw (both in absolute value and direction) which the flowing
liquid exerts on the bend. Neglect friction between the inner surface of the pipe and
the flowing liquid.

Data: Density of the liquid (ρ) 1000 kg/m3

Diameter of the pipe (D) 0.1 m
1.5: A gas, containing solid particles, flows (in plug-flow) with a velocity v = 10
m/s through a horizontal tubular pipe (diameter D = 0.1 m). At the end of this tube (at
some distance from the pipe), a big plate is placed perpendicular to the flow (see
figure). The plate is kept in its original position by an external force (Fc). Calculate
the magnitude and direction of this force. The density of the suspension is equal to
1200 kg/m3.

suspension plate
v = 10 m/s

tube

1.6: A well-mixed tank contains at t=0 M=M0=500 kg of water with 10 wt% of salt
(c(t=0)=c0). From t=0 another salt-solution (of the same salt as in the tank) is
introduced into the tank with a mass-flow rate of 0.2 kg/s. This solution contains 20
wt% of the salt (c=cin). Salt-solution is flowing out of the tank at a mass flow rate of
0.1 kg/s. The process is schematically given in the figure below.

t = 0 : c = c0 = 0.1 M = M0 = 500kg

Φ m, in = 0.2 kg/s

c = cin = 0.2

Φ m, uit = 0.1kg/s

Derive the differential equation (DE) that gives the concentration of salt in the tank as
a function of the time (Hint: make 2 DE’s, one for the salt-solution and one for the
salt).
1.7: Two non-miscible Newtonian liquids A and B are flowing due to an imposed
pressure gradient between two very big horizontal parallel plates (see figure). The
flow is laminar. The thickness of both liquid layers is equal. Make a schematic
drawing of the shear stress as a function of y between the plates that is consistent with
the given velocity profile.
Is the given velocity profile between the plates possible?
wall

A vx(y)
y
x
B

wall

1.8: An incompressible liquid flows (in the steady state) through a horizontal
tubular pipe with a cross section area of S1. The pipe with area S1 goes over in a
second, also tubular shaped pipe, with a cross sectional area of S2 (See Figure).

“2”

“1”

S = S1
p = p1
v = v1 S = S2
p = p2
v = v2

Calculate the force of the liquid (Fz,fw) that acts on the system of pipes.

Data: Density of the liquid 1000 kg/m3

Cross sectional area “1”, S1 0.1 m2
Cross sectional area “2”, S2 0.5 m2
Pressure point 1 2 bar
Pressure point 2 2.48 bar
Velocity point 1 10 m/s
 condensor
T
1.9: A binary mixture
of component A and B, top product
is separated in a
distillation column (see
figure). The feed (F =
100 kg/s) consists for 60 packed
feed
wt% of A. The bottom colomn
of the column (B = 40
kg/s) contains a product F = 100 kg/s
with 90 wt% of B. xa = 0.6
Calculate the
composition of the top- reboiler
product (T).

B = 40 kg/s
x b = 0.9
bottom product

1.10: A stream of water (Φ v=1.0 m3/s) is pumped through a pipe from lake A to lake
C (which is situated higher than lake A) over the top of a mountain (B). The height h1
from the mountain in respect to lake A is 200 m, while the height h2 with respect to
lake C is 50 m (see figure). Calculate the electrical power required for the pump,
given that the mechanical efficiency of the pump is 80%. Neglect the effects of
friction in the pipes.

Φ v=1.0 m3/s

pipe
h1 = 200 m h2 = 50 m

mountain B

lake C

lake A
1.11: Two well mixed vessels (A and B) are in contact via a porous wall (interface).
Through this porous interface (surface area = S, thickness = δ), mass transfer can take
place between vessel A and vessel B. Vessel A is nitially filled with a salt solution
with concentration c0 and vessel B is initially filled with pure water.

V = VA V = VB

vessel A vessel B

t = 0 : c = c0 t = 0: c = 0

porous interface, surface S, thickness δ

a) In which direction does mass transfer take place?

b) Derive the differential equation (DE) that gives the concentration of the salt in
vessel A as a function of time.

Hint: Assume that mass transfer rate between vessel A and B is completely
determined by diffusion in the porous wall between the two vessels, and that
the capacity of the wall to contain salt is negligibly small.
Chapter 2
2.1: A liquid flows (in the positive z-direction) in an annular space between two
concentric long cylindrical tubes. The outer radius of the inner cylinder R1 is 0.01 m,
the inner radius of the outer cylinder, R2 is 0.05 m. The liquid flows through the
annular space with the following velocity profile:

v z = a(R2 − r )(r − R1 ) .

Calculate the value of the constant for the case that the volumetric flow (Φ v) is equal
to 10-4 m3/s.

2.2: A liquid is flowing, under steady state conditions, in the positive z-direction
through a cone-shaped tube. The radius R1 at the beginning of the tube is 0.05 m
while the radius R2 at the end of the tube is 0.01 m. In this specific case, it is known
that the radial velocity profile for each z-value is parabolic:

  r  
2

v z (r ) = v z (0 )1 −   
  R( z )  

in which R(z) is the local radius of the tube and vz(0) is the local maximum velocity at
r=0, thus in the centre of the tube.

Calculate the ratio of vz(0) at the inlet and the outlet of the tube.

2.3: In a space between two concentric spheres (radius of the inner sphere (a) is 0.1
m, radius of the outer sphere (b) is 0.25 m), a gas is flowing in radial direction. The
walls of both spheres are porous and are very thin. At the inner side of the smaller
sphere, a continuous flow of gas is introduced via a thin capillary (Φ v=0.5 m3/s). Give
an expression of the radial velocity as a function of the radius r and calculate the
velocity at r=b. Neglect the pressure drop over the porous walls.
Chapter 3
3.1: Between two infinitely large horizontal flat plates, there is a Newtonian liquid.
This liquid has a (dynamic) viscosity, η, of 0.01 kg/(m s). The distance between the
plates, d, is 0.03 m. The bottom plate is moving at a constant velocity, v1 = 0.5 m/s,
towards the left, while the top plate is moving with a constant velocity, v2 = 1.0 m/s,
towards the right (see figure).

v2 = 1.0 m/s

plates

v1 = 0.5 m/s

a) Draw the profiles of momentum flux τyx(y) and the velocity vx(y) between the
two plates.

b) Calculate the y-position at which the velocity of the liquid is equal to zero.

3.2: A Newtonian liquid, with a viscosity η = 0.002 kg/(m s) and a density ρ =

1250 kg/m3, flows laminar under the influence of gravitation along the outside of a
vertically placed tube. The thickness δ of the liquid film is constant and much smaller
than the outer radius R of the tube (R = 0.01 m). The volumetric liquid flow rate is
constant at a value of 10-5 m3/s.

a) Derive the differential equation (DE) which gives the velocity profile in the
flowing liquid en formulate the boundary conditions to solve this DE.

b) Solve the DE formulated in a). Derive the expression for the average velocity
of the liquid in the liquid film as a function of the film thickness.

c) Calculate respectively δ, the maximum velocity vm and the average velocity

<v>. How does the ratio vm/<v> compare with this ratio for the case of laminar
flow in tubes? Does this correspond with your expectations? Explain your
answer.
3.3: In an electro-technical company, round copper wires are being coated with a
very thin film of coating. The copper wires (with radius R1) are brought into contact
with the coating liquid A (with density ρ and viscosity µ) in the following set-up:

Reservoir

r
Copper-wire
z

Hollow tube

The hollow tube (inner-radius = R2 and length = L) is at the inlet and at the outlet in
contact with two big reservoirs, which are completely filled with the coating liquid.
The annular space between the copper wire and the hollow tube is also filled with
coating liquid A. The pressure in both reservoirs is constant and equal to p0. During
the start-up of the coating-process, the copper wire is suddenly set into motion in the
positive z direction at a constant velocity vd. The coating-liquid is initially at rest.

a) Prove that the expression which gives the steady-state velocity profile vz(r) of
the coating liquid in the hollow tube is given by:

 r 
 ln( ) 
v z (r ) = v d 
R2 
R1 
 ln( ) 
 R2 

b) Liquid is dragged along with the wire from one reservoir to the other. Prove
that, at steady state, the volume flow of the coating liquid, due to the movement
of the copper-wire is equal to:

  R 2 
1−  1  
πR v
2    R  
2

Φ v = 2 d   2  − 2 1  
R
2   R2   R2  
ln 
  R1  
 
3.4: A Newtonian liquid with density ρ and dynamic viscosity η is located between
two vertical flat plates (See figure). Initially the liquid is at rest. At time t=0, the left
of the two plates is set into motion at a constant velocity of u m/s, which also results
in a movement of the liquid between the plates. The right plate is not moving. The
liquid flows laminar between the two plates.

d Newtonian Liquid
g

At t=0, the left plate is set

plate into motion with a
constant vertical velocity
plate u, which also sets the
liquid into motion.

z
x

a) Derive the Partial Differential Equation (PDE) that gives the velocity profile in
the liquid vz(x,t) as a function of the coordinate x and time.

b) Prove that the velocity profile in the liquid vz(x) in the steady state is given by:

 gρd  x 
v z (x ) = u − x 1 −  ,
 2η  d 

Also make a schematic drawing of the velocity profile in the liquid for this
steady state situation. Use the above equation as a starting point.
3.5: A Newtonian liquid falls (steady state conditions) under the influence of
gravity between two very long vertical plates. (See figure.) The left plate is fixed. The
right plate is positioned in a way that it can move freely in y-direction while the
distance to the left plate (d) is constant. The flow is laminar. For this problem, use the
axes as given in the figure.

x
Plate that can move freely
y in y-direction, while the
distance to the left plate
Newtonian remains constant
Liquid
Fixed d g

dw

a) Calculate the shear-stress at x = d, this is at the boundary between the liquid

and the right plate. (Hint: Set up a force balance for the right plate).

b) Calculate the shear-stress at x = 0, this is at the boundary between the liquid

and the left plate.

c) Make a clear sketch of the shear-stress profile in the liquid.

d) Make a clear sketch of the velocity- profile in the liquid.

e) Calculate the velocity at which the right plate is moving into the positive y-
direction.

Data: Density of the liquid 1000 kg/m3

Density of the right plate material 5000 kg/m3
Dynamic viscosity of the liquid 1.0 kg/(m s)
Distance between the plates (d) 10-2 m
Thickness of the right plate (dw) 10-3 m
2
Gravity constant (g) 10 m/s
3.6: A liquid flows laminar, under the influence of gravitation, in a vertical placed
tube (see figure). The flow of the liquid is laminar and completely developed. The
thickness of the film is constant. The radius of the pipe is R (m). The liquid flow is Qv
(m3/s), the dynamic viscosity and density of the liquid are η (kg/(m s)) and ρ (kg/m3)
respectively. Effects of the in- and outlet are neglected.

a) Calculate the velocity profile of this laminar falling film. First set up a micro-
balance for momentum.

b) Derive an equation to calculate the film-thickness (δ) as a function of the viscosity

(η), density (ρ), volumetric flow rate (Φ v) of the liquid and the radius of the pipe
(R).

Falling liquid-film
z with thickness δ

r = R-δ
g

r=R
3.7: Two non-miscible Newtonian liquids A and B fall stationary under the
influence of gravity between two vertical placed plates (see figure). The flow is
laminar and the thickness of both liquid layers is equal to d. Both liquids a and b have
the same density: ρa=ρb=ρ.

-x +x
y
A B g
d d

ηa ηb

a) Make a clear sketch of the velocity profile en the shear-stress profile for the
case that dynamic viscosity of both liquids A and B are equal (ηa = ηb).

b) Make a sketch such as mentioned under a) but now for this case for the
situation that the viscosity of liquid B is much larger than the viscosity of A
(ηb >> ηa).

c) Give the differential equation (DE) and ALL boundary conditions required to
calculate the velocity profiles in liquid A and B.

d) Calculate the velocity of both liquids at x = 0, thus at the interface of both

liquids. The viscosities for A and B are 0.25 kg/(m s) and 1.0 kg/(m s)
respectively.

Data: Density for liquid A and B 1000 kg/m3

Thickness d 10-2 m
Gravitation constant g: 10 m/s2
3.8: A water jet is flowing vertically through an opening. The initial velocity is v0
m/s while the area of the opening is A0 m2 (see figure).

Flat velocity profile

x v=v0

Area through which the

water flows out, A= A0

The velocity profile of the stream water is always flat. Prove that the velocity profile
in the stream as a function of the height x is given as:

v02
v( x) = v − 2 gx
2
0 with x ≤ = x max
2g

in which xmax is the maximum height that the water stream reaches.
Hint: make a differential x-momentum balance for the water stream and combine this
with the continuity-equation.
3.9: A very broad whetstone (with radius R) is turning in a half-cylindrical void as
given in the figure. In between the wall of this void and the whetstone there is a thin
gap, which is partially filled with water. The stone is rotating at an angular velocity of
ω. The water level on the side at which the stone emerges from the water is ∆h higher
than the other side. The flow of the water is laminar. The height between the
whetstone and the hutch is equal to d. the length of the wetted whetstone surface is L.

whetstone

∆h

hutch
d

a) Calculate the velocity distribution of the water in the space between the
whetstone and the hutch. Neglect the curvature of the stone and also neglect the
effects of in and out-flow.

b) Prove, using the velocity distribution found for part a) that:

6ηωRL
∆h =
ρgd 2
Chapter 4
4.1: A plate, which is fixed in the horizontal position, can move freely in the
vertical direction. The mass of the plate is m kg. The plate is pushed upward in the
vertical direction by a jet of water, which emerges from a hole in the ground. The
velocity of the water at the position of the hole is v0 m/s and the area of the hole is A0
m2. The velocity profile in the water stream is flat (no profile present). Derive an
equation for the height up to which the plate will be raised above the ground level.

a) Give this equation in m, g, A0, v0, and ρ.

b) Give a physical explanation for the limit case that m=0.

4.2: From a horizontal pipe with an area A1 flows water in plug-flow with a
velocity v1 into a diffuser (see figure). This is a tube in the form of an expanding
cone, designed to let fluid flow into the environment with a negligible pressure drop at
the outlet. The flow can be regarded as frictionless. Gravitation is left out of
consideration.

flange

“1”
“0”
p = p1
v = v1 p = p0
A = A1 v = v0
A = A0

Calculate the direction and magnitude of the external force that has to act on the
flange so that the diffuser is kept in its original position.

Data: v1 = 10 m/s A1 = 10-2 m2

A0 = 2⋅10-2 m2 density water = 1000 kg/m3
4.3: A frictionless incompressible liquid flows in steady state through a
horizontally placed tubular pipe with a cross section area of S1. The pipe with area S1
goes over in a second, also tubular shaped pipe, with a cross sectional area of S2 (See
Figure).

“2”

“1”

S = S1
p = p1
v = v1 S = S2
p = p2
v = v2

Calculate the force of the liquid (Fz,fw) that acts on the system of pipes.

Data: Density of the liquid 1000 kg/m3

Cross sectional area “1”, S1 0.1 m2
Cross sectional area “2”, S2 0.5 m2
Pressure point 1 2 bar
Velocity point 1 10 m/s

4.4: A free falling water jet emerges from a hole in the ceiling. It contracts due to
acceleration in a gravity field. For a given stream 20% contraction is reached after 8
cm from the point where the liquid flows out of the hole. At which distance is the
contraction again 20% if the flow rate from this hole is 1.5 times as large?

4.5: In the house of Prof T. in E. there is a right-angled bathtub. If the tap is fully
open and the outlet is completely closed, the bath is completely filled in 20 minutes.
The height of the water level is then 50 cm. If the outlet is open and the tap is closed,
the bath empties in 32 minutes. On a particular day Prof T. would like to take a bath
and opens the tap completely, but because of his absent-mindedness he forgets to
close the outlet of the bath. To which level will the water finally rise?
4.6: To prevent a pump from getting in contact with dirty (possible corrosive)
water the following set-up has been developed to pump dirty water to the surface (see
figure). The pump is injecting clean water (with a relative high velocity) into a pipe so
that due to impulse transport the dirty water will start flowing. At point 2 the velocity
profile is flat. You can assume that all velocity profiles are completely flat
(turbulence). The dirty and clean water have the same density and viscosity.

clean
water

A1=20 cm2 v1=10 m/s v2=2 m/s

pump
“1” “2”
tube
A2=180 cm2

Area containing
dirty water

a) Calculate the volume flow of dirty water that is pumped up into the tube.

b) Calculate the suction height for the dirty water, that can be obtained with this
set up. Neglect the friction with the walls for the thin and the thick pipe

c) Calculate the mechanical energy loss between the points “1” and “2”. Again
you can neglect the friction losses due to the walls
Chapter 5

5.1: Between 2 horizontal flat plates (distance between the plates = d = 0.06 m) is a
viscous oil (density ρ = 800 kg/m2 and dynamic viscosity η = 0.02 kg/(m s) ). The top
plate is suddenly set in motion with a velocity vp = 0.8 m/s to the right, while the
bottom-plate is kept at rest. Initially the oil is also in rest.

a) Calculate the velocity of the oil at a distance of 0.01 m from the top-plate at 4
seconds after the top-plate is set in motion. Calculate, for this time, the force
per unit area that has to be exerted on the top plate to force this movement. Till
what time t* (from the time that the plate started to move) are the equations you
used valid?

b) Make a clear sketch of the development of the velocity-profile of the viscous

oil between the plates with time.

5.2: In an annular space, between to vertically placed concentric cylinders (with

length L = 1.0 m) is a viscous Newtonian liquid (density ρ = 1000 kg/m3 and
dynamic viscosity η = 0.001 kg/(m s)). The radius (a) of the inner cylinder is 0.100 m
and the radius of the outer cylinder is 0.105 m. Initially the liquid is at rest. At t = 0
the inner cylinder starts to rotate with an angular velocity ω of 5 rad/s

a) Make a clear sketch of the development of the velocity-profile with time

b) Find an expression for the torque M that has to be act on the inner cylinder to
force the movement. Till what time after t = 0 is this expression valid?
Calculate the torque at this time

c) Calculate the in b) mentioned torque for the steady state and compare this result
with the one obtained under b). Can you explain the discrepancy between the
two answers?
5.3: Between 2 horizontal flat plates (distance between the plates = d) is a third
horizontal plate placed, which can move freely in the horizontal direction (see figure).
The thickness of the middle plate is negligibly small and is exactly placed in the
middle between the top and bottom placed. Both spaces between the plates are filled
with a viscous Newtonian liquid, initially in rest. At t = 0, the top plate is set in
motion with a constant velocity (u) to the right, while the bottom plate is kept in rest.

Flat plate u

y d Newtonian oil
x Plate that can move freely
Newtonian oil into the x-direction
Flat plate

a) Make a clear sketch of the development of the velocity profile of the oil
between the plates

b) What is the velocity that the middle plate will get at steady state?

5.4: A lorry drives at a constant speed vs = 100 km/h into the wind at wind-force 9
(this corresponds to a velocity of the air vw = 80 km/h with regard to a non-moving
person). The top of the lorry consists of a metal plate with a length L = 8.0 m and a
width b = 2.5 m. Calculate the force F (in N) of the air that acts upon the top of the
lorry.

wind Enschede
vw L

Grolsch

Data: Density of air (ρ) 1.2 kg/m3

Dynamic viscosity of air (η) 2.0·10-5 kg/(m s)
Critical Reynolds number (Rec) 3·106
5.5: A liquid is flowing between two horizontal flat plates. The density (ρ) and
viscosity (η) of the liquid are 800 kg/m3 and 0.01 kg/(m s) respectively. At the
entrance of the plates the velocity-profile is flat (a uniform velocity-profile) and the
velocity v∞ = 0.6 m/s. The flow between the plates is laminar. Assume steady state
conditions.

a) Make a sketch of the development of the velocity profile of the liquid between
the plates (assume the length of the plate to be very large).

b) Calculate the pressure drop ∆P required for realising this flow. The distance
between the plates and the length of the plates are 0.2 m and 1.0 m respectively.
Compare this result with the ∆P of fully developed flow and explain any
deviation.
Chapter 6

6.1: A balloon, the shape of which is a perfect sphere, is filled with hydrogen. The
balloon is released from the ground (where it was in rest at t = 0). There is no wind.

a) Calculate the velocity of the balloon at steady state.

b) Formulate the equation of motion (and all the additional equations and
conditions) to calculate the velocity of the balloon as a function of time.

c) After how many seconds does the actual velocity of the balloon only differ 1%
from the velocity in the steady state? Assume for your calculations that directly
after releasing the balloon, it has the Cw value as in a)

Data: Density of hydrogen 0.0832 kg/m3

Density of air 1.198 kg/m3
Dynamic viscosity of air 1.8·10-5 kg/(m s)
Diameter of the balloon 0.25 m
Gravitation constant g 10 m/s2

Given:
dx 1 a+x
∫ a 2 − x 2 = 2a ln  a − x 
6.2: In a chemical process a polystyrene particle (spherical from, diameter = 5 mm,
density = 900 kg/m3) needs to get in contact with a viscous liquid B (density = 1000
kg/m3, viscosity = 0.1 Pa s). The set-up is schematically given in the figure.

Polystyrene
particle
g

Tube filled with liquid B

Point of entrance

A vertical long tube is filled with the liquid. At the bottom of the tube, a small
opening is made, through which the particle is released into the tube. In this process,
you can assume that the flow around the particle is laminar. At the point of entrance
the particle has a negligible small velocity.

a) Set up the differential equation (DE) which gives the velocity of the particle
v(t) as a function of t and give the boundary condition(s)

b) Calculate the steady state velocity of the particle.

c) Calculate the time at which the velocity of the particle only differs 1% from
this steady state velocity.
6.3: A young scientist working at the chair FCRE has devised a simple method to
measure the dynamic viscosity of a liquid. The method is based on the idea of
measuring the terminal velocity v∞ of a small sphere falling through the liquid. The
sphere is initially at rest. In the experiment the scientist lets the sphere drop through a
long vertical glass tube filled with the liquid. The time t* needed to cover a distance of
1.00m is measured. This distance is measured from the point of rest of the sphere.
The scientist calculates the terminal velocity as the quotient of the covered distance
divided by the corresponding time t*.

a) What complication do you expect when interpreting the measurements?

b) Ignore the complication from a). What is the dynamic viscosity of the liquid
when a time of t* = 10s is measured?

c) Devise the differential equation and the corresponding initial condition that
describes the velocity of the spherical ball as a function of the time. Solve the
differential equation.

d) How long does it take for the particle velocity to reach a value of 99% of the
terminal velocity v∞ . Is the complication from a) a serious problem for the
analysis of the measurement? Motivate your answer.

Data: Density of the liquid 1000 kg/m3

Density of the spherical particle 8200 kg/m3
Diameter of the particle 5*10-3 m
Gravitation constant g 10 m/s2

6.4: Show how the pressure difference over a tube, in which a liquid is flowing,
depends on the average velocity of the liquid:

a) if the flow is laminar

b) if the flow is turbulent

6.5: A viscous liquid is flowing through a horizontal straight round pipe. On
different places (see figure) pressures are measured. Can you say which in the
following pairs is larger and why?

p1 p2 p3 p4

a) p1 or p2

b) p1 or p3

c) p1 − p2 or p3 − p4

d) p1 of p4

6.6: Through a packed bed with of length L, nitrogen is flowing under isothermal
conditions. The pressure just at the beginning of the bed (p1 at x = 0) is 3 bar. At the
end of the bed the pressure (p2 at x = L) is equal to 1 bar. At which position (from
x = 0) is the pressure equal to 2 bar? Assume nitrogen to be an ideal gas.
6.7: A young scientist is walking along the river Rhine on a Sunday morning. He is
wondering with what velocity the water is flowing in this river and therefore he puts
his pipe (the scientist has the bad habit to smoke) under water as given in the figure. If
the top of the pipe is 4 cm above the water level, the water is exactly at the top level
of the pipe (the water is just not flowing out of the pipe).

Water level in the pipe

Water- 4 cm

8cm

v Pipe

a) What is the velocity of the water at the depth of the pipe?

b) Now the young scientist pushes the pipe deeper under water, so that the pipe is
just not under water (see figure). Calculate the velocity of the water that is
flowing out of the pipe (v2). In- and outflow losses can be neglected and the
velocity of the river-water at 12 cm depth is equal to that velocity at 8 cm
depth.

v2

Water-

12 cm

Pipe
v

Data: Inner diameter of the pipe 1 mm

Density of the water 1000 kg/m3
Dynamic viscosity of the water 0.001 kg/(m s)
Gravitation constant 10 m/s2
6.8: On his vacation Dr. K. visits an artificial-lake; 100 m under the surface of the
water is a hydro-electrical plant, that produces an electrical power of 20 MW (See
figure)

Water-surface
Pipe

100 m

Hydro-electrical
plant

The efficiency of the transformation of energy is 100%. The water flows through 5
pipes with a diameter of 1.5m towards the plant. The pipes are 150 m long and the
friction-factor 4f = 0.01. Dr. K. calculates from these figures the velocity of the water
in the pipes, assuming the effects of in- and outflow of the pipes and the friction in the
pipes to be negligible.

a) What velocity does Dr. K. find?

b) Are his assumptions justified?

c) What is the static pressure just before the plant?

Data:

Friction coefficient for inflow of the pipe (kf,in) 0.5

Friction coefficient for outflow of the pipe (kf,out) 0.5
6.9: A vessel with a diameter D = 1.0 m (See figure) contains liquid with an initial
height h0 = 1.0 m. At the bottom of the vessel is a smooth round pipe, with diameter d
= 0.05 m and a length L = 2.5 m. This tube is completely filled with liquid. The liquid
flows out of the vessel through the round pipe. The top of the vessel and the exit of
the round pipe are both in contact with the atmosphere.

h0 g

d
L

a) Calculate the time till the vessel is completely empty, for the case the liquid is
water.

b) Derive the DE for which the under a) formulated time can be calculated if the
liquid is glycerine. The density of glycerine is 1260 kg/m3 and the dynamic
viscosity is 1.50 kg/m s. (Solving of the DE is not asked for!)

Data: Density of water (ρ) 1000 kg/m3

Viscosity of water (η) 0.001 kg/(m s)
Friction factor of the pipe (4f) 0.04 (for Re > 5000)
6.10: A round vessel with a large diameter contains water. The height of the water is
relatively low and is kept constant in time by a regulated in-flow into the vessel. At
the bottom of the vessel is a smooth round pipe (friction-factor 4f = 0.04 for Re >
4000), with diameter d = 0.02 m and a length L = 5.0 m (which is completely filled
with water). The water flows out of the vessel through the round pipe. The top of the
vessel and the exit of the round pipe are both in contact with the atmosphere.

a) What is the steady state velocity of the water flowing out of the round pipe, if
you can neglect in- and outflow effects?

Density water: ρw = 1000 kg/m3, dynamic viscosity water: ηw = 0.001 kg/(m s),
gravitation constant: g = 9.8 m/s2

b) How does this velocity change if mercury was used instead of water?

Density mercury: ρm = 13600 kg/m3, dynamic viscosity water: ηm = 0.002 kg/(m s)

c) At the end of the tube a turbine is placed (overall mechancal efficiency, ω =

0.5). Behind this turbine a short tube with identical properties as the tube above
is placed. Derive an equation for the velocity of the water in the tube for which
the maximum amount of power is produced. Calculate this maximum power
output (again neglect in- and outflow effects). Only consider the case for
Re>4000.

Big vessel with a

constant low water level

Tube with an inner diameter of 2 cm

L=5m
and a friction factor 4f of 0.04
6.11: A vertically placed cylindrical vessel (inner diameter, D = 0.1 m) contains
water. The bottom of the vessel is connected to a very smooth, horizontal narrow pipe
with a diameter, d = 0.001 m and a length, L = 1.0 m. (See figure). Both the top of the
vessel and the opening of the narrow-bore pipe are in contact with the atmosphere. At
t = 0, the height of the water level in the vessel, h0 = 1.0 m. For the analysis of this
problem, you can neglect the effects of in- and outflow of the narrow-bore pipe.

Water

h0 (the initial height)

narrow-bore pipe

a) Calculate the initial (this is at t = 0) velocity of the water in the narrow-bore

pipe.

b) Derive the differential equation from which the height of the water in the vessel
can be calculated as a function of time. And give all conditions to solve this
differential equation.

Hint: after solving problem a) from a quadratic equation, you will find that the
quadratic term is negligibly small. Use this information for part b) and c).

c) Calculate the time at which the water-height has decreased to (1/2)h0.

Data: Density of water 1000 kg/m3

Dynamic viscosity of water 0.001 kg/(m s)
Gravitation constant 10 m/s2