PART-I: BASICS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
# 1. Input Devices, Output Devices
Input Devices** are hardware used to send data to a computer. Examples:
Keyboard**: For typing.
Mouse**: For selecting/clicking.
Scanner**: For digitizing documents.
Webcam**: For capturing video.
Output Devices** are used to display or project data from the computer. Examples:
Monitor**: Displays the graphical output.
Printer**: Produces physical copies of documents.
Speakers**: Output sound.
# 2. CPU, Memory Devices, ALU, Registers
CPU (Central Processing Unit)**: Brain of the computer. Executes instructions.
Memory Devices**:
- **RAM**: Temporary memory, volatile.
- **ROM**: Permanent, non-volatile.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)**: Performs arithmetic and logical operations.
Registers**: Small storage units inside CPU used for quick data access.
# 3. Computer System Organisation
A computer system is organized into:
Input Unit**: Devices like keyboard, mouse.
Storage Unit**: RAM, ROM, Hard Drives.
Processing Unit**: CPU with ALU and CU.
Output Unit**: Monitor, Printer.
# 4. Security Software (Antivirus etc.)
Antivirus software detects and removes malware. Examples:
Windows Defender
McAfee
Quick Heal
Functions include scanning files, blocking threats, and quarantining viruses.
# 5. JAP-3903 (2018) Cyber Security Policy
A government-issued policy for securing digital infrastructure:
Guidelines for secure password usage.
Software updates, user access management.
Incident response protocols.
# 6. IT Instructions on Software Development Process
Covers:
SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle)**: Requirements, design, coding, testing, maintenance.
Coding Standards
Version Control**: Using Git.
# 7. Safety Precautions and Handling
Use **antistatic wristbands** while handling components.
Do not open PC when plugged in.
Handle hard drives with care.
Keep systems clean and dust-free.
# 8. Low Level and High Level Language
Low Level**: Close to hardware. E.g., Assembly Language.
High Level**: User-friendly. E.g., Python, Java.
# 9. Compilers and Interpreters; Parts of Operating System
Compiler**: Converts full program to machine code at once. E.g., C compiler.
Interpreter**: Converts and executes line-by-line. E.g., Python interpreter.
Parts of OS**:
Kernel
Shell
File System
Device Drivers
# 10. Operating System Objectives and Functions
Manage hardware and software.
Handle input/output.
Provide UI (User Interface).
File management, memory management, security.
# 11. Multitasking, Time Sharing
Multitasking**: Running multiple programs simultaneously.
Time Sharing**: CPU time divided among users.
Example: A mainframe serving multiple terminals.
# 12. Vayusevak OS
A customized OS used in specific Indian government or defense systems.
Focus on secure, simplified user interfaces for administrative use.
PART-II: SYSTEM SPECIFIC
# Hardware
1. Installation of PC, Peripherals
PC Setup**: Connect motherboard, CPU, RAM, HDD/SSD.
Connect peripherals: Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, Printer.
2. Installation of OS and Software
Boot from USB/DVD.
Follow OS installation steps (Windows/Linux).
Install drivers, security patches, and applications like MS Office.
3. Common Faults and Diagnosis
No display**: Check RAM, cables.
Boot failure**: Check BIOS settings.
Overheating**: Clean fans, apply thermal paste.
Use tools: MemTest, HDD Regenerator.
4. Policy on IT Asset Management
Maintain hardware lifecycle documents.
Approve upgrades/downgrades through IT admin.
Data sanitization before disposal.
# Networking
5. Overview: LAN, VLAN, CAN, MAN, WAN, Internet, Intranet
LAN**: Local area network (e.g., office).
VLAN**: Virtual LAN-segregates networks.
CAN**: Campus area network.
MAN**: City-wide network.
WAN**: Wide area network-covers countries.
Internet**: Global network.
Intranet**: Internal organizational network.
6. Network Hardware
Server**: Central machine for data/services.
Client**: Access services from server.
Node**: Any device on network.
Switch**: Connects devices in LAN.
Router**: Connects networks.
Cables**: UTP/STP, Coaxial.
Crimping**: RJ45 connector setup.
7. Transmission Media & Topologies
Cables**:
- UTP: Unshielded twisted pair.
- STP: Shielded.
- Coaxial: TV cable.
Connectors**: RJ45, RJ11.
Topologies**:
- **Bus**: One main cable.
- **Star**: Devices connected to a central hub.
- **Ring**: Circular data flow.
- **Mesh**: Every device connected to every other.
8. Protocols and Services
HTTP/HTTPS**: Web protocols.
FTP**: File transfer.
DNS**: Domain name resolution.
TCP/IP**: Core internet protocol.
OSI Model**: 7-layer architecture.
Proxy**: Acts as intermediary.
VPN**: Secure remote access.
Subnetting**: Divides IP ranges.
IP Addressing**: IPv4/IPv6 for unique identification.
This document provides foundational and advanced knowledge for working with computer systems and
networks. Examples are real-world and relatable, suitable for both learning and practical application.