Week 2

Computer Operations
Mr. Khyle Alegre
IT31SYSADM Course instructor
Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
• Explain the basic concepts, components, and functions of computer
hardware and software.
• Describe how hardware and software interact to support IT operations.
• Identify task objectives and create systematic plans to meet desired
system outcomes.
• Operate diagnostic tools for troubleshooting hardware and software issues.
• Interpret technical drawings, blueprints, circuit diagrams, and network
topologies.
• Maintain high accuracy in data entries, configurations, and installations.
Computer Operations
• Coordinated processes involving hardware and software
to perform tasks and support IT systems.

• Hardware executes instructions; software defines what

those instructions are.

• Example: Running Excel involves the OS allocating

memory (RAM), CPU processing formulas, and monitor
displaying results.
Hardware Basics: Overview
Physical, tangible components of a computer system that perform computation,
storage, communication, and interaction tasks.

Categories:
• Internal Components: Inside the system unit; essential for system
operation.
• Peripherals: External devices that expand the computer’s functionality.
Hardware determines system capability, speed, and user experience. Hardware can
be upgraded over time to improve performance without replacing the whole system.

Example:
1. High-performance gaming PC: Powerful CPU, dedicated GPU, SSD storage.
2. Basic office computer: Energy-efficient CPU, integrated graphics.
Internal Components of the System Unit
1. CPU (Central Processing Unit):
• "Brain" of the computer.
• Measured in GHz; multi-core processors handle multiple tasks in
parallel.
2. Motherboard:
• Main printed circuit board.
• Houses CPU socket, RAM slots, chipset, expansion slots, and power
connectors.
3. RAM (Random Access Memory):
• Temporary, volatile storage.
• Higher RAM → smoother multitasking.
Internal Components of the System Unit
4. Storage Devices:
• HDD: Larger capacity, slower read/write speed.
• SSD: Faster, more reliable, but costlier per GB.
5. Power Supply Unit (PSU):
• Converts AC to DC for components.
• Wattage affects upgrade options.
6. Cooling Systems:
• Air cooling: Fans and heatsinks.
• Liquid cooling: Better heat dissipation for high-performance systems.

A balanced system design avoids bottlenecks — e.g., pairing a high-end CPU

with too little RAM reduces performance.
Peripherals: Input Devices
Enable users to send commands and data into the system.
Examples:
1. Standard: Keyboard, mouse.
2. Specialized: Barcode scanners, biometric readers, graphic tablets.
Factors to Consider:
1. Ergonomics (reducing strain)
2. Wired vs. Wireless
3. Responsiveness (important for gaming and design)
Examples:
1. Retail cashiers use barcode scanners for speed.
2. Graphic designers use stylus-based tablets for precision.
Peripherals: Output Devices
Present processed information in a usable form.
Examples:
1. Monitors: LCD, LED, OLED — vary in resolution (HD, 4K) and refresh rates
(60Hz–240Hz).
2. Printers: Inkjet (high detail), laser (fast text output), 3D (prototypes).
3. Audio Devices: Speakers, headphones, headsets for multimedia and
communication.
Considerations:
1. Screen size and resolution affect clarity.
2. Color accuracy critical for design work.
Examples:
1. A video editor requires a color-calibrated monitor for professional results.
Peripherals: Storage & Networking Devices
1. External Storage Devices:
• USB flash drives — portable, small capacity.
• External HDD/SSD — backups and large file transfer.
• Network Attached Storage (NAS) — shared storage for multiple users.

2. Networking Devices:
• Router — Connects local devices to the internet.
• Switch — Connects multiple devices within a LAN.
• Access Point — Extends wireless network range.

Use Cases:
NAS for small businesses to centralize file storage. External SSDs for field engineers
to carry large datasets.
Software Basics: Overview
A set of instructions that tells the computer hardware how to perform tasks.

Categories:
a. System Software: Core programs managing the system.
b. Application Software: Programs for specific user needs.

c. Utility Software: Maintenance and optimization tools.

Importance: Software bridges the gap between hardware capabilities and
user requirements.

Example:
Without an OS, a computer cannot boot or run applications.
System Software
1. Operating System (OS):
• Manages hardware resources.
• Provides user interface (GUI or CLI).
• Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux, Android.
2. Firmware:
• Low-level software controlling device hardware (e.g.,
BIOS/UEFI).
3. Device Drivers:
• Enable hardware and OS communication.
Acts as a translator between hardware and application
software.
Application Software
1. Productivity Tools:
• Word processors, spreadsheets, presentation software.
• Examples: MS Office, Google Workspace.
2. Collaboration Tools:
• For communication and teamwork — Zoom, Slack, Microsoft
Teams.
3. Creative Tools:
• For design, video editing, CAD — Photoshop, Premiere Pro,
AutoCAD.
4. Specialized Applications:
• Accounting systems, hospital management software.
Utility Software
1. Security Tools:
• Antivirus, firewalls, anti-malware.
2. Backup Software:
• Cloud backups, local disk cloning.
3. Performance Tools:
• Disk defragmenters, cleanup tools.
4. Monitoring Tools:
• CPU-Z, HWMonitor, network analyzers.
Drivers and Compatibility
Specialized programs enabling communication between OS and
hardware.
Importance:
• Without correct drivers, hardware may not function properly.
• Updated drivers improve performance and security.

Compatibility Issues:
• Old drivers may not work with new OS versions.
• Example: A Windows 7 printer driver may not work on
Windows 11.
 IT OPERATIONS AND TECHNICAL SKILLS

01
Task Objectives and Planning
02
Hardware and Software Diagnostics
Process: • Hardware Tools:
• Identify the task o Multimeter, POST card,
objective. cable tester.
• Gather hardware • Software Tools:
and software o Windows Event
requirements. Viewer, MemTest86,
• Create a step-by- network analyzers.
step action plan.
 IT OPERATIONS AND TECHNICAL SKILLS

03 04
Interpreting Technical Drawings Hardware and Software Diagnostics
• Circuit Diagrams: Show hardware • Ensures consistency, reliability, and
electrical connections. compliance.
• Blueprints: Show device layout. Best Practices:
• Network Topologies: Star, mesh, • Maintain clear installation notes.
bus, hybrid. • Document system configurations.
• Application: Planning, • Keep network diagrams updated.
troubleshooting, and scaling
systems.
Summary
1. Hardware provides the physical foundation.
2. Software enables functionality and usability.
3. Both require careful planning, diagnostics, and accurate
documentation.
4. Computer operations are vital for IT stability and business continuity.
Questions?
References
1. TESDA. (2013). Training Regulations – Computer Systems Servicing NC II. Technical
Education and Skills Development Authority.
https://www.tesda.gov.ph/Downloadables/TR%20Computer%20Systems%20Se
rvicing%20NC%20II.pdf
Thanks!