— C AL II FOR L IFE SCIENCES —
MAT 1332
This notes are intended for the use of students registered in MAT 1332.
You may print this notes to write on them (or save a copy to use with a device).
Organization: The book is divided into Chapters, and each Chapter contains certain Sec-
tions (based on the outline).
Topics in MAT 1332 are best understood by solving a variety of problems. The theorems
and definitions from your lecture notes will make more sense after you’ve spent some time
working on a variety of concrete examples.
Remember: on midterms/exams, you need to have practiced enough to solve problems
without needing to consult your notes, and in a limited amount of time. Prepare yourself
with plenty of math exercises.
Last updated on May 20, 2021
THIS BOOK BELONGS TO
1
Chapter 1 – Arctan function and Partial Fractions.
Section 1 ARCTAN.
π π sin(x)
Recall that the tangent function tan : (− , ) → R is given by tan(x) = , so set up your
2 2 cos(x)
calculator in Radians MODE.
0 cos(x) cos(x) − sin(x)(− sin(x)) 1
You know its derivative by Quotient Rule: tan (x) = 2
= =
cos (x) cos2 (x)
sec2 (x) > 0. So the tangent is increasing. Its graph is on the left:
It is one-to-one (see its graph), so the inverse exists. It is denoted by tan−1 (x) = arctan(x) : R →
π π
(− , ). See its graph above on the right.
2 2
Being inverses to each other one has: tan−1 (tan(x)) = x for all in x in the domain of the tangent.
Apply chain rule and get (it is implicit differentiation):
1
(tan−1 )0 (tan(x))×(tan(x))0 = 1, so (tan−1 )0 (tan(x)) = 1, now isolate and get: (tan−1 )0 (tan(x)) =
cos2 (x)
cos2 (x). SET tan(x) = y, and we have:
cos2 (x) cos2 (x) 1 1 1
(tan−1 )0 (y) = cos2 (x) = = 2 = sin(x)
= 2
= .
1 2
cos (x) + sin (x) 1 + ( cos(x) )2 1 + (tan(x)) 1 + y2
WOW, long exercise?!
1
FORMULA: (tan−1 )0 (x) = MEMORIZE it! For us the other way is more important:
1 + x2
1
dx = tan−1 (x) + C. Memorize it!
R
FORMULA:
1 + x2
Section 2 Partial Fractions.
It is a method of integration! First the building blocks:
R 1
a) dx = ln |x + a| + C, here: no absolute value in solutions: we cut marks! :(
x+a
1
dx = tan−1 (x) + C Hahaha
R
b)
1 + x2
R x ln(x2 + 1)
c) dx = + C Use a simple SUB: u = x2 + 1.
1 + x2 2
P (x)
Next: observe that in integrals above we have fractions: where P, Q are polynomials, and
Q(x)
MORE important:
the degree of P < degree of Q.
2
R P (x)
Our plan is to be able to integrate dx, by splitting this fraction in simpler fractions, such
Q(x)
that we use the blocks above and other methods of integration. Got it?
Step 1. If the degree of P ≥ degree of Q, then perform the long division (divide P by Q to arrive
P (x) R(x)
at = C(x) + WITH degree of r < degree of Q.)
Q(x) Q(x)
STEP 2. Factor the denominator, Q(x), and
i) assume you have distinct real roots: Q(x) = a(x − x1 )(x − x2 ), here x1 6= x2 . In this case split as
P (x) k l
follows: = + . It is our task to find the NUMBERS k, l, and then use block a) 2
Q(x) x − x1 x − x2
times.
P (x) k
ii) assume one repeated root of Q(x) = a(x − x1 )2 ; Then one has the split: = +
Q(x) x − x1
l
. It is our task to find the NUMBERS k, l, and then use block a) for the first integral, and
(x − x1 )2
a POWER rule + SUB for the second integral.
P (x) a1 a2 an
Imagine now Q(x) = a(x − x1 )n ; Then = + 2
+ ··· + . That is the
Q(x) x − x1 (x − x1 ) (x − x1 )n
splitting this case...
iii) assume Q(x) has NO real ROOTS, then complete the square in Q(x), and use a combination of
b), a), c) + SUB. THE IDEA IS:
kx + l
IF Q(x) = ax2 + bx + c is in case iii), its contribution in the spiltting is: , where we
ax2
+ bx + c
need to find k and l by solving a system. See the last exc in today’s lecture!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
IF Q(x) = (ax2 + bx + c)n is in case iii), its contribution in the spiltting is:
k1 x + l1 kn x + ln
2
+ ··· + , where we need to find ALL kn and ln by solving a system.
ax + bx + c (ax + bx + c)n
2
Now it is time to try ourselves exercises that you love so much.
R x2 + 1
Ex 1. Find dx.
x−1
Solution: We need long division. We get:
R x2 + 1 R 2 x2
dx = x + 1 + dx = + x + 2 ln |x − 1| + C
x−1 x−1 2
R 2x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 4
Ex2. Find dx.
x2 + 1
Solution: We need long division. We get:
R 2x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 4 1
dx = x2 + 3x + tan−1 (x) + C.
R
dx = 2x + 3 +
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
R 2x + 1
Ex 3. Find dx.
x2 + x − 2
Solution: NO LONG divison! We factor x2 + x − 2 = (x − 1)(x + 2), so we are in Real Distinct roots
case!
2x + 1 2x + 1 A B A(x + 2) + B(x − 1) x(A + B) + 2A − B
We split: 2 = = + = = .
x +x−2 (x − 1)(x + 2) x−1 x+2 (x − 1)(x + 2) (x − 1)(x + 2)
3
Identify: 2x + 1 = x(A + B) + 2A − B. HENCE:
2 = A + B,
1 = 2A − B.
From the first equation one gets: A = 2 − B. Plug it in the second one: 1 = 2(2 − B) − B, or
1 − 4 = −3B, so B = 1. NOW find A = 2 − B = 2 − 1 = 1.
R 1 1
OUR integral is now: + dx = ln |x − 1| + ln |x + 2| + C.
x−1 x+2
R x+5
Ex 4. Find 2
dx.
x − 4x + 4
x+5 x+5
Solution: NO LONG divison! We factor: 2 = . SO REAL repeated root case!
x − 4x + 4 (x − 2)2
x+5 A B A(x − 2) + B xA − 2A + B
We split: 2
= + 2
= 2
= .
(x − 2) x − 2 (x − 2) (x − 2) (x − 2)2
Identify: x + 5 = xA − 2A + B, HENCE
1 = A,
5 = −2A + B. THIS Last equation gives B = 5 + 2A = 5 + 2 = 7 YAHOOOOO!
1 7
dx = ln |x − 2| + 7 (x − 2)−2 dx =
R R
Our Integral is now: dx + 2
x−2 (x − 2)
(x − 2)−1
ln |x − 2| + 7 + C by POWER rule! The result can be written as ln |x − 2| − 7(x − 2)−1 + C
−1
Who is crying?
R 3x + 2
Ex 5. Find dx.
x2 − 2x + 5
Solution: NO LONG divison! We CAN NOT factor!!!! So no real roots case! We shall complete
the square: Recall your childhood:
a2 ± 2ab + b2 = (a ± b)2 .
R 3x + 2 R 3x + 2 R 3x + 2
We have: 2
dx = 2 2 2
dx = dx = pay ATTENTION
x − 2x + 5 x − 2x1 + 1 − 1 + 5 (x − 1)2 + 4
R 3x + 2 1 R 3x + 2
= dx = dx NOW we need a clever SUB:
4(( x−1
2
)2 + 1) 4 ( x−1
2
)2 + 1
x−1 du 1 x−1
Let u = , hence = , or 2du = dx. What is more important is this: FROM u = ONE
2 dx 2 2
GETS BY ISOLATION THAT: x = 2u + 1. Hence 3x + 2 = 3(2u + 1) + 2 = 6u + 5 WOW
1 R 6u + 5 1 R 6u + 5 1 R u R 1
Our integral is in fact now: 2du = du = 6 du + 5 du =
4 u2 + 1 2 u2 + 1 2 u2 + 1 u2 + 1
1 ln(u2 + 1) 3 x−1 2 5 x−1
+ 5 tan−1 (u) + C = ln ( ) + 1 + tan−1 (
6 )+C
2 2 2 2 2 2
Hard exercise? Easy exercise?
The Punisher is Crying...
R x2 − 2
Ex 6. Find dx.
x2 − 3x + 2
4
R x2 − 2 R 3x − 4
Solution: One needs long division! We have: 2
dx = 1 + 2 dx = x +
x − 3x + 2 x − 3x + 2
R 3x − 4
2
dx. We factor the bottom: x2 − 3x + 2 = (x − 1)(x − 2). Hence
x − 3x + 2
3x − 4 3x − 4 A B A(x − 2) + B(x − 1) x(A + B) − 2A − B
= = + = =
x2 − 3x + 2 (x − 1)(x − 2) x−1 x−2 (x − 1)(x − 2) (x − 1)(x − 2)
The tops are the same: 3x − 4 = x(A + B) − 2A − B. HENCE we have a system:
3 = A + B,
−4 = −2A − B.
The first equation gives: A = 3 − B, so plug it in the second: −4 = −2(3 − B) − B, which gives:
B = 2, and in turn this gives A = 3 − 2 = 1.
R 3x − 4 R 1 R 2
OUR famous integral is: x + 2
dx = x + dx + dx =
x − 3x + 2 x−1 x−2
x + ln |x − 1| + 2 ln |x − 2| + C.
R 2x2 − x + 4
Ex 7. Find dx.
x3 + 4x
Solution: Factor as follows: x3 + 4x = x(x2 + 4), and that is it.
2x2 − x + 4 A Bx + C A(x2 + 4) + x(Bx + c)
Next: = + = , so
x3 + 4x x x2 + 4 x(x2 + 4)
2x2 − x + 4 = x2 (A + B) + Cx + 4A, hence we get a system to solve:
A+B =2
C = −1
4A = 4.
The last eq gives A = 1, and from the first one one gets: B = 1.
R 1 R x−1 R x−1 R x−1
Our Integral becomes: dx + dx = ln |x| + dx = ln |x| + dx =
x 2
x +4 2
x +4 4(( x2 )2 + 1)
1 R 2u − 1
ln |x| + 2du=
4 u2 + 1
x du
based on a sub: u = where = 1/2, so 2du = dx. Note here: x = 2u.
2 dx
so we continue here:
1 R u R 1
= ln |x| + 4 du − 2 du =
4 u2 + 1 u2 + 1
= ln |x| + ( 21 ) ln(u2 + 1) − ( 12 tan−1 (u) + C =
x x
= ln |x| + ( 12 ) ln(( )2 + 1) − ( 21 ) tan−1 ( ) + C
2 2
