LAB MANUAL

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Academic Year : 2025 – 2026 (ODD)

BATCH : 2022 – 2026

18ECE021J -FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION

VII – Semester B.E

Prepared By Approved by

Dr.P.Ramakrishnan HoD/ECE

Dr.P.T.Sivagurunathan

Dr.K.Sheikdavood

Dr.V.Mariselvam

Dr.D.Mercy

Dr.T.L.Kayathri

Mrs.P.Sanmugavalli

Mrs.P.Rakhasudha
 M.KUMARASAMY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)

KARUR – 639 113

CERTIFICATE

Register Number:

Certified that this is the Bonafide record of work done by

Selvan / Selvi ___________________________________________ of the Seventh semester

B.E - Electronics and Communication Engineering branch during the year 20 - 20 in the

Optical and Microwave Laboratory.

Staff in-charge Head of the Department

Submitted for the End Semester Practical Examination on ………………..

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 Contents
S.No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

1 Vision, Mission, PEO’s, PO’s and PSO’s

2 Instructions to Students

3 List of Experiments

4 CO – PO’s / PSO’s mapping

Lab Experiments

Ex. Name of the Experiment

Page No.
No.
Measurement of Numerical Aperture and Coupling efficiency
1 (Angular and Lateral) in Optical Fiber.

Attenuation losses and Bending losses in single mode optical

2 fiber.

DC Characteristics of LED Diode.

3
DC Characteristics of LASER Diode.
4
DC Characteristics of PIN Diode. .
5
Data Communication using Single Mode Fiber Optic System.
6
Pulse Width Modulation and Demodulation using fiber optic
7 System.

Transmission of different wavelengths using WDM and De-

8 Multiplexing.

Transmission and Reception of TDM signals using fiber optic

9 System.

Eye pattern measurement

10
 Vision and Mission of the Institute and Department

Vision
To emerge as a leader among the top institutions in the field of technical education.
Mission
 Produce smart technocrats with empirical knowledge who can surmount the global
challenges.
 Create a diverse, fully-engaged, learner-centric campus environment to provide quality
education to the students.
 Maintain mutually beneficial partnerships with our alumni, industry and professional
associations.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Vision
To empower the Electronics and Communication Engineering students with Emerging
Technologies, Professionalism, Innovative Research and Social Responsibility.
Mission
 Attain the academic excellence through innovative teaching learning process, research areas
& laboratories and Consultancy projects.
 Inculcate the students in problem solving and lifelong learning ability.
 Provide entrepreneurial skills and leadership qualities.
 Render the technical knowledge and industrial skills of faculties

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO'S)

 PEO1: Graduate will have successful career in academia or industry associated with
Electronics and Communication Engineering.
 PEO2: Graduates will provide feasible solution for the challenging problems through
comprehensive research and innovation in the allied areas of Electronics and
Communication Engineering.
 PEO3 : Graduates will contribute to the social needs through lifelong learning practicing
professional ethics and leadership quality.
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES(PO'S)
 PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems
 PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences
 PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations
 PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions
 PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations
 PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge
to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice
 PO7: Environment and sustainability:Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development
 PO8: Ethics :Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice
 PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member
or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings
 PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and
give and receive clear instructions
 PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments
  PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES(PSO'S)

 PSO1: Applying knowledge in various areas, like Electronics, Communications, Signal
processing, VLSI, Embedded systems etc., in the design and implementation of Engineering
application.
 PSO2: Able to solve complex problems in Electronics and Communication Engineering
with analytical and managerial skills either independently or in team using latest hardware
and software tools to fulfil the industrialexpectations.
 Instructions to Students

DO’s

 Keep silence inside the lab.

 Wear the Shoes and Uniform regularly.
 Stay in your seat in laboratory.
 Handle the computer or equipment’s with care.
 Switch off the kits and microwave power supply while not in use.
 Place the chair and other accessories in good order while leaving lab.
 Take care of your holdings with care.

DON’Ts

 Usage of Mobile phones inside the laboratory

 Consuming Food or Drinks in the laboratory.
 Accessing someone else’s account, directory, private files, or e-mail without permission
from the owner.
 Violating lab and systems policies, procedures, and protocol.
 Throwing papers and waste inside the laboratory.
 Scribble on Work benches.
 List of Experiments

Ex.No. Name of the Experiments

Measurement of Numerical Aperture and Coupling efficiency (Angular and Lateral) in

1
Optical Fiber.
2 Attenuation losses and Bending losses in single mode optical fiber.
3 DC Characteristics of LED Diode.
4 DC Characteristics of LASER Diode.
5 DC Characteristics of PIN Diode. .
6 Study of Data Communication using Single Mode Fiber Optic System.

7 Pulse Width Modulation and Demodulation using fiber optic System.

8 Transmission of different wavelengths using WDM and De-Multiplexing by

Optisystem software.
9 Transmission and Reception of TDM signals using fiber optic System.

10 Eye pattern measurement

Content beyond the syllabus (Additional experiments)

Ex.No. Name of the Experiment

Attenuation losses and Bending losses in single mode optical fiber by using
1
Optisystem software.
2 DC Characteristics of LED Diode by Optisystem software.
 18ECE021J FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION
Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes and program specific outcomes

CO-PO Mapping

Pos PSOs

Cos

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2

Realize basic 3 2 1 - - - - - - 1 - 1 3 2
elements in
optical fibers,
different
modes and
configurations.

Summarize the
3 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 3 2
signal
degradation
factors in
optical fibers

List the
3 2 1 - 1 - - - - - - - 3 2
characteristics
of LED and
Laser diodes
structures

Discuss the
3 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 3 2
error sources in
optical
detectors

Describe the 3 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 3 2
different types
of digital
transmission
systems

3 2 1 1 1 - - - - 1 - 1 3 2
CO (Avg)

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High)

 Ex.No. 1 MEASUREMENT OF NUMERICAL APERTURE AND COUPLING
EFFICIENCY( ANGULAR AND LATERAL) IN OPTICAL FIBER.
Date:

Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to measure the Numerical Aperture of a plastic fiber provided
with kit using 660nm wavelength LED

Apparatus Required:

 AL-DL TX and Rx kit

 Power supply
 1-m fiber cable
 NA Jig
 Ruler

Theory:

NA refers to maximum angle of which the light incident on the fiber is normally reflected
and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone formed by the rotation of this angle along the
fiber axis is the cone acceptance of the fiber. The light ray should strike the fiber end within its cone
of acceptance; else it is reflected out of the cone.
CONSIDERATION IN NA MEASUREMENT:

 It’s important that the optical source should be properly aligned with the cable and the
distance from the launched point and the cable has to be properly selected to ensure that the
maximum amount of optical power is transferred to the cable.
 This experiment is best performed in a less illuminated beam.

Coupling efficiency
The maximum coupling efficiency of a fiber ɳ max is determined by fiber size..For a fiber core
radius ‘a’ and numerical aperture NA the maximum coupling efficiency ɳ max is given by

(a/rs)2 for rs / a > NA

ɳ max =

1 for rs / a <= NA

(or )

ɳ= (Pf/Ps)=(NA)2
The Coupling efficiency is defined as a measure of amout of power emitted from an
optical source that can be coupled in to a fiber Hence Pf is the power coupled into the fiber
Psource(Ps) is the power emitted from the source
 Block Diagram:

Tabulation / Observation:

S.N Vertical Horizontal Vertical Radius of Numerical Acceptace Coupling

Diameter Diameter Distance the Beam Aperture Angle Efficiency
ɳ= (Pf/Ps)=(NA)2
(MR) (RN) (d) r=(MR+RN)/4 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑟/√𝑑2 + 𝑟 2
𝛳𝑎 =sin_1 Na
Procedure:

 Slightly unscrew the cap of the screw of SFH LED 756V (660nm).Do not remove the cap
from the connector .Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap and screwing it
back.

 Connect the power chord to the AL-DL kit and switch on the power supply

 Insert the other end the fiber to the NA jig. Adjust the fiber such that its cut face is
perpendicular to the axis of fiber.

 Keep the distance of about 10mm between the fiber tip and the screen .Gently tighten the
screw and thus fix the fiber in the place.

 Now observe the illuminated circular path of light on the graph paper.

 Measure exactly the distance’s’ and also the vertical and horizontal diameter MR and PN
shown in fig.

 Mean radius is calculated using the following formula.

ɵa is the acceptance angle and the parameter NA=sinɵa is the Numerical aperture

ɵa is the acceptance angle

Calculate the numerical aperture and acceptance angle for a silica-glass fiber with n1=1 1.475 and
n2= 1.460. calculate the Acceptance angle of an optical fiber.

Θ max – Angle of maximum at which the light incident is properly transmitted through the fiber.

Result:

Thus the Numerical apreature and coupling frequency of given plastic fiber was measured.
Viva Voce Questions:

1. What is Angle of Incidence?

The Angle between ray and the normal to a reflecting or refracting surface

2. Define Numerical Aperture

A characteristic parameter of any given fiber’s light gathering capability defined by the sine of
half angle over which a fiber can accept light. It is multiplied by the refractive index of the
medium containing the light .

3. What are the important specifications of an optical fiber?

(i)Numerical aperture (NA)
(ii) Core diameter
(iii) V-number
(iv) Material of the fiber
(v) Attenuation
(vi) Core refractive index profile (step index or graded index)

4. Which are the different types of fibers?

(i) Plastic fiber
(ii) Glass fiber
(iii) Plastic clad glass fiber
(iv) Halide glass fiber

5. What is the basic structure of a modern optical fiber?

The modern optical fiber consists of an optical rod core coated with a cladding. The core and the
cladding have different optical characteristics.

Signature of the Faculty with Date

 Ex.No. 2 ATTENUATION LOSSES AND BENDING LOSSES IN SINGLE
MODE OPTICAL FIBER.
Date:

Aim

To measure the Attenuation in plastic fiber for three different wavelengths of 660nm and
also measure the bending loss.

Apparatus Required:

 LINK-A kit
 20MHz dual oscilloscope
 1 MHz function generator
 1M and 3M fiber cable.
 Power supply.
Theory:

In optical fiber, the signal is transmitted in the form of light, which is completely different
in nature as that of electrons, one has to consider the interaction of matter with radiation to study
the losses in fiber. Optical fibers are available in different variety of materials. These are the
materials usually taking into account their absorption characteristic for different wavelength of
lights. Losses are introduced in fiber due to various reasons. As a light propagate from one end to
other end of the, part of is it absorbed in the material exhibiting absorption loss. Also part of the
light is reflected back or in some other direction from the impurity particle present in material
contributing the loss of signal at the other end of fiber. The general term of it is known as
propagation loss.

Attenuation is a measure of decay of signal strength or loss of light power that occurs as
light pulses propagate through the length of the fiber. The rate at which light is absorbed is
dependent on the wavelength of the light and the characteristics of particular glass. Glass is a silicon
compound, by adding different additional chemicals to the basic silicon dioxide the optical
properties of the glass can be changed. Attenuation loss is measured in dB/km

10 𝑃(0)
The Attenuation 𝛼𝑝 = 𝑍 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑃(𝑍) dB/km

where P(0)- is the optical power in a fiber at the origin (at z=0)

P(Z) - is the optical power at the end of the fiber (at z=L km)Radiative losses occur whenever
an optical fiber undergoes a bend of finite radius of curvature. Fibers can be subjected to two types
of bends: (a) Macroscopic loss (having a larger radii than that of the fiber diameter) (b) Microscopic
loss (random microscopic bends of the fiber axis)
Connection Block diagram :
 Tabulation / Observation:

ATTENUATION LOSS:

S.N Length of Wavelength 660 nm

the Fiber Vin Vout (Volt) Attenuation Loss Attenuation
(Volt) (dB) Coefficient(dB/m)
𝑽𝟐
𝑽 𝜶𝒅𝑩
𝜶𝑳 =20𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑽𝟏 dB
𝑽𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝑽
=(𝑳 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝑽𝟏
𝟐 −𝑳𝟏 𝟐

Model Graph:
BENDING LOSS:

Vin = 1V

S.N Diameter Radius of the Output Voltage Bending loss=

(cm) Fiber(cm) (With Bending)
Vo (V) 20 log (Vo/Vin)
dB/cm

Model Graph: Bending Loss Vs Bending radius

Procedure:

 Slightly unscrew the cap of the LED .Do not remove the cap from the connector. Once the
cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap and assure that the fiber is properly fixed. Now
tight the cap by screwing it back. Keep pot P3 at minimum position (fully anticlockwise).

 Make the jumper settings as shown in the fig .Connect the power supply cable with proper
polarity to kit. While connecting ensures that the power supply is OFF.

 Set the sine wave with 1 kHz,2Vp-p amplitude and connect it to IN post of the Analog
Buffer.

 Connect the other end of the fiber to detector SFH 250V RX1.

 Observe the output signal from the detector at Anlog OUT post on CRO by adjusting
INTENSITY pot P3 in the kit. Note done the voltage V1.

 Replace 1 Meter fiber by 3 Meter without disturbing the previous set up, note the output
voltage V2

 Calculate the Attenuation α for the wavelength of 950nm of the fiber using the formula

 Same can be repeated for Attenuation α for the wavelength of 660 nm

 Compare the values of the Attenuation α for the wavelength of 950 and 660nm, which has
less attenuation.
Bending Loss:
 Repeat the above step 1 to 5
 Bend the fiber in loop and measure the diameter /radius of the loop and note the output
voltage
 Find the output voltage for different diameter of fiber loop.
 Plot the graph

Result:

Thus the propagation loss was studied and the graph was plotted.
Viva Voce Questions:

1. What is meant by attenuation in optical fiber?

Attenuation is the rate at which the signal light decreases in intensity.
2.What causes attenuation in optical fiber?
The attenuation of the optical fiber is a result of two factors, absorption and scattering. The
absorption is caused by the absorption of the light and conversion to heat by molecules in the
glass. The largest cause of attenuation is scattering.

3. What are the different types of losses in optical fiber?

Intrinsic Optical Fiber Losses comprise of absorption loss, dispersion loss and scattering
loss caused by the structural defects. Extrinsic Optical Fiber Losses contains splicing loss,
connector loss, and bending loss

4.What is Macro Bend Losses and Micro Bend Losses?

Macro bending losses occur when the fiber cable is subjected to a significant amount of bending
above a critical value of curvature. Such losses are also called as large radius losses.

Microbending attenuation of an optical fiber relates to the light signal loss associated with lateral
stresses along the length of the fiber. The loss is due to the coupling from the fiber's guided
fundamental mode to lossy, higher-order radiation modes.

5.What are The Mechanisms Of Losses Occurs In Optical Fiber?

 Absorption (fiber material).
 Scattering (fiber material + structural imperfection).
 Radiative effects.
 Pulse broadening.

Signature of the Faculty with Date

 Ex.No. 3
DC Characteristics of LED
Date:

Aim:
To study the DC characteristic of fiber optic LED
Apparatus Required:

 LINK-B Fiber optic trainer kit

 20MHz dual oscilloscope

 1m fiber cable.

 Ammeter

 Voltmeter

 Jumper crocodile clips

Theory:

In fiber optic communication system, electrical signal is converted into optical signal by E/O
conversion device as LED. After this conversion optical signal is transmitted through the optical
fiber, its retrieved in its original format by O/E conversion device as photo detector. Different
technologies employed in the fabrication lead to significant variation in parameter for the various
emitter diodes .All the receiver distinguished themselves of offering high output power coupled with
plastic fiber .Datasheets of LEDs usually specify electrical and optical characteristic ,out of which
the impartment ones are peak wave length of emission ,efficiency ,optical rise and fall time which
put the limitations on operating frequency ,maximum forward current through LED and typical
forward voltage across LED.

Photo detectors usually come in variety of forms like photoconductive, photovoltaic,

transistor type output. Here also characteristic can be taken in account are response time of detector,
which puts the limitation on the operating frequency, wavelength sensitivity and responsively.
Block Diagram:

Model Graph

Tabulation

SL.NO V Forward (V) I Forward (ma) Pi=V*I (mw) Po=Pi*1015% (µw)

Procedure:

1. Confirm that the power is in OFF position and then connect it to the kit.
2. Make the jumper settings and connections as shown in the block diagram.
3. Insert the jumper connecting wires in jumper JP1, JP2 and JP3 at positions as shown in the
diagram.
4. Connect the ammeter and voltmeter with the jumper wires connected to JP2 and JP3 with
jumper at R16 as shown in the block diagram.
5. Keep switch SW1 in analog position.
6. Keep the potentiometer P5 in anti-clockwise rotation. It is used to control intensity of laser
diode.
7. Connect OUT PIN post to INPUT PIN post of the transmitter.
8. Switch on the Power supply
9. To get VI characteristics of Laser diode, rotate P5 slowly and measure the current and
corresponding Voltage at JP2 and JP3 respectively.
10. Take number of such readings for various current values and plot VI characteristics

Result:

Thus the characteristic of fiber optic LED was studied.

Viva Voce Questions:

1. What are the difference between LED and Laser diode?

LED
(a) Optical output is incoherent
(b) No optical cavity exists for wavelength selectivity
(c) No spatial and temporal coherence
(d) The output radiation has a broad spectral width
Laser Diode
(a) Optical output is nearly coherent
(b) The optical energy is produced in an optical resonant cavity
(c) Optical energy has spatial and temporal coherence
(d) The output beam has very directional and narrow spectral width

2. How is the frequency response of an LED limited?

The frequency response of an LED is limited by its diffusion capacitance because of the
storage of injected carriers in the active region of the diode.

3. What is LED?
Acronym of light Emitting Diode, a semiconductor device which emits light from a p-n
junction (when biased with an electrical current) Light may exit from the junction strip
edge or from its surface (depending on device structure).

4. LED are suitable for which applications

 LEDs are suited for short range narrow and medium bandwidth links.
 Suitable for digital systems up to 140 Mb/sec.
 Long distance analog links.

5. Define Quantum Efficiency

The internal quantum efficiency (ηint) is defined as the ratio of radiative recombination
rate to the total recombination rate.

Signature of the Faculty with Date

 Ex.No. 4
DC Characteristics of LASER Diode
Date:

Aim:

To study the DC characteristic of Laser Diode

Apparatus Required:

 Fiber Link-E kit

 Glass Fiber Cable with ST connector: 1 No

 Ammeter

 Voltmeter

 Patch Cords

 Power Supply

Theory:

LASER diode is a semiconductor diode which is capable of producing a lasing action by

applying a potential difference across a modified PN junction. This modified PN junction is heavily
doped and contained within a cavity thus providing the gain medium for LASER. The built-in photo
diode senses the light sent from the Laser diode and the output of this Photodiode can be used as
feedback for controlling the current through the Laser diode. The three main characteristics of laser
is that it is coherent, dierctional and monochromatic. Laser is a light of single wavelength or colour,
Laser is a narrow beam that is emitted in a specifi direction and Laser lights are in phase in space
and time.

The laser diode’s forward voltage is about 1.5 V. And the forward voltage is affected by the
operating temperature.
Block Diagram

Model
graph:

Model Graph

Tabulation / Observation: VI CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER DIODE:

S.NO I(mA) V(Volt)

Procedure:
1. Confirm that the power is in OFF position and then connect it to the kit.
2. Make the jumper settings and connections as shown in the block diagram.
3. Insert the jumper connecting wires in jumper JP1, JP2 and JP3 at positions as shown in the
diagram.
4. Connect the ammeter and voltmeter with the jumper wires connected to JP2 and JP3 with
jumper at R16 as shown in the block diagram.
5. Keep switch SW1 in analog position.
6. Keep the potentiometer P5 in anti-clockwise rotation. It is used to control intensity of laser
diode.
7. Connect ANALOG OUT post to ANALOG IN post of the transmitter.
8. Switch on the Power supply
9. To get VI characteristics of Laser diode, rotate P5 slowly and measure the current and
corresponding Voltage at JP2 and JP3 respectively.
10. Take number of such readings for various current values and plot VI characteristics

Result:

Thus the characteristic of LASER DIODE was studied.

Viva Voce Questions:

1. What is a LASER?
Acronym of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation A device that
produces monochromatic coherent light through stimulated emission most lasers used in fiber
optic communication is a solid-state semiconductor device

2. What are the three types of Laser diode structures?

1. Gain indexed guide
2. Positive indexed guide
3. Negative indexed guide

3. What are single mode lasers?

Single mode lasers contain only a single longitudinal mode and a single transverse mode.
Consequently, the spectral width of the optical emission is very narrow.

4. Define extinction ratio.

It is defined as the ratio of the optical power ouput of a fiber corresponding to binary ‘0’ pulse to
power output corresponding to a binary '1’ pulse.

5. What does the term coherent refer to in the optical fiber communication?
Coherent refers to any technique employing nonlinear mixing between two optical waves.

Signature of the Faculty with Date

 Ex.No. 5
DC Characteristics of PIN Diode
Date:

Aim:

To study the DC characteristic of PIN Diode

Apparatus Required:

 Fiber Link-B kit

 1 Meter Fiber Cable

 Ammeter

 Voltmeter

 Patch Cords

 Power Supply

 Jumper to Crocidile connectors

Theory:
If a photon having adequate energy[should be greater than the band gap] is absorbed by a p-
n junction, an electron will be transferred to the conduction band, thereby forming a hole in the
valence band. As a result, an open circuit voltage is created and a current will flow, provided the
circuit is closed through a load resistor. In case of reverse bias p-n junction, the transit time can be
made small and it will produce current linearly proportional to the incident photon energy. The
frequency response can be improved if the p-n junction is separated by an intrinsic region. The
introduction of the intrinsic region decreases the junction capacitance. This is called ‘Positive
Intrinsic Negative’[PIN] photo diode. For high frequency operation, the PIN diode can be made as
small as practical, to match the size of the spot of the optical beam.
Block Diagram:

Model Graph:
Tabulation / Observation:

CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER DIODE

Sl.No Vf If Electrical Optical Output Responsivity

Forward Forward Power Power of Current of
Voltage of Current of (V*I) LED 756V SFH350 R= 0.8mA*Po
LED LED (mW) Po=Pi (mA) ___________

10 µW
SFH756 SFH756 (µW)
(A/W)
(V) (V)
Procedure:

1. Make the jumper and switch settings as shown in jumper diagram shown in
blockdiagram

2. Keep Bias control pot P1 towards maximum position and the P2 towards minimum
position.

3. Connect the voltmeter and ammeter with proper polarities to the jumper as shown in
block diagram.

4. Connect 1m fiber optic cable between LED (TX1) SFH756V and detector RX1
SFH250V.

5. Switch on the supply and measure the corresponding forward current of the LED (TX1)
as per the table as in fig.

6. We can observe that as the incident optical power on detector increases, current flowing
through the detector increases.

Result:

Thus the characteristic of PIN Diode was studied.

Viva Voce Questions:

1. What is PIN Diode?

A diode with a wide and undoped intrinsic semiconductor region between a p-type and an
n-type semiconductor region.

2. How many layers of semiconductors are there in PIN diode?

There are three layers of semiconductors and they are p-type and n-type which are narrow
and an intrinsic layer which is a thick region.

3. What are the drawbacks of avalanche photo diode.

 Fabrication difficulty due to their more complex structure.
 Cost is high
 High bias voltage is required.
 The random nature of photo diode gives an additional noise.

4. When does the PIN diode act as a variable capacitor and variable resistor?
It acts as a variable capacitor when it is reverse biased and it acts as a variable resistor when
it is forward biased.

5. Why PIN diode is a photosensitive diode?

An intrinsic layer that is sandwiched between p and n layers. This gives a larger surface area
making it compatible for photosensitivity. Reverse bias causes an increased depleted region
in a PIN diode

Signature of the Faculty with Date

 Ex.No. 6 STUDY OF DATA COMMUNICATION USING SINGLE MODE
FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM.
Date:

Aim To study the data communication system using a fiber optic system

Apparatus Required:

 LINK-A kit

 20MHz dual oscilloscope

 1 MHz function generator

 1m fiber cable.

Theory:

The LED and Fiber and detector can be configured for the digital application to transmit the
binary data over fiber. The basic elements are transmitter, receiver and fiber.

Transmitter:The information signal to be transmitted may be voice, video or computer data from
one location to other location with high degree of reliability and accuracy.The first step is to convert
the information into a form compatible with the communications medium.In the case the
information source provides an electrical signal to the transmitter.They also convert the non-
electrical message into an electrical signal. Transmitter which contains Drive circuit and Light
source with associated electronic control & modulation circuitry. The light source has two main
functions- Converts electrical to Optical Signal and carrier Modulation.The electrical input signals
to the transmitter can be either of an analog or of a digital form. The transmitter circuitry converts
these electrical signals to an optical signal by varying the current flow through the light source, ie.
the light output is modulated by varying the input at desired transmission rate to produce optical
signal. Since a linear variations in a drive current result in a corresponding linear change in the
optical output power, an optical source is called square-law device( Operating point is set in linear
region).For high data rate signal the direct modulation of the source can lead to unacceptable optical
signal distortion, so external modulator is used to vary the amplitude of continuous light output from
a laser source.LED digital, DC coupled transmitters are one of the most popular variety due to their
ease of fabrication. We have used TTL to drive NPN transistor, which modulates the LED
SFH450VorSFH756V source.
Receiver: The receiver consists of a detector that will detect the optical signal and convert them
into an electrical current.The electrical current developed by the detector is proportional to the
power in the incident optical signal. Detector output current contains the transmitted information.
Photodiodes (p-n ,p-i-n or avalanche) and, in some instance, photo transistors and photo conductors
are utilized for the detection of the signal and the optical-electrical conversion.The electrical signal
is then amplified and restores it to its original form before passing it onto the message
destination.We have used photo detector SFH550Vhaving TTL output. Usually it consists of PIN
photodiode, trans-impedance amplifier and level shifter.

Procedure:

 Slightly unscrew the cap of the LED. Do not remove the cap from the connector, once the
cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tight the cap by screwing it back.

 Make the jumper settings as shown in fig. Connect the power supply cable with proper
polarity with kit. While connecting this, ensure that power supply should be in OFF
condition. Now switch on the supply.

 Feed the onboard square (TTL) signal about 1 kHz to IN post of the buffer section and
observe the signal at its output post. It should be same as the input signal

 Connect the outpost of the buffer section to transmitter section through TX IN post of the
transmitter.

 Connect the other end of the fiber to detector SFH 551V RX2very carefully as per the
instruction in step 1

 Observe the received signal on CRO at TTL outpost. The transmitted signal and received
output signal are same. Vary the frequency of the input signal and observe the output
response.
Block Diagram:

Tabulation / Observation:

Signal Type Amplitude (V) Time (msec)

Input Signal

Ouput Signal
Model Graph

Result:

Thus the fiber optic digital link was studied.

Viva Voce Questions:

1.Define Light Path ?

A connection between two end nodes whose traffic is switched only in the optical domain at
intermediate nodes is referred to as a light path.

2.What are the features of optical fibre.

 On-board TTL generator at variable frequency.
 Input over voltage protection using ICs.
 Transmitter driver supports low and medium frequency input signal.
 Supporting External TTL at variable range (10 Hz to 100 KHz).
 Wide receiving range.

4. What are Demountable Connectors?

These are the removable joints which allow easy, fast manual coupling and uncoupling of fiber
analogous to electrical plugs and sockets.

5.What are the possible Noises occur in Optical Receiver?

 Photo detector noise.
 Quantum noise.
 Dark current noise (bulk dark current, surface dark current).
 Amplifier noise.
 Thermal noise or Johnson noise.

6. Why do we prefer laser diode over LED’s for communication applications?

 High intensity radiation.
 Narrow spectral width of the laser source is the preferable feature of laser compared
to LED

Signature of the Faculty with Date

 Ex.No. 7
STUDY OF PULSE WIDTH MODULATION AND
Date: DEMODULATION

Aim

The objective of this experiment is to study the circuit action of pulse width modulation and
demodulation over fiber optic digital link.

Apparatus Required:

 KIT (FIBER LINK-A)

 20 MHz Dual Channel Oscilloscope
 1-m fiber cable
 Power Supply

Theory:

Pulse Width Modulation:

This technique of modulation controls the variation of duty cycle of the

square wave (with some fundamental frequency) according to the input modulating signal. Here the
amplitude variation of the modulating signal is reflected into ON period variation of square wave.
Hence, it is also called as technique of V to T conversion The generation of a pulse width modulated
signal requires that the amplitude of the input analog signal be sampled periodically. The sampled
amplitude is then converted into a pulse width. The sampling process does not quantize the analog
signal as a PCM digital encoder must, but instead, continually varies the output pulse width.

Pulse Width Demodulation:

The input signal is pulse width modulated, so the ON time of the signal is changing according to the
modulating signal. In this demodulation technique, the PWM signal is applied to an integrator,
whose output is then filtered to obtain original signal. By far the most common scheme for extracting
the signal from PWM pulses is to use low-pass filter. An ideal filter has a very sharp cutoff
characteristic at frequencies above 𝛚s /2π. For multiple signal sources such as voice video and data,
the signals are first frequency division multiplexed electronically. The resulting signal is then
modulated by PWM. A series of bandpass filters is connected to the output of the receiver.
Block Diagram:

Model graph
Tabulation / Observation:

Signal Type Amplitude (V) Time (µsec)

Input Signal

PWM Signal

Output Signal

Procedure:

 Connect the power supply cables with proper polarity to kit. While connecting this, ensure that
the power supply is OFF. Now switch on the power supply.
 Keep all the switch faults in OFF position.
 Keep Jumpers JP2 & JP4 towards +5V position, JP3 towards pulse position, JP5 & JP6 towards
TX1 position.
 Keep Switch SW1 at 100 Hz - 1 kHz.
 Connect SINE post of the Function Generator section to PWM IN post of PWM/ PPM Modulator
Section.
 Keep sine frequency at 1 KHz & amplitude of 2Vp-p.
 Keep Jumpers JP1 at 32 KHz position.
 Observe PWM signal at PWM OUT Post.
 Connect PWM OUT post of PWM/PPM Modulator Section to IN post of Digital Buffer Section.
 Connect OUT post of the Digital Buffer Section to TX IN post of TRANSMITTER.
 Slightly unscrew the cap of SFH756V (660 nm). Do not remove the cap from the connector.
Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tight the cap by screwing it back.
 Keep Switch S3 in TXIN position.
 Connect the other end of fiber to detector SFH551V (Digital Detector) very carefully.
 Observe the received signal over fiber at TTL OUT post. It should be exactly similar to the signal
available at PWM OUT post.
 Slide the switch SW 2 to PWM position.
 Connect this TTL OUT post to PWM DEMOD IN Post in PWM / PPM Demodulator
Section.
 Vary input freq. POT P2 and observe demodulated signal at DEMOD OUT post.
 Connect PWM / PPM DEMOD OUT post to IN post of Filter Section and observe output at its
OUT post which is same as Input signal.
 For Different Sampling frequencies change the jumper cap of JP1 from 32 KHz to the desired
value of frequency. You can observe the PWM output clearly at lower sampling frequency;
demodulated PWM OUT is more distorted at lower sampling frequency.

Result:

Thus the propagation loss was studied and the graph was plotted.
Viva Voce Questions:

1.Explain the principle of PWM?

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is the name of a technique to generate low frequency output
signals from high frequency pulses. Rapidly switching the output voltage of an inverter leg
between the upper and lower DC rail voltages, the low frequency output can be though of as the
average of voltage over a switching period
2. What is the use PWM demodulation
There are two common techniques used for pulse-width demodulation. One method is that
the PWMsignal must first be converted to a pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) signal and then
passed through a low-pass filter. The PWM signal is applied to an integrator and hold circuit.
3. What is the application of PWM.
PWM signals are used for a wide variety of control applications. Their main use is for
controlling DC motors but it can also be used to control valves, pumps, hydraulics, and other
mechanical parts.
4. What are the analog analogies of PAM, PPM and PWM?
PWM system gives a greater signal to noise ratio as compared to PAM but reuires a larger
bandwidth to achieve this. Answer : Pulse position modulation (PPM) is the process in which
the position of a standard pulse is varied as a function of the amplitude of the sampled signal.
5. How is PWM signal generated?
PWM has a fixed frequency and a variable voltage. This voltage value changes from 0V to 5
V. The basic PWM generates the signals, which gives the output of PWM, requires a
comparator that compares between two values.

Signature of the Faculty with Date

 Ex.No. 8 TRANSMISSION OF DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS USING
Date: WDM AND DE-MULTIPLEXING

Aim:
To study the Transmission and Reception of WDM signals using fiber optic systems
Apparatus Required:
 Optisystem software
 Personal Computer
Theory:

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology for fiber optic transmission systems
has been developed and introduced in order to make use of approximately 60 THz bandwidth that
is offered by silica optical fibers .In recent years total information carrying capacity of transmission
systems was increased for the account of channels number, channel spacing and per channel bit
rates. However in this case must take into the account total amount of optical power coupled into a
fiber. Coupled power increase resulting in additional transmission impairments caused by nonlinear
optical effects (NOE) and its combination with linear distortion mechanisms. Wavelength division
multiplexing (WDM) is a technology used to combine or retrieve two or more optical signals of
different optical center wavelengths in a fiber. It allows fiber capacity to be expanded in the
frequency domain from one channel to more than 100 channels. This is accomplished by first
converting standard, non – WDM optical signals to signals with unique WDM wavelengths that
correspond to the available channel center wavelengths in the WDM multiplexer and demultiplexer.
Typically, this is done by replacing non – WDM transceivers with the proper WDM channel
transceivers. WDM channels are defined and labeled by their center wavelength or frequency and
channel spacing. The WDM channel wavelength assignment is an industry standard defined in ITU
– T documentation. Then the different WDM signal wavelengths are combined into one fiber by the
WDM multiplexer. In the fiber, the individual signals propagate with little interaction assuming low
signal power. For high powers, interchannel interaction can occur. Once the signals reach the fiber
link end, the WDM demultiplexer separates the signals by their wavelengths, back to individual
fibers that are connected to their respective equipment receivers. Optical receivers have a broad
reception spectrum, which includes all of C (1530-1565 nm) band. Many receivers can also receive
signals with wavelengths down to O (1260-1360) band.
Block Diagram:

WDM EYE PATTERN

WDM ANALYZER VALUES
Procedure:
1. To start a new project, from the Main toolbar, select File >New. A blank Main layout appears
in the Project layout window.
2. From the Component Library, select Default >Transmitters Library >Optical Sources. Drag
the CW Laser to the Main layout.
3. From the Component library, select Default > Tools Library>Fork 1 X N. Drag and connect
to Laser.
4. From the Component Library, select Default>Transmitters Library>Bit Sequence
Generators.Drag the Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence Generator to the Main layout in 4 times.
5. From the Component Library, select Default>Transmitters>Pulse Generators
>Electrical.Drag the NRZ Pulse Generator 4 times to the Main layout and connect each of
them to Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence Generator.
6. From the Component Library, select Default>Transmitters Library> Optical
Modulator>Amplitude Modualtor 4 times and connect each of them to Fork 1 X N and NRZ
Pulse Generator.
7. From the Component library, select Default > Passive Library > Optical > Time dealy.
Repeat this for 4 times and connect it to each of the AM. Set time delay for this 4 component
as 0 sec, 1/(Bit rate) * 1/4 , 1/(Bit rate) * 2/4, 1/(Bit rate) * 3/4 respectively.
8. From the Component library, select Default > Passive Library > Optical > Power Combiner
4X1. Connect the all time delay outputs to Power Combiner. This is the input Multiplexer
settings.
9. From the Component library, select Default > Visualizer Library>Optical. Double click and
open Optical Time domain Visualizer. Drag and connect to Power combiner.
10. From the Component library, select Default > Visualizer Library>Optical. Double click and
open Optical Time domain Visualizer. Drag and connect to time delay component.
11. From the Component library, select Default > Passive Library > Optical> Attenuator>
Optical Attenuator. Drag and connect to Power Combiner.
12. Next we have to set demultixer. For that, from the Component library, select Default >
Default>Transmitters Library> Optical Modulator>Amplitude Modualtor and connect to
attenuator
13. From the Component Library, select Default>Transmitters Library>Bit Sequence
Generators.Drag the Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence
14. From the Component Library, select Default>Transmitters>Pulse Generators> Electrical.
Drag the NRZ Pulse Generator and connect it to Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence. This is for
generating Clock Signal.
15. Connect Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence to Amplitude Modualtor. This is the arrangement
for Demultiplexer
 16. From the Component library, select Default > Visualizer Library>Optical. Double click and
open Optical and select Optical Spectrum analyzer. Drag and connect.
17. From the Component library, select Default > Visualizer Library>Optical. Double click and
open Optical Time domain Visualizer. Drag and connect.
18. Run the project and arrive spectrum. From the spectrum transmission and reception of WDM
signals using fiber optic systems is studied.

Result:

Thus the Transmission and Reception of WDM signals using fiber optic systems has been
set up and studied.
Viva Voce Questions:

1. Write the application s of circulator Duplex transmitter/receiver system WDM

 Chromic dispersion compensator
 Double pass erbium doped amplifier

2. Define blazing
The light energy in this zeroth order interference maximum is wasted since the wavelengths are not
separated. Thus gratings must be designed so that the light energy ismaximum at one of the other
maxima. This is done using a technique called balzing

3. Define optical filter

Filter is a two port device that selects one wavelength and rejects all others. It may have an additional
third port on which the rejected wavelengths can be obtained.

4. Write the functions of optical multiplexers

A multiplexer combines signals at different wavelengths on its inputs ports onto a common output
port and a demultiplexer performs the opposite function.

5. What are the uses of fiber gratings

Fiber gratings are attractive devices that can be used for a variety of applications, including filtering,
add/drop functions,and compensating for accumulated dispersion in the system

Signature of the Faculty with Date

 Ex.No. 9 TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION OF TDM SIGNALS USING
Date: FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS

Aim: To study the Transmission and Reception of TDM signals using fiber optic systems

Apparatus Required:
 Optisystem software
 Personal Computer
Theory:
In optical time-division multiplexing (OTDM) systems, several optical signal modulated at
the bit rate B using the same carrier frequency are multiplexed optically to form a composite optical
signal at a bit rate NB, where N is the number of multiplexed optical channels. TDM is commonly
performed in the electrical domain to obtain digital hierarchies for telecommunication systems. In
this sense, even single-channel lightwave systems carry multiple TDM channels. The electrical
TDM becomes difficult to implement at bit rates above 40 Gb/s because of the limitations imposed
by high-speed electronics. A solution is offered by the optical TDM (OTDM), a scheme that can
increase the bit rate of a single optical carrier to values above 1 Tb/s. The OTDM technique was
studied extensively during the 1990s, and further research has continued in recent years in the
context of WDM systems with channel bit rates of 100 Gb/s or more. Its deployment requires new
types of optical transmitters and receivers based on all-optical multiplexing and demultiplexing
techniques. In this section we first discuss these new techniques and then focus on the design and
performance issues related to OTDM lightwave systems.
Block Diagram:
MODEL Diagram for Optical TDM

MODEL Diagram for bit interleaving in Optical TDM

Procedure:
1. To start a new project, from the Main toolbar, select File >New. A blank Main layout appears
in the Project layout window.
2. From the Component Library, select Default >Transmitters Library >Optical Sources. Drag
the CW Laser to the Main layout.
3. From the Component library, select Default > Tools Library>Fork 1 X N. Drag and connect
to Laser.
4. From the Component Library, select Default>Transmitters Library>Bit Sequence
Generators.Drag the Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence Generator to the Main layout in 4 times.
5. From the Component Library, select Default>Transmitters>Pulse Generators
>Electrical.Drag the NRZ Pulse Generator 4 times to the Main layout and connect each of
them to Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence Generator.
6. From the Component Library, select Default>Transmitters Library> Optical
Modulator>Amplitude Modualtor 4 times and connect each of them to Fork 1 X N and NRZ
Pulse Generator.
7. From the Component library, select Default > Passive Library > Optical > Time dealy.
Repeat this for 4 times and connect it to each of the AM. Set time delay for this 4 component
as 0 sec, 1/(Bit rate) * 1/4 , 1/(Bit rate) * 2/4, 1/(Bit rate) * 3/4 respectively.
8. From the Component library, select Default > Passive Library > Optical > Power Combiner
4X1. Connect the all time delay outputs to Power Combiner. This is the input Multiplexer
settings.
9. From the Component library, select Default > Visualizer Library>Optical. Double click and
open Optical Time domain Visualizer. Drag and connect to Power combiner.
10. From the Component library, select Default > Visualizer Library>Optical. Double click and
open Optical Time domain Visualizer. Drag and connect to time delay component.
11. From the Component library, select Default > Passive Library > Optical> Attenuator>
Optical Attenuator. Drag and connect to Power Combiner.
12. Next we have to set demultixer. For that, from the Component library, select Default >
Default>Transmitters Library> Optical Modulator>Amplitude Modualtor and connect to
attenuator
13. From the Component Library, select Default>Transmitters Library>Bit Sequence
Generators.Drag the Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence
14. From the Component Library, select Default>Transmitters>Pulse Generators> Electrical.
Drag the NRZ Pulse Generator and connect it to Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence. This is for
generating Clock Signal.
 15. Connect Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence to Amplitude Modualtor. This is the arrangement
for Demultiplexer
16. From the Component library, select Default > Visualizer Library>Optical. Double click and
open Optical and select Optical Spectrum analyzer. Drag and connect.
17. From the Component library, select Default > Visualizer Library>Optical. Double click and
open Optical Time domain Visualizer. Drag and connect.
18. Run the project and arrive spectrum. From the spectrum transmission and reception of TDM
signals using fiber optic systems is studied.

Result:
Thus the Transmission and Reception of TDM signals using fiber optic systems has been set
up and studied.
Viva Voce Questions:

1.Define Bit interleaving.

Optical signals representing data streams from multiple sources are interleaved in time to produce
a single data stream. The interleaving can be done on a packet by packet basis. Framing pulses can
be used.

2. Define Packet interleaving.

Optical signals representing data streams from multiple sources are interleaved in time to produce
a single data stream. The interleaving can be done on a bit-by-bit basis. Framing pulses can be
produced.

3.What is the purpose of using guard time in OTDM.

1. It is to provide for some tolerance in the multiplexing and demultiplexing operations.
2. It is used to prevent the undesirable interaction between adjacent pulses.

4.Define Broadcast OTDM networks.

Broadcast OTDM networks are based on the optical delay alone. In fact, broadcast OTDM can
produce broadcast storms quickly and render a large network useless. OTDM is based on the
topology
1.star topology
2.bus topology

5. What are the types of TDM?

1.Electronic time domain multiplexing(ETDM)
2. Optical time domain multiplexing(OTDM)

Signature of the Faculty with Date

 Ex.No. 10
EYE PATTERN MEASUREMENT
Date:

Aim

The objective of this experiment is to study eye pattern using a high bandwidth oscilloscope

Apparatus Required:

 AL-DL Tx and Rx kit

 Power supply

 1-m fiber cable

 Patch chords.

 Digital storage oscilloscope

Theory:

The eye pattern is a powerful measurement method for assessing the data handling ability of ad
digital transmission system. This method has been used extensively for evaluating the performance
of wire systems and also be applied to optical fiber data links. The eye pattern measurements are
made in the time domain. And follow the effects of waveform distortion.

To measure system performance with the eye pattern method, a variety of world pattern
should be provided. A convenient approach is to generate a random data signal; because this is the
characteristics of data stream should be in practice. A variety of pseudorandom pattern generators
are available. The word pseudorandom means that the generated combination or sequence of zeros
and ones will be eventually repeated.

One Level : The one level in an eye pattern is the mean value of a logic one. The actual computed
value of the one level comes from the histogram mean value of all the data samples captured inside
the middle 20% (40 to 60% points) of the eye period.

Zero Level : The zero level in an eye pattern is the mean value of a logic zero. The zero level is
computed from the same 40 to 60% region of the baseline area during the eye period as the one
level.
Eye Amplitude :Eye amplitude is the difference between the one and zero levels. The data receiver
logic circuits will determines whether a received data bit is a “0” or “1,” based on the eye amplitude.

Eye Height: Eye height is a measure of the vertical opening of an eye diagram. An ideal eye opening
measurement would be equal to the eye amplitude measurement. For a real eye diagram
measurement, noise on the eye will cause the eye to close. As a result, the eye height measurement
determines the eye closure due to noise. The signal to noise ratio of the high speed data signal is
also directly indicated by the amount of eye closure.

Eye Crossing Percentage :The crossing level is the mean value of a thin vertical histogram window
centered on the crossing point of the eye diagram.

Bit Period: The bit period is a measure of the horizontal opening of an eye diagram at the crossing
points of the eye and is usually measured in picoseconds for a high speed digital signal.

Eye Width: Eye width is a measure of the horizontal opening of an eye diagram. It is calculated by
measuring the difference between the statistical mean of the crossing points of the eye.

Rise Time: Rise time is a measure of the mean transition time of the data on the upward slope of an
eye diagram. The measurement is typically made at the 20 and 80 percent or 10 and 90% levels of
the slope. Fall Time: Fall time is a measure of the mean transition time of the data on the downward
slope of an eye diagram. The measurement is typically made at the 20 and 80 percent or 10 and 90
percent levels of the slope.

Jitter : Jitter is the time deviation from the ideal timing of a data-bit event and is perhaps one of the
most important data signal.

Width of the eye opening : Time interval over which the received distorted signal can be sampled
with minimum error.
Sensitivity of the system to timing: rate of closure of eye pattern when the sampling time is varied.
 Block Diagram:

Model graph

Tabulation / Observation:
S.N Wavelenth Max Minimum Distortion Eye Eye Jitter Noise
Amplitude Amplitude ∆𝑻 Width Height Timing margin
for “1” for “1” V1 Tp = ∆𝑻/𝑻𝒑
V2 (Sec) ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Procedure:

 Make connections as shown in the fig. Connect the power supply cables with to link –B kit.

 Keep switch SW7 to generate PRBS signal.

 Keep switch SW8 towards transmitter position.

 Keep switch SW9 towards transmitter-1 position.

 Keep the switch SW10 to eye pattern position.

 Select PRBS generator clock at 32KHZ by keeping jumper JP4 at 32K position.

 Keep jumper towards +5V position.

 Keep jumper JP6 shorted.

 Keep jumper JP8 towards TTL position.

 Connect the post DATA OUT of PRBS generator o the IN post of digital buffer.

 Connect OUT post of digital buffer to transmitter IN post.

 Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH756V (600nm).Do not remove the cap from the
connector .Once the cap is loosened, insert the one meter fiber into the cap. Tight the screw.

 Slightly unscrew the cap of RX1 photo transistor with TTL logic output SHF551V.Do not
remove the cap from the connector .Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of the fiber
into the cap. Tight the screw.

 Connect CLK OUT of PRBS generator to EXT.TRIG of oscilloscope

 Connect detected signal TTL OUT to vertical channel Y input of oscilloscope. Then observe
eye pattern by selecting EXT .TRIG knob on oscilloscope

 Observe the eye pattern for different clock frequencies. As clock frequency increases the
eye opening becomes smaller

Result:

Thus the propagation loss was studied and the graph was plotted.
Viva Voce Questions:

1. What is eye pattern in digital communication?

In telecommunication, an eye pattern, also known as an eye diagram, is an oscilloscope display in
which a digital signal from a receiver is repetitively sampled and applied to the vertical input, while
the data rate is used to trigger the horizontal sweep. ... An open eye pattern corresponds to minimal
signal distortion

2. How would Timing jitter show up in an eye pattern?

Fall time is a measure of the transition time of the data from the 90% level to the 10% level on the
downward slope of an eye diagram. Ideally, the eye width would be measured between the crossing
points of the eye. However, jitter may appear on the waveform and influence the eye opening.
3. What causes ISI?
ISI is usually caused by multipath propagation or the inherent linear or non-linear frequency
response of a communication channel causing successive symbols to "blur" together.

4. What is unit interval in eye diagram?

The bit period is a measure of the horizontal opening of an eye diagram at the crossing points of the
eye and is usually measured in picoseconds for a high speed digital signal (i.e., 200 ps is used for a
5 Gbps signal). ... The bit period is commonly called the Unit Interval (UI) when describing an eye
diagram.

5.How do you measure eye opening?

Eye opening would be measured from the one level to the zero level. But noise on the eye will cause
the eye to close. The eye height measurement determines eye closure due to noise. Eye width is a
measure of the horizontal opening of an eye diagram.

Signature of the Faculty with Date

CONTENT BEYOND
SYLLABUS
 Ex.No. 1
ATTENUATION LOSSES AND BENDING LOSSES IN SINGLE
MODE OPTICAL FIBER.
Date:

Aim

To measure the attenuation losses for five different length fiber of 1km, 2km, 3km, 4km and 5km
and also bending loss.

Apparatus Required:

 Optisystem 7.0 software

 Laptop / Personal Computer

Theory:

In optical fiber, the signal is transmitted in the form of light, which is completely different in
nature as that of electrons, one has to consider the interaction of matter with radiation to study the
losses in fiber. Optical fibers are available in different variety of materials. These are the materials
usually taking into account their absorption characteristic for different wavelength of lights. Losses
are introduced in fiber due to various reasons. As a light propagate from one end to other end of the,
part of is it absorbed in the material exhibiting absorption loss. Also part of the light is reflected
back or in some other direction from the impurity particle present in material contributing the loss
of signal at the other end of fiber. The general term of it is known as propagation loss.

Attenuation is a measure of decay of signal strength or loss of light power that occurs as light pulses
propagate through the length of the fiber. The rate at which light is absorbed is dependent on the
wavelength of the light and the characteristics of particular glass. Glass is a silicon compound, by
adding different additional chemicals to the basic silicon dioxide the optical properties of the glass
can be changed. Attenuation loss is measured in dB/km

The Attenuation〖 𝛼〗_𝑝=10/𝑍 𝑙𝑜𝑔 〖𝑃(0)/𝑃(𝑍) 〗 ,

where P(0)- is the optical power in a fiber at the origin (at z=0)
P(Z) - is the optical power at the end of the fiber (at z=L km)
Radiative losses occur whenever an optical fiber undergoes a bend of finite radius of curvature.
Fibers can be subjected to two types of bends: (a) Macroscopic loss (having a larger radii than that
of the fiber diameter) (b) Microscopic loss (random microscopic bends of the fiber axis)
Block Diagram: Attenuation Loss Measurement for Different Length Fiber, designed for a
Wavelength 1550nm ( with Modulation)

Tabulation / Observation:

Attenuation Loss Measurement for Different Length Fiber, designed for a Wavelength 1550nm

S.N Length of P(0) P(Z) Attenuation Loss Attenuation Coefficient

the fiber dBm dBm
𝑃(0) 10 𝑃(0)
𝛼𝐿 =20𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑃(𝑍) dB 𝛼𝑝 = 𝑍 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑃(𝑍) dB/km
Z=L km
Procedure: Attenuation

1. To start a new project, from the Main toolbar, select File > New. A blank Main layout
appears in the Project layout window.
2. From the Component Library, select Default > Transmitters Library > Bit Sequence
Generators.Drag the Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence Generator to the Main layout.
3. From the Component Library, select Default > Transmitters > Pulse Generators >
Electrical. Drag the NRZ Pulse Generator to the Main layout.
4. From the Component Library, select Default > Transmitters Library > Optical Sources.
Drag the CW Laser to the Main layout. Set the power to 10dBm and the frequency to
1552nm.
5. From the Component Library, select Default > Transmitters > Modulators > Optical.
Drag the Mach-Zehnder Modulator to the Main layout.

6. From the Component Library, select Default > Optical Fibers Library. Drag the Optical Fiber
to the Main layout.Double-click the Optical Fiber. The Optical Fiber Properties dialog box
appears.To change the parameter length to, click the Value cell beside Length and type: 1
km,2km,3 km, 4km and 5km.

7. From the Component Library, select Default > Receivers Library > Photodetectors.
Drag the Photodetector PIN to the Main layout.
8. From the Component library, select Default > Visualizer Library > Optical . Double click
and open Optical and select Optical Power meter.drag and keep at transmitter and receiver
side.
9. Connect the power meter to CW laser sourse and add one more power meter after the optical
fiber cable.
10. Calculate/ Run the project and measure the power in dBm and watts for different Fiber length
1km to 5 km.
11. Note the value of transmitted optical power and receiver power and also calculate the
attenuation using the formula mensioned in the tabulation.
Block Diagram: Bending Loss Measurement for Different Length Fiber, designed for a
Wavelength 1550nm

BENDING LOSS:

Circulation P(0) P(Z) Bending loss=

count dBm dBm
S.N 20 log (Po/Pin) dB/cm
Model Graph

Attenuation Loss VS length of Fiber

Bending Loss
Procedure: Bending Loss

1. To start a new project, from the Main toolbar, select File > New. A blank Main layout
appears in the Project layout window.

2. From the Component Library, select Default > Transmitters Library > Bit Sequence
Generators.Drag the Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence Generator to the Main layout.

3. From the Component Library, select Default > Transmitters > Pulse Generators > Electrical.
Drag the NRZ Pulse Generator to the Main layout.

4. From the Component Library, select Default > Transmitters Library > Optical Source. Drag
the CW Laser to the Main layout. Set the power to 10dBm and the frequency to
1552nm.
5. From the Component Library, select Default > Transmitters > Modulators > Optical. Drag
the Mach-Zehnder Modulator to the Main layout.
6. From the Component Library, select Default > Passive Library > Optical > Circulator > Ideal
Circulator. Drag the ideal circulator to the Main layout and connect after modulator.
7. From the Component Library, select Default > Optical Fibers Library. Drag the Optical
Fiber to the Main layout.Double-click the Optical Fiber and open Optical Fiber Properties
dialog box set to 1 km.
8. From the Component Library, select Default > Receivers Library > Photodetectors. Drag the
Photodetector PIN to the Main layout.
9. From the Component library, select Default > Visualizer Library > Optical . Double click
and open Optical and select Optical Power meter.drag and keep at Genaration side and
connect to the output of the fiber.
10. From the Component library, select Default > Visualizer Library > Electrical. Double click
and open oscilloscope visualizer. Drag and keep at receiver side.
11. Calculate/ Run the project and measure the power in dBm and change the circulator
properties for every turn of circulation by changing the insertion loss odf 1 db to 5 dB values
and measure the power received.
12. Note the value of transmitted optical power and receiver power and also calculate the
attenuation using the formula mensioned in the tabulation.

Result:

Thus the Attenuation loss and bending losss was measured and plotted the graph.
Viva Questions:

1. What is meant by attenuation in optical fiber?

Attenuation is the rate at which the signal light decreases in intensity.

2. What causes attenuation in optical fiber?

The attenuation of the optical fiber is a result of two factors, absorption and scattering. The
absorption is caused by the absorption of the light and conversion to heat by molecules in the
glass. The largest cause of attenuation is scattering.

3. What are the different types of losses in optical fiber?

Intrinsic Optical Fiber Losses comprise of absorption loss, dispersion loss and scattering
loss caused by the structural defects. Extrinsic Optical Fiber Losses contains splicing loss,
connector loss, and bending loss

4.What is Macro Bend Losses and Micro Bend Losses?

Macro bending losses occur when the fiber cable is subjected to a significant amount of
bending above a critical value of curvature. Such losses are also called as large radius losses.
Microbending attenuation of an optical fiber relates to the light signal loss associated with lateral
stresses along the length of the fiber. The loss is due to the coupling from the fiber's guided
fundamental mode to lossy, higher-order radiation modes.

5.What are The Mechanisms Of Losses Occurs In Optical Fiber?

 Absorption (fiber material).
 Scattering (fiber material + structural imperfection).
 Radiative effects.
 Pulse broadening.

Signature of the Faculty with Date

 Ex.No. 2
DC Characteristics of LED
Date:

Aim:

To study the DC characteristic of fiber optic LED

Apparatus Required:

 Optisystem 7.0 software

 Personal Computer

Theory:

In fiber optic communication system, electrical signal is converted into optical signal by E/O
conversion device as LED. After this conversion optical signal is transmitted through the optical
fiber, its retrieved in its original format by O/E conversion device as photo detector. Different
technologies employed in the fabrication lead to significant variation in parameter for the various
emitter diodes .All the receiver distinguished themselves of offering high output power coupled with
plastic fiber. Datasheets of LEDs usually specify electrical and optical characteristic ,out of which
the impartment ones are peak wave length of emission ,efficiency ,optical rise and fall time which
put the limitations on operating frequency ,maximum forward current through LED and typical
forward voltage across LED.

Photo detectors usually come in variety of forms like photoconductive, photovoltaic,

transistor type output. Here also characteristic can be taken in account are response time of detector,
which puts the limitation on the operating frequency, wavelength sensitivity and responsively.

The Light – Current (L-I) curve characterizes the emission properties of a semiconductor laser as it
shows the current that needs to be applied to obtain a certain amount of power.
Block Diagram:
Tabulation:
S.N Wavelength(nm) Output Power

Model Graph
Procedure:

1. To start a new project, from the Main toolbar, select File>New. A blank Main layout appears
in the Project layout window.
2. From the Component Library, select Default>Transmitters Library>Bit Sequence
Generators.Drag the User Defined or Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence Generator to the Main
layout.
3. From the Component Library, select Default>Transmitters>Pulse Generators
>Electrical.Drag the NRZ Pulse Generator to the Main layout.
4. From the Component Library, select Default >Transmitters Library>Optical Sources. Drag
the LED to the Main layout. Set the power to 10dBm and the frequency to 600 nm to
1600nm.
5. From the Component library, select Default> Visualizer Library>Optical. Double click and
open Optical and select Optical Power meter Visualizer. Drag and connect to LED.
6. From the Component library, select Default> Visualizer Library>Optical. Double click and
open Optical and select Optical Spectrum analyzer. Drag and connect to LED.
7. From the Component library, select Default> Visualizer Library>Optical. Double click and
open Optical Time domain Visualizer. Drag and connect to LED.
8. From the Component library, select Default> Visualizer Library>Electrical. Double click
and open Optical Time domain Visualizer.
9. Run the project and measure power values of LED by varying the wavelength.

Result:

Thus the characteristic of fiber optic LED was studied.

Viva Voce Questions:

1. What are the difference between LED and Laser diode?

LED
(a) Optical output is incoherent
(b) No optical cavity exists for wavelength selectivity
(c) No spatial and temporal coherence
(d) The output radiation has a broad spectral width
Laser Diode
(a) Optical output is nearly coherent
(b) The optical energy is produced in an optical resonant cavity
(c) Optical energy has spatial and temporal coherence
(d) The output beam has very directional and narrow spectral width

2. How is the frequency response of an LED limited?

The frequency response of an LED is limited by its diffusion capacitance because of the
storage of injected carriers in the active region of the diode.

3. What is LED?
Acronym of light Emitting Diode, a semiconductor device which emits light from a p-n
junction (when biased with an electrical current) Light may exit from the junction strip edge
or from its surface (depending on device structure).

4. LED are suitable for which applications

 LEDs are suited for short range narrow and medium bandwidth links.
 Suitable for digital systems up to 140 Mb/sec.
 Long distance analog links.

5. Define Quantum Efficiency

The internal quantum efficiency (ηint) is defined as the ratio of radiative recombination rate
to the total recombination rate.

Signature of the Faculty with Date