STREAMS IN C++
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称
• The stream is an intermediator between I/O devices and the
user.
• Stream is flow of data in bytes in sequence.
• Source Stream: When data is received from input devices in
sequence
then it is called as source stream
• Destination Stream: when the data is passed to output devices
then it is
called as destination stream.
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PRE-DEFINED CONSOLE STREAMS:
• C++ contains Cin and Cout predefined streams that opens
automatically
when a program begins its execution.
• Cin represents the input stream connected to the standard
input device.
• Cout represents the output stream connected to standard
output device.
1. cout
2. cin
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The Standard Output Stream
(cout):
cou Standard output, usually screen, corresponding to
t iostream in C++. It passes data to output devices such
as monitor and printers. Thus, it controls output.
E-g;
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
cout<<“Welcome”;
}
Output:
Welcome
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The Standard Input Stream
(Cin)
cin Standard input, usually keyboards, corresponding to
iostream in C++. It handles input from input devices
usually from keyboard
E-g;
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
cout<<“\n Enter Two Numbers to sum:”;
cin>>a>>b
c=a+b;
cout<<“\n The Sum is:”<<c;
}
Output:
Enter Two Numbers to sum:
10
42
The Sum is: 52 5 logo 公司名
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Formatted I/
• O:C++ provides various formatted console I/O functions for
formatting the output. They are of three types.
ios class functions
Manipulators
User-Defined
Manipulators
B.1 ios class functions:
• width() - specify the output width.
• precision() - specify No.of digits after decimal point.
• fill() - specify the fill character for unused portion of
width.
• setf() - set the ios flags(dec,oct,hex,etc,.)
• unsetf() - clear the flags 6specified logo 公司名
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1) width():-
Syntax: width(w);
E-g;
Cout<<width(6);
Cout<<2014;
Output:
2 0 1 4
2) precision():-
Syntax: precision(n);
E-g;
Cout<<width(6);
Cout<<precision(2);
Cout<<21.412903;
Output:
2 1 . 4 1
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3) fill()
Syntax: fill(ch);
E-g;
Cout<<fill(‘*’);
Cout.width(6)
Cout<<2014;
Output:
* * 2 0 1 4
4) setf()
Syntax: setf(arg1,arg2);
arg1→formatting flag; arg2→bit-
field
E-g;
cout.setf(ios::left,ios::adjustfield);
cout.width(12);
cout<<“TOTAL MARK”;
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Output: 称 8
B.2 Manipulators:
• Manipulators are operators that are used to format the
display.
• To access these manipulators, the file iomanip should
be included
Manipuators Equivalent ios
in the program.
functions
i.e) #include<iomanip.h>
setw() width()
setprecision( precision()
)
setfill() fill()
setiosflags() setf()
resetiosflags unsetf()
()
• endl is a manipulator operator-used to insert new line
a = 1 2
• E-g; int a=12;Cout<<setw(3)<<“a=”<<setw(5)<<a<<endl;
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B.3 Custom/User-Defined Manipulators:
• The programmer can also define his/her own
manipulator
according to the requirements of the program.
• Syntax: ostream & manipulator_name(ostream
& obj)
{
//body of the function
return obj;
}
E-g: ostream & tab (ostream & o)
{
o <<"\t";
return o;
}
void main( )
{
cout <<1<<tab<<2 <<tab<<3;
}
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OUTPUT 称 10
› Code Explanation- a function tab that
overloads the insertion operator (<<) to
insert a tab character ("\t") into an output
stream.
› ostream &tab(ostream & o): This is a
function that takes an ostream reference
(like cout) as a parameter and returns a
reference to the same stream after adding a
tab character ("\t").
› Inside the function, the tab character (\t) is
inserted into the stream o using the
standard << operator, and then the function
returns the stream o, which nowlogocontains
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the tab. 称
› In the main function, the statement
cout << 1 << tab << 2 << tab << 3; is
executed.
› First, cout << 1 outputs the number 1
to the console.
› Then tab is invoked. Since tab is a
function that overloads the <<
operator, it inserts a tab character (\t)
into the output stream.
› After that, cout << 2 outputs the
number 2, followed by another tab
inserted by tab. logo 公司名
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Thank You
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