STREAMS IN C++
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The stream is an intermediator between I/O devices and the user.
Stream is flow of data in bytes in sequence.
Source Stream: When data is received from input devices in sequence
then it is called as source stream
Destination Stream: when the data is passed to output devices then it is
called as destination stream.
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PRE-DEFINED CONSOLE STREAMS:
C++ contains Cin and Cout predefined streams that opens automatically
when a program begins its execution.
Cin represents the input stream connected to the standard input device.
Cout represents the output stream connected to standard output device.
1. cout
2. cin
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The Standard Output Stream (cout):
cout Standard output, usually screen, corresponding to iostream in C+
+. It passes data to output devices such as monitor and printers.
Thus, it controls output.
E-g;
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
cout<<“Welcome”;
}
Output:
Welcome
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The Standard Input Stream (Cin)
cin Standard input, usually keyboards, corresponding to iostream in
C++. It handles input from input devices usually from keyboard
E-g;
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
cout<<“\n Enter Two Numbers to sum:”;
cin>>a>>b
c=a+b;
cout<<“\n The Sum is:”<<c;
}
Output:
Enter Two Numbers to sum:
10
42
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Formatted I/O:
C++ provides various formatted console I/O functions for
formatting the output. They are of three types.
ios class functions
Manipulators
User-Defined Manipulators
B.1 ios class functions:
width() - specify the output width.
precision() - specify No.of digits after decimal point.
fill() - specify the fill character for unused portion of width.
setf() - set the ios flags(dec,oct,hex,etc,.)
unsetf() - clear the flags specified
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1) width():-
Syntax: width(w);
E-g;
Cout<<width(6);
Cout<<2014;
Output:
2 0 1 4
2) precision():-
Syntax: precision(n);
E-g;
Cout<<width(6);
Cout<<precision(2);
Cout<<21.412903;
Output:
2 1 . 4 1
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3) fill()
Syntax: fill(ch);
E-g;
Cout<<fill(‘*’);
Cout.width(6)
Cout<<2014;
Output:
* * 2 0 1 4
4) setf()
Syntax: setf(arg1,arg2);
arg1→formatting flag; arg2→bit-field
E-g;
cout.setf(ios::left,ios::adjustfield);
cout.width(12);
cout<<“TOTAL MARK”;
Output: T O T A L MA R K
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B.2 Manipulators:
Manipulators are operators that are used to format the display.
To access these manipulators, the file iomanip should be included
in the program.
Manipuators Equivalent ios
i.e) #include<iomanip.h>functions
setw() width()
setprecision() precision()
setfill() fill()
setiosflags() setf()
resetiosflags() unsetf()
endl is a manipulator operator-used to insert new line
E-g; int a=12;Cout<<setw(3)<<“a=”<<setw(5)<<a<<endl;
a = 1 2
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ws: It is defined in istream and is used to ignore the whitespaces in 9
B.3 Custom/User-Defined Manipulators:
The programmer can also define his/her own manipulator
according to the requirements of the program.
Syntax:
ostream & manipulator_name(ostream & obj)
{
//body of the function
return obj;
}
E-g: ostream & tab (ostream & o)
{
o <<"\t";
return o;
}
void main( )
{
cout <<1<<tab<<2 <<tab<<3;
}
OUTPUT
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› Code Explanation- a function tab that overloads the
insertion operator (<<) to insert a tab character ("\t")
into an output stream.
› ostream &tab(ostream & o): This is a function that
takes an ostream reference (like cout) as a parameter
and returns a reference to the same stream after
adding a tab character ("\t").
› Inside the function, the tab character (\t) is inserted
into the stream o using the standard << operator, and
then the function returns the stream o, which now
contains the tab.
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› In the main function, the statement cout << 1
<< tab << 2 << tab << 3; is executed.
› First, cout << 1 outputs the number 1 to the
console.
› Then tab is invoked. Since tab is a function
that overloads the << operator, it inserts a tab
character (\t) into the output stream.
› After that, cout << 2 outputs the number 2,
followed by another tab inserted by tab.
› Finally, cout << 3 outputs the number 3.
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Thank You
