Oral Communication in Context

Oral Communication Reviewer | K. C.

Communicative Strategies 7. Termination – A strategy used for ending

a discussion to avoid conflicts or diffusing
These are systematic techniques that a speaker arguments.
uses to share messages and express meanings o Terminal sequence
when faced with challenges and difficulty in o Pre-closing sequence
communication.
Types of Speech According to Purpose
The ability to employ such strategies ensures not
only the success of the speech but also the 1. Informative/Expository Speech – A
improvement of the communication experience speech that presents or explains. It is
for both the speaker and the listener. used to convey information to the
audience with a similar view as yours and
Types of Communicative Strategies
inform to the persons on what is new to
1. Nomination – A strategy used to them, to supply your audience with
introduce a topic to be talked about. It is information.
also used to invite other participants in a o Expository is detailed information
communication situation. with evidence.
o Direct Nomination 2. Persuasive Speech – This aims to affect
o Indirect Nomination the attitudes, values, beliefs, and actions
2. Restriction – A strategy used to limit or of the audience towards the opinion that is
restrict the responses according to a set similar to that of the speaker.
standard. 3. Entertainment Speech
o It must be explicitly expressed. 4. Speeches for Special Occasions
o Speech of Introduction
o It is specific enough to understand.
o Speech of Presentation
3. Turn-taking – A strategy used to
determine the order by which people o Speech of Acceptance
would engage in a conversation. o Commemorative Speech
o The timing must be appropriate. o Toast and/or Roast Speech
o It should not disrupt the process.
Types of Speeches According to Delivery
4. Topic Control – Refers to a strategy that
controls the flow of the conversation 1. Read Speech – Also called manuscript
without moving away from the topic. speaking. is Delivered based on a
o Incidental mention of other topics prepared written or printed document.
is not allowed. Respectfully remind 2. Memorized Speech – A rote recitation of
the other participant of the topic. a written message Recited based on what
5. Topic Shifting – A strategy used to shift the speaker committed to memory. it is
or appropriately introduce a new topic. also dependent on a written work that is
o Intentional topic shifting prepared before the speech delivery.
o Unintentional topic shifting o The key is to understand the core
6. Repair – A strategy used for recouping of the message.
lost rapport among participants. It is also 3. Impromptu Speech – Impromptu
used to fix the communication flow in the speeches are delivered without
event of communication breakdown. preparation in advance. Usually, you are
o Self-initiated, Self-repair asked to deliver an impromptu speech in
o Self-initiated, Other-repair instances when you do not even know that
o Other-initiated, Self-repair you will be asked to speak.
o Other-initiated, Other-repair 4. Extemporaneous Speech – Combines
the rigorous preparation of read speeches,
committing to memory of memorized
Oral Communication in Context
Oral Communication Reviewer | K. C.

speeches, and the spontaneity of o It must be at the level of the

impromptu speeches. speaker and audience.
o An extemporaneous speech o Being mindful of the culture of the
usually deals with socially relevant speaker and audience.
topics that encompass information, 3. Sourcing Information – Compiling
exposition, persuasion, and information about the chosen topic from
entertainment. reliable sources.
o It is the most challenging but also 4. Outlining and Organizing Speech
the most fulfilling of all the Content – Rule of Three: An outline is a
speeches. hierarchical list that shows the relationship
of your ideas. The elements of an outline:
Principles of Speech Writing o Introduction
Good speech comes with good writing. o Body
o Conclusion
Speech 5. Logical Organization – It must follow a
- A speech is an official verbal presentation certain flow to relay ideas clearly and
that aims to convince the audience to pay effectively. The following are some
attention to your subject of discussion. patterns you may follow:
Questions to Consider: o Categorical/ Topical
1. Who is your target audience? o Comparison/ Contrast
2. What is your topic? o Spatial
3. What is the purpose of your speech? o Chronological
4. What message would you like to get o Biographical
across? o Causal
o Problem-Cause Solution
Speech Writing Process
6. Duration – A speech must be just long
1. Audience Profile – It pertains to the enough to fulfill your speech goals but
important details about your audience. short enough to hold your audience's
The profile includes the following attention.
information: 7. Word Choice – Consider the situation,
o Demography (age range, male- occasion or event in which you will deliver
female ratio, educational the speech. You should always keep in
background and affiliations or mind the appropriate words on specific
degree program taken, nationality, occasions.
economic status, academic or 8. Grammatical Correctness – A discerning
corporate designations) audience will notice your mistakes and
o Situation (time, venue, occasion, may be less inclined to listen to you either
and size) because they cannot completely
o Psychology (values, beliefs, understand your message, or they do not
attitudes, preferences, cultural and think you are a credible speaker.
racial ideologies, and needs)
Principles of Speech Delivery
2. Choosing a Topic – The topic is the focal
point of your speech once you know your Public speaking is not simply reading your speech
purpose. The topic should have the or talking about your topic.
following characteristics: 1. Articulation – It is the clear and accurate
o Timely and relevant pronunciation of words. How do you
o Interesting to you (speaker) and to achieve proper articulation?
the audience o Plan the order of ideas to express
in speech delivery.
Oral Communication in Context
Oral Communication Reviewer | K. C.

o Translate your ideas into words,

sentences, and paragraphs to
make a point clearly.
o Study and understand the speech
to be delivered especially the
difficult and unfamiliar words.
2. Modulation – To change or adjust the
voice so that it exists in a balanced or
proper amount. The tone or pitch varies
based on the nuances of meaning to
express:
o Raise your voice to emphasize a
point.
o Soften your voice to show
sympathy or solemnity.
o A rising or shrill tone can be used
to express sarcasm.
3. Stage Presence – The ability to command
an audience with impressive style or
manner.
4. Facial Expression – It is the most basic
visual aid. Match the expression to the
atmosphere!
5. Gestures – These refer to movements or
positions of the hands, arms, body, head,
or face that express ideas, opinions,
emotions, among others.
o "Too many gestures and body
movements may cause distraction
from understanding the message."
6. Rapport with the Audience – It refers to
a speaker's connection with the audience.
Ways to establish rapport with the
audience:
o Take time to greet them and make
them feel that you are glad for their
time and attention.
o Complement them on their effort,
attention, and so on.
o Interact with them.
o Use appropriate and tasteful
humor.
o Talk to them like a friend, but
always be polite.
7. Audiovisual Aids – These help not only
in catching and keeping the attention of
the audience but also in supporting and
clarifying your message.