I

ntr
oduc
tion Smoki
ngl
egis
lat
ioni
n
Sout
hAfr
ica
Eff
ic
iencyofgase
ousexc
hange
sur
facesinl
ivi
ngorga
nis
ms Arti
fi
ci
alr
espi
rat
iona
ndr
esus
cit
ati
on
(CPR)
Rel
ati
onshi
pbetweenrespir
ator
y
st
ruct
uresandeff
ic
ientgaseous Endoft
opi
cex
erc
ise
s
ex
changeindi
ff
erentorgani
sms

Huma
nga
seouse
xcha
nge

Ac
tiv
ity1:
Dis
sec
tion

Theme c
hani
smofbreat
hing
(Vent
il
ati
onoft
helungs
)

Ac
tiv
ity2:
Bre
athi
ng

Compos
iti
onofi
nha
leda
nde
xha
leda
ir

Eff
ectofex
erc
iseonbre
athi
nga
nd
pul
seratei
nhuma ns

Ac
tiv
ity3:
Bre
athi
ngi
nve
sti
gat
ion

I
nte
rna
lande
xte
rna
lga
seouse
xcha
nge
i
nhumans

Gaseouse
xcha
ngei
nthel
ungsa
tthe
alv
eoli
surf
ace

Tr
ans
por
tofr
espi
rat
oryga
ses

Gase
ousexcha
ngebe
twe
ent
hebl
ood
andti
ssue
s

Home
ost
ati
ccont
rol
ofbr
eat
hing

Theeff
ectofa
lti
tudeonga
seous
exc
hange

Ac
tiv
ity4:
Eff
ectofa
lti
tude

Di
sea
sesoft
her
espi
rat
orys
yst
em

Theef
fec
tsofs
mok
ingonr
espi
rat
ory
org
ans
CHAPTER7:GASEOUSEXCHANGE

I
ntr
oduc
tion

I
tisi
mpor
tantt
odi
sti
ngui
shbe
twe
enbr
eat
hing,
gas
eouse
xcha
ngea
ndc
ell
ul
arr
espi
rat
ion.
• Brea
t hi
ngisamechanic
alpr
ocessofta
kingoxygenintot
helungs.Whydowe
ne
edtobr e
athe?Al
lorgani
sms,
froms i
mple,uni
cel
lul
artomoreadv a
nced
mul
ti
cel
lula
rorgani
smsne e
doxygen(O2)t
os ust
aincel
lul
arfunc
tions.
• Cel
lul
arr
espi
rat
ionre
ferstoache
mic
alproc
esswhi
cht
a k
esplac
ewithi
nce
ll
s
i
norde
rtorel
eas
eenergy.
Plantsa
ndani
malsneede
ner
gyforsur
viv
al.
• Ga seouse x
changei saphysi
calproces
swhichi
nvol
vest hee xchangeofgases
bet
wee nthea i
randthebl oodinthelungs.
Organi
smsares tructural
lysui
tedto
ens
uret hattheprocessoftheexchangeofgasesi
sopti
mise d.Ma mmalshavea
mechanismofbr e
a t
hingtha te
nsuresthatgas
esente
rtheirbodi es,andthi
s
ena
blesga se
ouse xc
ha ngeandc e
ll
ularres
pir
ati
ontooccure ffi
ci
e ntl
y.

I
mpor
tanta
spe
ctsofga
sex
cha
nge
:
• Str
uct
uret
ofunc
tion:
howt
heor
gani
smi
sde
signe
dtoc
arr
youtga
seous
e
xcha
nge
• Regulat
ionandc ont
rolofbr
eathi
nginhuma ns
• Howt hea mountsofgasesa
rek e
pta tmanageabl
eleve
lsi
ntheblood
• Disea
sea ndce r
tai
nli
fechoi
cescanimpactnegati
vel
yoneff
ecti
vegaseous
e
xchange
.Br eat
hingcanbeimpai
red,andthi
saffec
tsthegene
ralheal
thofan
i
ndi
vi
dual

Keyter
minol
ogy
di
ff
usi
on t
hemovementofmolec
ulesf
rom aregi
onofhi
ghconce
ntr
ati
ont
oa
r
egi
onofl
owc onc
ent
rat
ionunti
lequi
l
ibr
iumi
srea
ched

t
hebreak
ingdownofc
ompl
exmol
ecul
esi
ntos
impl
emol
ecul
est
o
c
ata
bol
i
sm
r
ele
asee
nergy
a
erobi
c oc
cur
ri
ngi
nthepr
ese
nceofox
yge
n
a
nae
robi
c oc
cur
ri
ngi
nthea
bse
nceofox
yge
n
t
hebreakdownoforga
niccompounds(gl
ucose/s ugar)i
nthe
c
ell
ul
ar
mit
ochondri
aofce
llsi
ntoi
norgani
cproduct
s( CO2a ndH2O)wi
tht
he
r
espi
rat
ion
r
elea
seofcell
ul
arener
gy(ATP);ei
theraer
obicora naer
obi
c
Ef
fi
ci
enc
yofga
seouse
xcha
nges
urf
ace
sinl
i
vingor
gani
sms
Forgasestoef
fecti
velydif
fuseacr
ossrespi
ratorysurf
aces,c
ert
ainre
quire
mentsnee
dt obe
met.Thisi
simportantinorgani
smsli
vinginbotht er
restr
ial
andaquati
chabi
tat
s.Ta
ble1
bel
ows umma r
ise
sther equir
ementsofane f
fi
c i
entgaseousexc
hangesurf
ace
.

Table1:Ther
equi
reme
ntsf
ora
nef
fi
ci
entga
seouse
xchangesur
fac
e.
Requir
ement Rea
s on

al
arges
urfa
cea r
eat
ovol
umer
ati
oal
l
owse
noughox
yge
nandc
arbon
l
arge
di
oxi
detodi
ffus
e

thi
nand dif
fus
ionc
anocc
urmor
era
pidl
yande
ffi
ci
ent
lyi
fthes
urf
acei
sthi
n
per
meabl
e andperme
abl
e

moi
st ox
yge
nandc
arbondi
oxi
dedi
ff
usewhe
nindi
ssol
vedi
nwa
ter

a
llga
seouse
xcha
ngesur
fac
esneedt
obeprot
ect
edf
romme
cha
nic
al
pr
ote
cte
d
i
nj
uryaswel
lasf
romdry
ingout(
des
icc
ati
on)

ensur
ingthatoxygenrichairfort
err
estr
ialor
ganismsandoxygenr
ich
we
ll
-ve
nti
l
ate
d waterforaquat
icorgani
s msar ec
onti
nual
lybroughti
ntocont
a c
twit
h
thegaseousexc
ha ngesurfa
c e

a
ne f
fi
cientmethodoftr
anspor
ti
ngga
sest
oandf
romt
hega
seous
v
asc
ula
r
e
xchangesurf
acesisr
equir
ed
All
organi
sms,
fromsimpleuni
cel
lul
artocompl
exmult
ice
llul
ar,
rel
yongase
ousexc
hangef
or
sur
viv
al.TheamountofO2takenupandCO2rel
ease
dde pendsonther
ati
oofs
urfac
eare
a
tovol
umeoftheorgani
sm.Wha tdoesthi
smean?
• Sur
fac
ear
eai
sthec
ombi
nat
ionofa
llt
hee
xpos
eds
urf
ace
soft
heor
gani
sm.
• Thev
olumei
sthes
pac
eta
kenupbyt
hes
ameor
gani
sm.
• The
ref
ore
,thesur
fac
eareatov
olumer
ati
owoul
dbet
hea
mountofs
urf
ace
a
nor
gani
smhasrel
ati
vetoi
tss
ize.
I
nge
ner
al,
thes
mal
l
ert
heor
gani
smt
hel
arge
rthes
urf
acea
reat
ovol
umer
ato.
i

Rel
ati
ons
hipbetwe
e nr
espi
rator
ystruct
ure
sande
ffi
ci
ent
ga
seousexc
hangeindi
ff
erentorga
nisms
Bothter
rest
riala
nda quati
cpl
antsa
ndanimal
shavega
seousex
cha
ngesurf
ace
sand
re
spir
atorystr
uctur
est ha
tensur
eeff
ect
ivee
xcha
ngeofgases(
O2andCO2)
.
Keyter
minology
t
err
est
ri
al (
pla
ntsa
nda
nima
ls)l
i
vingonl
and
a
qua
tic (
pla
ntsa
nda
nima
ls)l
i
vingi
nwa
ter

t
heex
changeofO2andCO2a tar
espir
ator
ys ur
fac
eoc c
ursat
t
wopl
acesinmamma l
s:
ga
seouse
xcha
nge • atagaseousex
changesur
face(l
ungs)andthebl
ood
• be
twe
ent
hebl
ooda
ndt
hebodyc
ell
satt
het
iss
uel
eve
l

mechani
calproc
essofi
nhal
ati
onandexhala
tiont
hroughwhichai
r
br
eat
hing/
movesinandoutofthere
spi
rator
yorgansenabl
i
ngt heupt
akeof
ve
nti
l
ation
ox
ygena ndtheremova
lofca
rbondioxi
de.

Tabl
e2be lowcompar
eswa ysi
nwhic
hthesere
qui
rementsa
reme
tinav a
rie
tyoforgani
sms:
di
cot
yledonouspl
ant
s,eart
hworms,i
nse
cts,
bonyf
is
ha ndmammal
s.Foreachor
ganis
m, t
he
pr
imaryorganorsur
faceofgas
eousexc
hangei
snamed.

Ta
ble2:
Compa
ris
onoft
her
espi
rat
orys
urf
ace
sofv
ari
ousgr
oupsofor
gani
sms
Re
qui
reme
ntf
ore
ffe
cti
vega
seouse
xcha
nges
urf
ace

thi
n& wel
l- t
rans
por
t
l
arge pe
rmeabl
e moi
st pr
ote
cti
on
ve
nti
lat
ed s
yst
em

di
cot
yle
donouspl
ant(
lea
fands
pongyme
sophy
llc
ell
s)

f
lats
urf
ace t
hin-
wal
l
ed wa
terv
apour
c
uti
cleand
i
ncr
ease
s ce
llsall
owfor passes a
irmove
ment si
mple
l
ower
e
xposur
eto dif
fusi
on t
hrough a
roundl
eav
es di
ff
usi
on
epi
dermis
ai
r s
tomata

e
art
hwor
m(s
kin)

notneeded–
mucous
e
longa
ted,
bodysur
fae gl
c ands gasexcha
nge t
hroughthe
c
yli
ndri
cal i
sthi
n sur
faceon sk
in
keepthe
shape outs
ideof
wormmoist
body

i
nse
ct(
tra
che
als
yst
em)

rhy
thmicbody
movements ga
sesindir
ect
extens i
vel
y li
ni
ngof
t
rac
heol
esar
e
bra
nc hed t
rac
heol
es move a i
ri nex
osk
ele
ton contactwi
th
moi
st
tr
ache ol
es t
hin and t
iss
ues
out
bonyf
is
h(gi
l
ls)

br
anche
dgil
l wa
tert
ake
nin
fi
l
aments a
qua
tic gil
l
sprot
ect
edhe
t
hin t
hrough art and
inc
reas
e a
nimal
sli
vei
n mouth bybonycov
er,bl
ood v
ess
e l
s
s
urfac
earea membr
ane
s
wa
ter isforc
edout theoper
c um pr
ul ese
nt
ov
ergi
l
ls

ma
mma
ls(
lungs
)

br
onchi
ole a l
veol
ihave a l
veol
ihave i
nha
lati
onand
ex
halat
ion ri
bsprot
ect c
irc
ula
tor
y
di
vi
deinto t
hinsquamous t
hinla
yerof duri
ng thel
ungs s
yst
em
manyalve
oli epi
thel
ium mois
ture brea
thing

Huma
nga
seouse
xcha
nge
Thehuma
nga
sex
cha
nges
yst
emc
ons
ist
soft
hef
oll
owi
ngdi
sti
ncts
ect
ions
:
• ai
rpass
ages
• l
ungs
• musc
lesi
nvol
vedi
ntheme
cha
nis
mofbr
eat
hing(
vent
il
ati
on)

Thesyst
emiswell
designedtocar
ryoutthefunct
ionofgase
ousexchange.Fi
gur
es1and2
showpart
softheres
pirat
orysyst
emthataredir
ectl
yinvol
vedinbrea
thingandgas
eous
excha
ngeandTabl
e3r ela
testhest
ruct
uretofuncti
onofthes
epa r
ts.
 na
sal
cav
ity
pha
rynx

e
pigl
ott
is

l
ary
nx
t
rac
hea

r
ibs l
eftl
ung

r
ightbr
onc
hus l
eftbr
onc
hus

pl
eur
al
r
ightl
ung membra
ne

di
aphr
agm

Fi
gur
e1:
Huma
nre
spi
rat
orys
yst
em

r
ibs

i
nte
rcost
al r
ightbr
onc
hus
mus c
les

br
onc
hiol
i

di
aphr
agm a
lve
olus (
airs
ac)

Fi
gur
e2:Ri
ghtl
ungwi
tha
lve
oli
Ta
ble3:Str
uct
ure
soft
her
espi
rat
orys
yst
emwi
ththei
rgaseouse
xcha
ngef
unc
tions
St
ruc
tur
e Func
tion

a
irpa
ssa
ges

2nos
tri
l
s a
iri
nha
ledt
hroughnos
tri
l
s

• c
avi
ti
esa
rel
i
nedwi
the
pit
hel
i
ala
ndgobl
etc
ell
s
2nasal • mucousfr
omthegoble
tcel
lstoge
therwi
tht
heci
li
atrapdi
rta
nd
ca
vit
ies s
wee
pi toutoft
henose
;keepsca
vitymois
t bloodca
pil
lar
ieswa
rm
t
hei
ncomingair

• wi
ndpi
pei
ssi
tua
tedi
nfr
ontoft
heoe
sopha
gus
t
rac
hea • C-sha
pedca
rti
l
ager
ingspr
ote
ctt
rac
heaa
ndk
eepi
tope
nfor
e
asymoveme
ntofai
r

• t r
acheabr
a nche
si ntolef
tandrightbronchit
hate
nte
rt heuppe
r
br
onc
hus/ l
obesofthel
eftandrightlungs
br
onc
hi • he l
dopenbyO- sha pedcart
il
agerings
; l
inedwi
thmucous
membranes

• e
achbr
onc
husdi
vi
desi
ntoma
nybr
anc
hes
,thebr
onc
hiol
i
br
onc
hiol
us/
br
onc
hiol
i • thesepas
sa gesares
mall
era
ndna
rrowe
randdonotha
ve
c
art
il
ageforr
einforc
ement

• br onchi
olie
ndinacoll
ect
ionofalv
eoli
(ai
rsa
cs)t
hatar
esit
esf
or
gas
eouse xc
hange
a
lve
oli
• ma nyalv
eolii
ncr
eas
ethes ur
fac
ea r
eatomaxi
mis
ethegas
ex
change

• ha vethi
nwa l
l
sofsqua
mousepit
hel
i
al c
ell
sal
lowi
ngf
ore
asy
di
ff
usi
onofga s
es
• t i
ssuefl
ui
dk e
epst
hewa l
l
softheal
veol
imois
t
• al
argebl
oodc
api
l
lar
yne
twor
ksur
roundst
hea
lve
oli

t
hroa
tandl
ungs

• c
onne
ctst
hena
sal
cav
itywi
thl
ary
nx
pha
rynx • l
i
nedwi
thmuc
ousme
mbr
ane
s
• l
eadsi
ntot
het
rac
heaa
ndt
heoe
sopha
gus

• l
ary
nxc
ont
ainst
hev
oca
lchor
ds
l
ary
nx
• a
irpa
sse
sov
ert
hec
hor
dsa
nds
oundi
spr
oduc
ed
 • ac
art
il
ages
truc
tur
eont
opoft
hel
ary
nx(
voi
cebox
)
e
pigl
ott
is • c l
ose
swhe
nfoodi
sswa
ll
owe
dpr
eve
nti
ngf
oodf
rome
nte
ringt
he
t
rac
hea

• e achofthetwos pongy,e
lasti
clungsa
resur
rounde
dbyt he
doubl
epleura
lme mbrane
l
ungs
• pl eur
alfl
uidact
sa salubri
cantandhel
psprev
entfr
ict
ionduri
ng
i
nhala
tionandexhal
ation

r
ibsa
ndmus
cle
sinv
olv
edi
nbr
eat
hing

r
ibs one
ithe
rsi
deoft
hes
ter
num,
prot
ectt
hel
ungsf
romi
nj
ury

• f
oundbe
twe
ent
her
ibs
i
nte
rcost
al
muscl
es • c ont
rac
tandrel
axdur
ingi
nha
lat
ionande
xha
lat
iona
lte
ringt
he
v
olumeofai
rinthec
hest(
thor
aci
ccavi
ty)

• as
hee
tofmus
clebe
lowt
hel
ungs
di
aphr
agm • c ont
rac
tsandf
lat
tensalt
eri
ngt
hev
olumeoft
hec
hes
tca
vit
yand
i
simport
anti
nthebre
athing

TheHumanRespi
rat
orySy
ste
m:
htt
ps:
//www.
yout
ube.c
om/watc
h?v
=CGVOWh20uf
A&l
i
st=PL9j
o2wQj
1WCOM7J
MqS
BTzhr
EWFe9-
0Qz Q

Ac
tiv
ity1:
Dis
sec
tion

Thefol
lowi
ngvide
o( 2½ minut
es)i
sconc
isea
ndde
tai
l
eda
ndi
sus
eful
asagui
debe
for
e
car
ryi
ngoutthedis
sect
ion.
Lungdi
sse
cti
oni
nde
tai
l
:ht
tps
://www.
yout
ube
.com/wa
tch?
v=uDt
ZEM3FJ
nE

Aim:Observ
ea ndi
nve
sti
gatethes
truct
ureoft
helungs
,thedi
aphr
agm,
ass
oci
ate
d
pulmonar
ybloodve
sse
lsandthehear
tofasheep.
Requir
ement
s
N.
B Sa
fet
ypr
eca
uti
ons
• I
tisi
mpor
tantt
haty
oul
i
ste
ntot
hes
afe
tyi
nst
ruc
tionsgi
venbyt
het
eac
her
.
• Youwi
l
lbewor
kingwi
ths
har
pins
trume
nts
.
• Wa
shy
ourha
ndst
hor
oughl
yaf
terc
ompl
eti
ngt
hedi
sse
cti
on.
Youwi
l
lne
edt
hef
oll
owi
nga
ppa
rat
us:
• l
ungsa
ndhe
artoft
hes
hee
p
• as
har
psc
alpe
lork
nif
e,a
ndadi
sse
cti
ngne
edl
e
• apa
irofs
cis
sor
s
• adi
sse
cti
onboa
rd
• di
spos
abl
erubbe
rgl
ove
s,s
oap,
tis
suepa
per wr
it
ingpa
pera
ndpe
n

Me
thod
1. La youttheshe
eplungsonthedi
sse
cti
onboa
rda
ndi
dent
if
ythel
efta
ndr
ight
l
ungsa
swe ll
astheposi
ti
onofthehear
t.
2. Obs
erv
ethec
oloura
ndt
ext
ureoft
hel
ungt
iss
ue.
3. Runy ourf
inge
rsa
longthei
nsi
deandout
sideoft
hel
argea
irpa
ssa
geor
wi
ndpi
pe.
Wha tdoyouf
eel(i
dent
if
ystr
uct
ure)
?
4. Foll
owthetr
ache
aasi
tbr
anc
hesi
ntoe
achl
ung.
Wha
tar
ethe
set
woa
ir
pa
ssa
gescal
l
ed?
5. Foll
owthe
s etwoai
rpas
sagesi
ntot
hel
ungt
iss
uea
ndobs
erv
ewha
tha
ppe
ns
ast
heygode
eperint
othel
ungs.
6. Ift
hehe
arti
sst
il
lat
tac
hedi
dent
if
ythema
inv
ess
else
nte
ringa
ndl
eav
ingt
he
he
art
.
7. I
dent
if
ytheme
mbr
anes
urr
oundi
ngt
hel
ungs
.
8. Youwi l
lnowat
tempttoinfl
atet
helungsus
ingthest
raw.Pl
acethest
rawi
n
thewi
ndpi
peandpr
essthesi
desofthewindpi
peagai
nstt
hestr
aw.Blowint
othe
str
aw.
DONOTSUCKI N!Observ
ewha thappe
ns.
9. Cuta l
ongt
hel
ongi
tudi
nal
axi
sofoneoft
hel
ungsa
ndope
nthel
ungupi
nto
twoha
lve
s.
10. Cutasma l
lpie c
eoflungti
ssueoffoneoft
helungsandplac
eitinasmal
l
conta
ine
rofwater.Obs erv
ewha thappens
.
11. Cleana
llt
hea ppar
atusandyourworkst
ati
on.
Di s
car
dt hedi
ssec
tionma
teri
al
asthetea
che
rinstructs.
12. Wa
shy
ourha
ndst
hor
oughl
yanda
nswe
rthea
cti
vi
tyque
sti
ons
.
 t
rac
hea

l
ung
br
onc
hiol
i

She
epl
ungwi
tha
tta
che
dai
rpa
ssa
ges

Que
sti
ons
1. De
scr
ibet
hel
ook
,te
xtur
e(f
eel
)andc
olouroft
hel
ungs
.
2. Wha
tst
ruc
tur
esk
eept
het
rac
heaope
n?
3. Ar
ethel
ungshol
l
owba
gsors
pongyt
iss
ue?
4. Na
met
het
woa
irpa
ssa
gest
hatbr
anc
hof
fthet
rac
heaa
ndi
ntoe
achl
ung.
5. Howdoe
sthedi
ame
teroft
hes
eai
rpa
ssa
gesc
ompa
ret
othedi
ame
teroft
he
tr
ache
a?
6. Wha
tha
ppe
nst
othepi
eceofl
ungwhe
nyouputi
tinwa
ter
?
7. Whe
nyoui
nfl
ate
dthel
ungwha
tha
ppe
neda
fte
ryous
toppe
dbl
owi
ngi
n?

Theme
cha
nis
mofbr
eat
hing(
Vent
il
ati
onoft
hel
ungs
)

Theprocessofbre
athingisame chani
calproce
ss.Airmov esi
nandoutoft helungsasa
res
ultofdiff
ere
ncesinatmosphericai
rpressur
ea ndt heai
rpres
sureinsidethelungs.I
t
i
nvolvesdif
fer
entmus cl
esandvolumea ndpressurechangesi
nthethor aci
cc a
v i
ty.
Keyterminol
ogy
dome-shapedmus c
lethatseparatesthet
horaci
c( chest)and
di
aphragm
abdominalc
av i
ti
esinma mma l
s;invol
vedi
nbr e
athing
i
nha
lat
ion t
hebr
eat
hingi
nofa
ir

e
xha
lat
ion t
hebr
eat
hingoutofa
ir

a
ninst
rume
ntusedt
ome as
urethevol
umeofairt
hate
nte
rsa
ndl
eav
es
s
pir
ome
ter
t
hehumanl
ungsdur
ingi
nhal
ati
onandexha
lat
ion

Br
eat
hingi
nvol
ves2di
sti
nctpr
oce
sse
s:i
nha
lat
iona
nde
xha
lat
ion.
I
nha
lat
ion–whe
nai
rmov
esi
ntol
ungs
•diaphr
agmmuscl
econt
rac
ts,
it
f
lat
tensandmov
esdownwar
ds
•ex
ternali
nte
rcos
tal
mus
cle
sbe
twe
en
t
her
ibscontr
act i
nte
rcost
al
mus c
les
•ribc
ageli
ft
supwa
rdsa
ndpus
hes
c
ontrac
t
out
wards
•ai
rpres
sur
eint
helungsde
cre
ase
sas
c
hes
tex
pands
t
heche
stvol
umei
ncr
e as
es
•a t
mospheri
cpres
sureisgre
a t
ert
han di
aphr
agm
t
hepressur
einsi
dethelungsandai
r
f
lowsin di
aphr
agm
•inhal
ati
oni
sanact
iveproc
ess c
ontr
act
s
i
nvol
vi
ngmuscl
econt
racti
on
Fi
gur
e3A

Ex
hal
ati
on–whe
nai
rispus
hedoutofl
ungs
•di
aphr
agmr
ela
xesa
ndmov
esupwa
rds
•e
xte
rna
lint
erc
ost
almus
cle
sre
lax
t
hor
acic cav
ity
•r
ibc
agemov
esdowna
ndi
nwa
rd
reduc
es
•ai
rpres
surei
nlungsinc
rea
sesr
ela
tiv
e
t
otheout
sidea
irpre
ssure
i
nte
rcosta
l
•airisf
orc
edoutt
oequa
li
zet
he mus c
les
pr
essure r
ela
x
•exhal
ati
onisapa
ssi
vepr
oce
sswhe
n
mus
cle
srelax
di
aphr
agm
rel
axes

Fi
gur
e3B
Ac
tiv
ity2:
Bre
athi
ng
Thef
oll
owi
ngmode
lca
nbeus
edt
ode
mons
tra
tet
heme
cha
nis
mofbr
eat
hing
.

gl
asst
ube
A r
ubbe
rst
oppe
r B

ba
ll
oon

be
llj
ar

r
ubbe
rshe
et

Mode
lofl
ungs
howi
ngme
cha
nis
mofbr
eat
hing

1. Fore achofthemodel
par
tsl
ist
edbelow,pr
ovi
dea
nappr
opr
iat
ena
mef
ort
he
cor
res
pondi
ngpartint
hehumanre
spir
ator
ys y
ste
m.
a
) Gl
asst
ube
(
1)
b) Ba
ll
oon
(
1)
c
) Be
llj
ar
(
1)
d) Rubbe
rshe
et (
1)
2. Doe sBr
epr
ese
nta
nac
tiv
eorpa
ssi
vepr
oce
ssi
nthehuma
nme
cha
nis
mof
bre
athi
ng? (1)
3. Wha
tha
ppe
nst
othea
irpr
ess
urei
nthebe
llj
ara
tB? (
1)
4. Wha
tha
ppe
nst
othev
olume(
siz
e)oft
hes
pac
eint
hebe
llj
ara
tB? (
1)
5. Wha tdoyouse
ea sres
tri
cti
onstothemode l
swhenc
ompari
ngthe
mtot
he
ac
tua
lhumanbody
?Me nt
ion2possibl
eli
mita
tionsoft
hemode
lshownin
t
heFi
gur
eabove. (
2)
(
9)
Compos
iti
onofi
nha
leda
nde
xha
leda
ir

Thea i
rintheat
mos pher
eisma deupma i
nl
yofnitrogen,oxygen,
carbondioxidea ndwa t
er
vapourandtra
cesofiner
tga se
s.Inha l
edairhasthes a
mec omposit
ionasa tmos phe r
icair
butdif
fere
nttoexhaledai
r.Table4s howsthedif
ferenceincomposi
tionofthet hr
eema i
n
gasesaft
erexer
cis
ea ndwhil
es l
eeping.Ta bl
e4:Thec ompos i
ti
onofinhal
eda nde xhaled
ai
r
Inhale
da i
r Ex hale
da ir(%)froma Ex hal
e da ir(%)f roma
Gas persone xer
c i
si
ng
(%) sl
eepingperson

Ni
tr
oge
n(N2) 78 78 78
Ox
yge
n(O2) 21 16 12
Ca
rbondi
oxi
de(
CO2) 0,
04 4 9

Nit
rogeni
snotuse
dinthehumanbr
eat
hingsy
stem.Oxygeni
sus
edbythec
ell
sinc
ell
ul
ar
re
spir
ati
onandca
rbondiox
idei
sapr
oductofc
ell
ul
arre
spir
ati
ona
ndnee
dstoberemoved
f
romt hece
ll
s.
Byl
ook
inga
tthet
abl
eabov
e:
• Whati
sthedi
ffe
renc
ebetwe
ent
hepe
rce
nta
geofox
yge
ninha
leda
ndt
hat
e
xha
ledfr
omas l
eepi
ngpers
on?
• Whati
stheperce
nta
geox
yge
nus
edbyt
hebodyi
nea
chi
nha
lat
ionofa
pe
rsonwhoi
sexer
cis
ing?

Exha
ledairi
soft
enahighe
rte
mpe
rat
uret
hani
nha
leda
ir.Re
membe
rbody
te
mpe r
aturei
s36,8°
C.

Limewa t
erisac hemi
cal
tha
tcanbeus
edtodemons
tra
tethatCO2isex
hale
dfrom
thehumanl ung.Thel
imewate
rtur
nsmil
kywhi
tewhenai
risbre
athedthr
ougha
stra
wa ndintoit.

Ef
fec
tofe
xer
cis
eonbr
eat
hinga
ndpul
ser
atei
nhuma
ns

Br
eat
hingi
scont
rol
l
edbyt
her
espi
rat
oryc
ent
rei
ntheme
dul
l
aobl
onga
taoft
hebr
ain.
Whenapersonacti
vel
yexer
cis
es,t
het
imebe
twe
ene
achbr
eat
hshor
tensa
ndbr
eat
hs
be
comedeeper.
Act
ivi
ty3:
Breat
hinginve
sti
gati
on
Theta
blebe
lowshowsres
ult
sobta
inedfr
oma nexpe
rime
ntwher
e2l
earner
srecor
dedt
hei
r
hea
rtrat
esandbr
eathi
ngrat
esatres
t,a
fterwal
ki
ngupanddown2s
etsofsta
irsa
ndaf
ter
r
unni
ngupa
nddownt
wofl
ight
sofst
air
s.
Hea
rtRa
te(bea
tspermi
nut
e) Br
eat
hingr
ate(
bre
athspe
rmi
nut
e)

Atr
est Wa
lki
ng Runni
ng Atr
est Wa
lki
ng Runni
ng

Le
arne
r1 68 63 112 12 12 16
Le
arne
r2 72 86 120 12 12 14

1. St
atet
hea
imoft
hei
nve
sti
gat
ion. (
3)
2. Wha tdoy
ouobser
veha
ppe
nedt
othehe
artr
ateofbot
hle
arne
rsa
fte
r
r
unni
ngupt
hest
air
s? (
1)
3. Wha tdoy
ouobser
veha
ppe
nedt
othebr
eat
hingr
ateofbot
hle
arne
rsa
fte
r
r
unni
ngupt
hest
air
s? (1)
4. Dr awahi
stogra
mofthebre
athi
ngrat
eofbot
hlear
ner
sa tr
est
,aft
erwa
lki
ng
upanddown2f
li
ghtsofs
tai
rsa
nda f
terr
unni
ngupanddownthe2fl
ight
sofs
tai
rs.
(6)
5. Wr
it
eac
onc
lus
iont
hatc
anbedr
awnf
romt
hea
bov
eex
per
ime
nt. (
3)
(
14)

I
nte
rna
lande
xte
rna
lga
seouse
xcha
ngei
nhuma
ns

Theexc
hangeofgas
e soc
cursi
ntwoar
easi
nthebody.Atthea
lve
olisur
fac
e(ext
erna
l
gas
eousexcha
nge)andbetwee
nthebl
ooda
ndtis
sues(i
nte
rnal
gaseousexc
hange)
.

Keyt
ermi
nol
ogy
e
ryt
hroc
yte
s r
edbl
oodc
ell
s

ha
emogl
obi
n ox
yge
nca
rry
ingpr
ote
inpi
gme
nti
nthebl
ood

a
lti
tude he
ighta
bov
ese
ale
vel

t
heel
ementf
oundi
ntheha
emogl
obi
nmol
ecul
etowhi
chox
yge
n
i
ron(
Fe)
a
tomsbi
nd
Asdiscussedint heme c
hanismofbr e
athing,
airi
sinhale
dintothelungsandthea i
rrea
c he
s
thealveol
iwhe rega seousexchangetakesplac
e.Gasesaretra
nsportedinthebloodt othe
cell
sthroughoutt hebody .
Bloodistransport e
dt othelungsanda l
veoli
surf
aceviathepulmonaryarter
y.Thi sdiv
ides
i
nt onume r
ousc a pi
ll
a r
ieswhich‘
wr a
p’aroundthealveol
iandaft
erga s
eouse x
cha ngehas
occurr
ed,theyc ombi netoformt hepulmonaryvei
n.
Ga
seouse
xcha
ngei
nthel
ungsa
tthea
lve
oli
sur
fac
e

Thega
seouse
xcha
ngea
tthea
lve
oli
sur
fac
eisi
l
lus
tra
tedi
nFi
gur
e4be
low.
• Theai
rent
eri
ngthealv
eol
iaf
terinha
lat
ionha
sahighoxygenconc
entr
ati
on
c
ompa
redtot
heoxygenconc
entr
ati
oninthebl
oodofthesur
roundi
ngcapi
ll
ari
es.
• Theinhal
edairhasalowercarbondi
oxi
dec
onc
ent
rat
iont
hant
hatoft
he
bl
oodi
nthesur
roundingca
pill
ari
es.
• Thi
sres
ult
sinoxy
gendi
ff
usi
ng(
mov i
ng)f
romtheal
veol
iint
otheblooda
nd
c
arbondi
oxi
dedif
fus
ing(
movi
ng)fr
omthebl
oodandbacki
ntotheal
veol
i
.
a
lveol
uswal
l
: onec
ell
thi
ck
(
squamousepit
hel
i
um )
bloodwit
hahigh
concent
rati
onofca
rbon a
irf
low
dioxi
de from t
he t
opul
mona
ry v
ein
pulmonary art
ery

r
edbl
oodcel
l high ox
ygena
tedr
ed
i
nca
rbondi
oxi
de bl
oodcel
l
s
O2
CO 2
CO 2di
ff
use
sfr
ombl
ood O2
t
obee
xha
led
re
dbloodce
ll
sta
ke
upox
y ge
n, O2

endot
hel
ium –c api
l
lar
y
wa
llonec
ell
thi
ck

Fi
gur
e4:Ga
seouse
xcha
ngea
tthea
lve
oli
sur
fac
e

• Gase
sa reexchangedduetoconcentr
ati
ongradi
ent s
.Bl
oodcomingfromthe
he
artandpasttheal
v e
olihasalowox y
genconcent
rati
on–de oxy
genatedbl
ood.
• Thebloodthatleave
sthea l
veol
ihasahighconcentr
ati
onofoxygen–
ox
ygenat
edblood.Thebloodwil
l t
aketheoxygentothec e
ll
swherei
tisneeded.
• Theai
rint
healve
oli
wil
lbee
xha
ledwi
thmor
eca
rbondi
oxi
det
hent
hea
ir
t
hatha
dbe e
ninhal
ed.

Tr
ans
por
tofr
espi
rat
oryga
ses

Ox
yge
nist
rans
por
tedma
inl
ybyt
her
edbl
oodc
ell
s.Mos
toft
heox
yge
ncombi
neswi
th
haemogl
obinpre
s e
ntintheredbl
oodc
ell
s(ery
thr
ocyt
es)t
ofor
mox
yha
emogl
obi
n.I
tis
tr
anspor
tedviatheci
rcul
ator
ysys
temtoall
bodycel
l
s.
Mos
toft
heCO2i
str
ans
por
tedi
nthebl
oodpl
asmai
nthef
ormofbi
car
bona
tei
ons
.

Ga
seouse
xcha
ngei
nlungs
:ht
tps
://www.
yout
ube
.com/wa
tch?
v=a
PUPf
zsqDgs

Ga
seouse
xcha
ngebe
twe
ent
hebl
ooda
ndt
iss
ues

Ox ygena
tedbl
oodarr
ive
sfromthehear
tint
hecapil
l
aryne
tworkcl
osetoti
ssuec
ell
s(s
ee
Figure5).Oxy
genwil
ldif
fusef
romthebl
oodandint
othenei
ghbour
ingce
ll
sduetothe
conc e
ntr
ati
ongra
die
nt.

f
ood ca
rbon
ox
yge
n s
ubs
tanc
e di
oxi
de

f
rom to
hear
t hear
t

bodyc
ell
s
endothe
li
um:
one-
cel
lthi
ckcapi
l
lar
ywa
ll

Fi
gur
e5:
Exc
hangeofga
sesa
tthet
iss
uel
eve
l

Thecel
lswil
lhavehi
ghc ar
bondi
oxideconcentr
ati
onsduetoc
ontinui
ngcell
ul
arr
espir
ati
on.
Thi
scarbondioxi
demovesoutofthecell
sandintothebl
oodandistra
nsport
edbacktothe
hear
tandthent ot
helungswhereiti
sexhal
e d.
Thecel
lsar
ea ls
obathedinati
ssuefl
uidwhichsuppl
iest
hene
c e
ssarymoist
uref
orgaseous
exc
hange.
Thee xcha
ngeandtr
ansportofgasesissimpli
fi
edinFi
gure6.Ox y
geni
sc onti
nuall
yent
eri
ng
thebloodstr
eamatthealv
e ol
isur
facea ndistr
anspor
tedtothebodyce
ll
s .Carbondi
oxi
de
i
st r
ansporte
dfromthecel
lstothea l
veoliwher
eitisr
emovedfromthebody .
 Fi
gur
e6:
Flowc
har
tsumma
ris
ingt
hee
xcha
ngea
ndt
rans
por
tofga
ses

Home
ost
ati
ccont
rol
ofbr
eat
hing
Fee dbackloopsmaybedescr
ibeda ssy
stemswhichar
eini
ti
atedwhenani nte
rnal
ala
rmi s
setof fandwhe r
ethebodyre
s ponds.Negati
vefee
dbackmechani
smss
ta bil
iz
easystemand
re
t urnittoitsnormal
stat
e(refertonegati
vefe
edbac
kme c
ha ni
smsdi
scus s
edinChapte
r5).
Whenatre
st,
humanshav
eanorma
l,r
hythmi
cbre
athingr
ate
.Thel
eve
lsofc
arbondi
oxi
de
i
nthebl
ooddete
rmi
nethera
tea
nddepthofbr
eat
hing.
Whenapersonbegi
nsexerc
isi
ng,c
ell
ularre
spi
rati
onisinc
rea
s e
dduetothedemandfor
oxy
genandenergyi
nthemus c
les
.Carbondiox
idelev
elsri
seandthec
ell
sinther
espi
rat
ory
ce
ntreoft
heme dul
l
aoblongat
aofthebr a
indete
ctthis
.
Thebodywi l
lre
spondtoens
uret
hatthes
elevel
sdonotr
eac
hdanger
ousl
evel
sand
respi
rat
orymuscle
swil
lbetar
get
ed.Theabi
l
ityoft
hebodyt
ore
turnthel
eve
lstonor
mal
is
knowna shomeost
asi
s.

Fi
gur
e7be
lowi
l
lus
tra
test
her
egul
ati
onofc
arbondi
oxi
del
eve
lsi
nthei
nte
rna
lenv
ironme
nt.
 Ca
rbondi
oxi
de(
CO 2)l
eve
ls i
nthebl
oodi
ncr
eas
e a
bov
enor
mal l
eve
ls

Re
cept
orc
ell
sint
hec
arot
ida
rte
ryi
nthene
cka
res
timul
ate
d

Ce
ll
sse
ndi
mpul
sest
otheme
dul
l
aobl
onga
tai
nthebr
ain

Me
dul
l
aobl
onga
tas
timul
ate
sbreat
hingmuscl
es(
int
erc
ost
almus
cle
sand
di
aphragm)a
ndheart

Br
eat
hingmus
cle
s c
ontrac
tmoreacti
vel
y –i ncr
eas
est
her
atea
ndde
pthof
br
eathi
ng;
thehear
tbe
atsf
ast
er

Mor
eCO 2i
sta
kent
oande
xha
ledf
romt
hel
ungs

The CO 2l
eve
ls i
nthebl
ood r
etur
ntonor
mal

Fi
gur
e7:
Nega
tiv
efe
edba
ckf
orhome
ost
ati
ccont
rol
ofbr
eat
hing

I
nhome
ost
ati
ccont
rol
:
• thehear
trateincre
ases–bloodfl
owinc
reas
e s
.Ra pi
dtrans
portofgase
sto
andf r
omt hece
ll
s.
• I
ncr e
ase
dra t
ea nddepthofbre
athi
ng–theinter
costal
mus cl
esandthe
diaphragmc ont
ractandrelax–moreoxygeni
sinha
led,andmorec ar
bondioxi
dei
s
exhaled.

Thee
ffe
ctofa
lti
tudeonga
seouse
xcha
nge

Alt
it
udeisame a
s ur
eofthehei
ghtofapl
acea boves
eale
velandismeasure
dinme t
res
.
Alt
it
udeaff
ectstheexc
hangeofgase
s.Johannesbur
gisatahighal
ti
tude.Iti
s1753m
aboves
ealeve
l.
Theairis‘
thi
nne
r’orl
essdens
etha
ni nac it
yli
keDurbanwhi
chisa
ts e
ale
vel
orze
ro
al
ti
tude.Thismeanst
hatther
eisl
essox ygeni
ntheairi
nJoha
nnesbur
gandmor
eairne
eds
tobeinhal
edtosuppl
ythebodywi
the noughoxyge
n.
Thec oncent
rat
iongradi
entofox
y genbe
tweentheouts
ideai
randinsi
dethebodyisl
owin
Johanne s
burgsodif
fusi
onofoxygeniss
lowe
r.Lessoxygeni
sa bs
orbe
dbyt here
dblood
cell
sa thi
ghalt
itude
s.Thebodywill
compens
ateforthi
sbytr
yingtoproduc
emor ere
d
bloodc el
l
stohelpcarr
ymoreoxygen.
Ac
tiv
ity4:
Eff
ectofa
lti
tude
As tudywasc arri
edoutone i
ghtswi
mme rs(
2f emale
sa nd6ma l
es).Theywe real
lre
cord
hol
de rsandha dpa rt
ici
patedinNati
onalc
hampionshi
psa ndtheOlympicga mes.These
swimme rsattendeda23da ycampwhichwasa tanalt
it
udeof2300me tresaboveseale
vel
.
Beforeanda f
t erthecampt hei
rbl
oodwa stes
tedfortheirr
edbloodc e
llcountand
haemoglobinc oncentr
ation.Thei
rperf
ormancewa sal
some asur
edbe f
orea ndaft
erthe
campbyl ookinga tthei
rt i
mesinrac
es.Si
xoutofthee i
ghtswimmersimpr oveduponthei
r
performancesa ft
ertheca mp.
Thet
abl
ebe l
ows howsthea
ver
agec
hange
sint
hes
wimme
r’sbl
oodbe
for
eanda
fte
rthe
hi
ghal
ti
tudetra
iningca
mp.
Be
for
eca
mp Af
terc
amp

Re
dbl
oodc
ell
s(mi
l
li /mm3)
ons 4,
69 5,
37

Ha
emogl
obi
n(g/dL) 14,
8 16,
8
(
ada
pte
dfr
omBi
ol
.Spor
t2012:
Athl
eti
cpe
rfor
manc
eofs
wimme
rsa
fte
ral
ti
tudet
rai
ni
ng(
2300Ma
bov
ese
a
l
eve
l)i
nvi
ewoft
hei
rbl
oodmor
phol
ogyc
hange
sht
tps
://r
ese
arc
hga
te.
net
/)

1. Na metwoobs
erv
ati
onst
hatc
oul
dbema
der
ela
tingt
othea
lti
tude
tr
aini
ng.
(2)
2. Pr
ovi
dea
not
herna
mef
orr
edbl
oodc
ell
s. (
1)
3. Wha
tist
hef
unc
tionofha
emogl
obi
nint
hebl
ood? (
1)
4. Whi
chi
mpor
tante
leme
nti
sfoundi
nha
emogl
obi
n?
(1)
5. Ca l
cul
atethea
ver
agei
ncr
eas
einr
edbl
oodc
ell
soft
hes
wimme
rsa
fte
rca
mp
tr
aini
ng. (3)
6. I
dent
if
yade
pende
ntv
ari
abl
eint
hea
bov
eta
ble
. (
1)
7. Wha twouldt
headv
ant
agebef
oras
wimme
rtot
rai
nathi
gha
lti
tude
sbe
for
e
pa
rti
ci
pat
ingi
nanOly
mpice
vent
? (2)
8. Howc
ant
her
eli
abi
l
ityoft
her
esul
tsobt
aine
dint
hea
bov
eex
per
ime
ntbe
i
mpr
ove
d? (
2)
(
13)

Di
sea
sesoft
her
espi
rat
orys
yst
em

Pat
hogens(v
irusesa
ndba ct
eri
a),envi
ronment
alpoll
uta
nts(poll
enandsmoke
)a nd
ca
rci
nogens(
ca nc
ercaus
ingsubs
tance
s)c annega
tiv
elyaff
ectthehumanre
spi
rat
ory
sy
stem.
Table5gi ve
sasumma r
yli
stofdi
sea
sesoft
her
espi
rat
orys
yst
em,
the
irc
aus
e s
,symptoms
,
tr
eatme ntandpr
eve
nt i
on.
Dis
e ase/ Trea
tment/
Caus
e/s Symptoms
Disorder Prev
enti
on

Viral
,bac
teri
a l
or Bronchi
/bronchi
ol
e Ant
ibi
oti
cs
fungali
nfec
tionof re
da ndswoll
en Pai
ntabl
ets
Br
onc
hit
is bronchia
nd (i
nfl
amma t
ion) Res
t
bronchi
oli Mucous
Fe
ver

All
ergyt odust
, Itc
hye yes
,nosea
nd Anti
hi
s t
amine
s
poll
ena nd throatInf
lammat
ion Eyedrops
spores
(moul d) oflini
ngof Nosespray
All
ergensa r
e respir
ator
y
Ha
yFe
ver tri
ggers
surf
a c
es
Muc ousThe
rel
easeof
his
taminesca
use
s
thesesympt
oms

All
ergi
crea
cti
ont
o Tightchest Pre
venta
tive
substa
nce
s Diff
icult
yin medic
ine
sSt er
oid
As
thma breathi
ngWhe e
zing pumpsAnt i
-
andc oughi
ng al
le
rgyme di
cati
on

I
nhal
ati
onof I
nef
fi
cientga
s Ox
yge
nve
nti
l
ator
c
iga
rett
esmoke e
xchangeBreat
hing
Exposur
et odust di
ff
ic
ult
ies
Emphy
sema
fr
ommi ninga nd
Fl
ui
dinlungs
noxi
ous(poisonous
)
gases Thi
ckphl
egm

Smokingof Br
eat
hing Surger
y
toba
ccoEx pos
ure Radia
tion
LungCa
nce
r dif
fic
ult
iesBl
ood
tocar
c i
nogens Chemot he
rapy
i
nt hesputum
(phle
gm) Oxygen

Bacter
ium, Excessi
ve Ant
ibi
oti
cs
My c
oba c
ter
ium coughing
tuber
culosi
s Tir
e dness
,
Tube
rcul
osi
s
weak nes
sLoss
ofappe t
it
eand
weight
Thee
ffe
ctsofs
mok
ingonr
espi
rat
oryor
gans

Cigare
ttetobaccoi
sknowntoc auseavari
etyofres
pir
atorydi
seas
es.Smokingofci
gar
ett
es
hasalinktodiseas
essuchas
:lungc a
ncer,
heartdi
sease
,highbl
oodpressur
e ,
emphyse
ma
andbronchiti
s.Thethre
ema i
ningredie
nts,ca
rbonmonox i
de,
tarandnic
otinehav
eadver
se
effe
ctsonther e
spir
ator
ysurf
ace s
,andthi
sc a
nleadtoreduce
dlungfuncti
on.

Smok
ingl
egi
sl
ati
oni
nSout
hAf
ri
ca
SouthAfr
icains
tit
ute
dt heTobacc
oPr oduct
sCont
rol
Act.Thi
sle
gis
lat
ionl
i
mi t
st heha
bit
s
ofsmoker
sa ndisai
meda tprot
ect
ingc hi
l
drena
ndnon-s
mokersf
romthedangersof
ci
garet
tesmok e
.Lawsthatarei
nplacea r
e:
• Nos
mok
ingi
npubl
i
cpl
ace
sli
ker
est
aur
ant
s
• Noa
dve
rti
si
ngorpr
omot
ionoft
oba
ccopr
oduc
ts
• He
alt
hwa
rni
ngsv
isi
bl
eonpa
cka
gingofc
iga
ret
tes
• Ni
cot
inea
ndt
arc
ont
entt
oappe
aronpa
cka
ging
Me
mbe
rsoft
hepubl
i
ctha
tbr
eakt
hes
ela
wsa
rel
i
abl
eforhe
avyf
ine
s.
Theint
roduc
tionoftheele
ctroni
core-c
iga
ret
te,ha
salsoc
reat
edc ont
rov
ersy
.Ther
eis
ongoi
ngrese
archtode t
erminetheef
fec
tsoft
hishabi
tonres
pir
atoryhea
lthf
ort
hesmoke
r
aswell
asthegenera
l publ
ic
.

Ar
ti
fi
ci
alr
espi
rat
iona
ndr
esus
cit
ati
on(
CPR)

Ape r
sonwhoha sstoppedbre a
thingandisnon-r
esponsi
veneedsurge
nta t
tention.The r
e
arema nyreas
onswhyt hissi
tuati
ona r
ise
s.Itmaybec a
usedbyahe ar
tattack,
dr owning,
ele
ctr
icshocka ndevenc hoki
ng.Thepe r
soncannotbreat
heforthemsel
vesandwi llneed
thei
rlungstobev enti
latedarti
fi
ci
a l
l
y.Thiscanbedonebymout htomout hresusci
t a
tionor
withav ent
il
ator.Chestc ompress
ionsals
one e
dtobea ppl
ie
d.
3i
mpor
tants
teps(
A,Ba
ndC)c
anbeus
edt
oas
sis
tape
rsoni
nthi
ssi
tua
tion:

A Ai
rwa
y–ope
nthea
irwa
y.Li
ftt
hehe
ada
ndt
il
tthec
hin

B Br
eat
hing–c
hec
kbr
eat
hinga
ndi
fnotbr
eat
hinga
ppl
yCPR

CCPR–30compr
ess
ions
:2br
eat
hs.
Cont
inueunt
ilhe
lpa
rri
ves