Frequency tables

A frequency table or frequency distribution is a table that shows how

they distribute the data according to their frequencies. Creating a frequency table is
very simple and in this article we will show you how to do it.

Frequency tables with ungrouped data.

Frequency tables with grouped data.

TYPES OF FREQUENCY TABLES

The nature of the data (attributes, variables), that is, the number
distinct values and the number of observations influence the type
of frequency tables. We can consider two types of tables of
frequency:
Tables on ungrouped data (qualitative variables, variables
discrete quantitative.
Tables on data grouped into classes or intervals (variables
continuous quantitative.

FREQUENCY TABLE
The data in statistics are offered in a table of deficiencies.
Classification is the number of times that something is represented in each data. Therefore, with such classification.
is go
Presentation of the data connection that allows us to observe how tightly the offer is opened.
tablet of
the finesse is formed for applications, in the performance we are organizing the data and in the rest of the bases
ffeiceninas.
1. ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY (fi)
1.ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY (fi)

It is the number of times a value of the variable appears. The sum of frequencies is equal
to the sample size

2. CUMULATIVE ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY (FI)

 It is the sum of the absolute frequencies (fi) of all values equal to or less than the value
considered.
3.RELATIVE FREQUENCY (hi)

The relative frequency represents the quotient between the absolute frequency and the size of the sample.
4. =
5. 0 This concept is of great importance in the study of probabilities.

4. PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY (%)

The percentage frequency represents the relative frequency in percentage form. This form of
Writing is very common for interpretation purposes. It is obtained by multiplying the relative frequency hi.
for 100%

∑ fi = n

Frequency table of ungrouped data

Ungrouped data is the observations made in a
statistical study presented in its original form as
They were collected to obtain information directly from them.

The frequency table of ungrouped data indicates the frequencies with

that appear thestatistical data without any being made
modification to the size of the original units. In these
distributions each data maintains its own identity after which the
frequency distribution has been created. In these distributions, the
values of each variable have only been regrouped, following a
logical order with their respective frequencies.

The frequency table of ungrouped data is used if the

variables take a small number of values or the variable is
discrete.

We use this type of tables when we havequalitative variables, or variables

quantitativewith few values.
 This table consists of the following columns:

Values of the variable: these are the different values that the variable takes in the study.
Absolute frequency: it is the number of times the value appears in the study. The
The sum of the absolute frequencies is equal to the number of data.
Cumulative frequency: it is the accumulated or sum of the absolute frequencies,
indicates how many data have been counted up to that moment or how many data are going
reporting.
Relative frequency: it is the fraction or proportion of elements that belong to
a class or category. It is calculated by dividing the absolute frequency by the number
data from the study.
Cumulative relative frequency: it is the proportion of data with respect to the total that is
they had reported up to that moment. It is the sum of the relative frequencies, and it
you can also calculate by dividing the cumulative frequency by the number of
study data.
Percentage frequency: it is the percentage of elements that belong to a class
or category. It can be quickly calculated by multiplying the relative frequency by
100%.
Cumulative percent frequency: it is the percentage of data in relation to the total that
have been reported up to that moment. It can be quickly calculated by multiplying
the cumulative relative frequency is 100%.

Example 1:

A group of people was asked to indicate their favorite color, and the results were obtained.
following results:

black Blue Yellow red Blue

Blue red black Yellow red

red Yellow Yellow Blue red

black Blue red black Yellow

With the results obtained, prepare a frequency table.

Frequency
Frequency Frequency
Color Relative frequency relative
absolute accumulated
accumulated

Black 4 4 0.20 0.20

Blue 5 9 0.25 0.45

Yellow 5 14 0.25 0.70

Red 6 20 0.30 1

Total 20 1

Solution:

In the first column, we place the values of our variable, in the second the
absolute frequency, then the cumulative frequency, followed by the relative frequency, and
finally the accumulated relative frequency. As it is the first problem, we will not make use of it.
of the percentage frequencies.
Frequency tables with grouped data

The frequency table of grouped data is that distribution in the

that the statistical data is arranged in classes and with the
frequency of each class; that is, the original data of various values
Adjacent intervals combine to form a class interval.

The table of grouped frequencies is generally used if the

variables take a large number of values or the variable is continuous.

In this case, the values are grouped into intervals that have the same
amplitudes called classes. Each class is assigned its frequency
corresponding.

Classes must be exclusive and exhaustive, meaning that each

each element of the sample must belong to only one class and at the same time,
Every element must belong to some class.

Each class is defined by the lower limit of the class and the limit
top of the class.

The intervals are formed keeping in mind that the lower limit of a
the class belongs to the interval, but the upper limit does not belong
interval, is counted in the following interval. There is no fixed rule for
How many intervals should be made; there are different criteria.
specialized literature recommends considering between 5 and 20
intervals. The number of intervals is represented by the letter 'K'.

The Route is the limit within which all are included

values of the data series. It is the difference between the maximum value of
a variable and the minimum value it takes in a research
anyone.

R = Xmax. - Xmin.

The amplitude of the class is the difference between the upper and lower limit
of the class and will be represented by 'Ci'

Ci = R/K

The same amplitude will be considered for all intervals.

The class marks (Xi) represent the variable through a value. They
calculate as the midpoint of each class, or the semi sum of the
class
The frequency table can be graphically represented in a
histogram. Usually frequencies are placed on the vertical axis and
in the horizontal the value ranges.

We use frequency tables with grouped data when the variable takes a large
number of values or is a continuous variable. To do this, the different values are grouped
in equal amplitude intervals, which we call classes.

Some important parameters also appear:

Class limits: each class is an interval that goes from the lower limit to the
upper limit.
Class mark: it is the midpoint of each interval and represents the class for the
calculation of some parameters.
Class amplitude: it is the difference between the upper limit and the lower limit.

The steps to create a frequency table with grouped data are

next:

Find the range (R): R = Xmax– Xmin

Find the number of intervals (K). If the problem does not indicate how many intervals to use,
It is recommended to use Sturges' rule: K = 1 + 3.322.log(n); where n is the number
of data.
Determine the class width (A): A = R/K
Find the lower and upper limit of each class, as well as the class marks.
Place the values found in the columns of the frequency table, with the
classes (intervals), class marks, absolute frequency, frequency
cumulative, relative frequency, cumulative relative frequency. In addition, it can be
place the percentage frequency and the cumulative percentage frequency.
The scores of 35 students in the final statistics exam, graded from 0 to 10, are the
following:

0; 0; 0; 0; 1; 1; 1; 1; 2; 2; 2; 3; 3; 3; 3; 4; 4; 4; 4; 5; 5; 5; 5; 6; 6; 6; 7; 7; 7; 8; 8; 8; 9; 10; 10.

Using the obtained data, create a frequency table with 5 class intervals.
 Solution:

We find the range: R = Xmax-min= 10 - 0 = 10.

The number of intervals (k) is given to me by the problem statement: k = 5.
We calculate the class amplitude: A = R/k = 10/5 = 2.
Now we find the lower and upper limits of each class, and we elaborate the
frequency table.
Brand Frequency Frequency Relative frequency
Interval Relative frequency
of class absolute accumulated accumulated

[0 – 2) 1 8 8 0.229 0.229

[2 – 4) 3 7 15 0.200 0.429

[4 – 6) 5 8 23 0.229 0.658

[6 – 8) 7 6 29 0.171 0.829

[8 - 10] 9 6 35 0.171 1

Total 35 1