Achievement and Learning

Language (W1at W2): The

Theory and Practice
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we will learn about your beliefs and
belief in effective language teaching. There are sociological, motivational, focus
students, basic theories and principles through which it can be studied further
I will understand what this is all about. Here is also the study regarding structural teaching.
communicative teaching, whole language approach, at content-based
Come and discover these.

THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND LEARNING

Many scholars have devoted a long time in the field of
study of language to explain how language is learned. But truly
The answers here are inadequate. To clarify things for us even a little, it is appropriate
Let's make sure to find out what many have believed since then.
until now... the acquisition and learning of language is mysterious and has magic
What?
In fact, there are two classifications of words according to the
ancient Greek philosopher: First- you should confirm the actions being undertaken in a
sentence; and the second - the person or thing performing the action. Dionysius
Thrax, a Greek, refers to eight different classifications of words.
Because of this, his book The Art of Grammar became popular and was made a model in
study of Latin and Greek grammar.

THE PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR

Many people during that time were discussing Latin grammar in the...
study of Language. When Filipino was first taught in our public schools, it was anchored
this in the grammar of the English language. The structure and form of English is the basis of any
explanation regarding the Filipino language. This is why the belief in the past was that whatever
the sentence structure in English is the same as in Filipino.
The beliefs and principles mentioned regarding language learning
it has focused on the grammar-translation method in language teaching. In this method,
students memorize a long list of vocabulary words,
types of verbs and nouns.

THE DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTIC

Earlier linguists examined the sound units of language, how
these were formed, and they also described the structure of the sentences. They were able to form
 a method for identifying the sounds of language, analysis and identification of
the morphemes that make up a word, and the analysis of the forms of a sentence.
This period symbolizes the outlining or diagramming as
pedagogical methods for describing language. An important role of
the language teacher then knowledge of the structure of the first and second language in order to
Explain the target (W2) with the help of knowledge about the structure of the first language.

THE BEHAVIORISM THEORY: LISTEN AND REPEAT

Although behaviorism is not a direct linguistic theory, it has a significant
the nagging influence of this as a theory in the learning of the first and second language.
The theory of behaviorism states that children are born with
the ability to learn and their actions and behaviors can be shaped by
through controlling their environment. The intellectual ability of
children will be enriched and developed with the help of appropriate support
Ritual. Skinner (1968), a leading behaviorist, emphasized that it is necessary
nurture intellectual development through motivation and provision
signals and affirmation of any good deeds or habits. According to behaviorists, the
language learning is the result of imitation, repetitive practice until
master the correct form of this, and positive feedback.
Skinner also believed that a child can achieve anything
He will learn if taught and given the right direction. For example, it is possible
Parents can start shaping their child as soon as they are born.
to become a doctor or a lawyer. The teachers who agree with the belief
Skinner was always hearing praises like 'Great.' 'Your answer is correct.'
You are amazing.
The theory of behaviorism in learning provides teachers with a set of
simulations and methods that are easy to implement in teaching. The Audio-Lingual Method
The popular (ALM) during the 1950s and 1960s was based on
Behaviorism theory. The main characteristics of ALM are outlined below.
Emphasizing listening and speaking skills;
Emphasizing repetition and drills;
Use only the target language;
Rewards/reinforcement for each correct answer;
Accurate correction of mistakes; and
Teaching and learning are focused on the teacher.

INNATISM THEORY: ALL OF THAT IS IN THE MIND

The theory of innate learning is based on the belief that a child is
born with an "innate intelligence" for language learning. Chomsky explained
(1975, 1965) that language ability includes birth and is naturally cultivated
while the children are interacting with their environment.
 According to Chomsky, children are biologically programmed for
language learning and this language is developed just like how it is developed
other biological roles of humans. For example, when a child reaches the appropriate age,
he can walk especially if given the proper nutrition besides
She is able to move freely and act.
Chomsky referred to this special ability as Language Acquisition.
Device (LAD). This device is commonly described as an invention.
The 'black box' can be found in a corner of our brain. Currently, it has been dropped.
Noam Chomsky and his associates prefer the term LAD; instead, Universal
Grammar (UG) is what they call the mental apparatus possessed by all
birth (Chomsky, 1981; Cook, 1988; White, 1989).

Cognitive Theory
According to the perspective of cognitive theory, language learning is a
dynamic process in which the language learner is always needing to
think and give meaning or significance to the newly received information,
understand the underlying principles, and apply them to create something original
in a sentence. According to cognitivists, mistakes are a sign of
learning and experimentation and it is not immediate and direct correction.
This focuses on discovery learning through approaches.
generalization and deduction. In the deductive approach, the teacher guides the learning in
through some specific examples and he will analyze them to
They can make a conclusion. The comprehensive approach is the opposite of the approach.
in conclusion. If the approach in conclusion starts with examples leading to
summary or formulation of rules; the comprehensive approach begins with
presentation of rules leading to the provision of examples. The
cognitive theory always focuses on the idea that this information...
to connect students to their existing mental structures and to
their previous knowledge.
Cognitive theory and innatism theory are similar in many ways.
aspect. Both of these theories hold that people are
born with a natural ability to learn a language (page and pinnel,
1979). Innativists believe that children do not need support in
acquisition of language because it is naturally learned. Meanwhile, in the camp of the
Cognitivist, teaching and learning environments are needed that will accelerate
language learning.

Humanistic Theory
The humanistic theory of learning emphasizes the importance of
emotional and sensory. It is the teacher's duty to provide and create a
an environment in the classroom and a class without intimidation where
Each student feels comfortable and freely utilizes and analyzes.
the new language learned.
Some methods of language teaching related to humanistic
The tradition is as follows: Community Language Learning by Curran; the Silent
Wayni Gattegno at the Suggestopedia Lazonov.
 CURRENT THEORIES IN ACHIEVEMENT AND LEARNING
NEW LANGUAGE
The existing belief that language is learned through constant
the provision of verbal inputs and corresponding reinforcement is
clearly stated in the book by B.F. Skinner, Verbal Behavior (1957). Meanwhile,
In 1959, in a fierce review conducted by Chomsky of Skinner's book,
he insisted that language can only be learned through
confirming, it will be difficult for a native speaker of the language (W1) to
understanding sentences that he has not yet heard. Chomsky also added
Language is not learned only through the processes of memorization and repetition.
Our mind has an active language processor, the Language
Acquisition Device (LAD), which generates rules through without-
The awareness of achieving personal narrative. There are three main ideas
influences the teaching and learning of language today.
First, the shift to a cognitive paradigm that emphasizes the primacy of
learning before the teaching of it.
Secondly, the teaching/learning process is fully considered if it
It is compatible with the natural processes occurring in our brain.
Thirdly, the integration of knowledge is an important concept.
contemporary with unity in the objectives of all content areas
and the integration of teaching writing, speaking, listening, thinking, and acting
is a leading principle in current thought about language learning.

THE TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADER

GRAMMAR
Transformational linguists like Chomsky believe that
a language has a set of rules that are unconsciously internalized
and is used by a person in their daily communication. Purpose
transformational linguistics that can explain and describe the inherent
this is the tuning of the language.

Although this paradigm did not become a model for teaching language diversity,
This greatly contributed to our understanding of Krashen's monitor model.

MONITOR MODEL IS KRASHEN

There is a proposed theory by Krashen (1981b, 1982) regarding language acquisition.
second language (L2) that has become the basis of a framework for understanding
the processes on how a second language is learned. There are five hypotheses that
This is included in Krashen's theory: the acquisition learning hypothesis, which
shows the difference between attainment (towards excellence) and learning (that
the knowledge relates to the rules of language); the natural order hypothesis,
the linguistic rules are achieved in a predictable
sequence; the monitor hypothesis, which assumes that there is a way
the thinking for the attainment of excellence; the input hypothesis also expresses
the understanding of messages; and the affective filter hypothesis, which explains
regarding the mental and emotional obstacles to complete attainment of
language.
 Although there was also a lot of criticism directed at the monitor model, provisions were made
this is a strong theoretical thinking for a natural approach, which is significant
the influence on the teaching and learning of a second language.
The acquisition learning hypothesis. It states that
this hypothesis states that attainment and learning are two separate processes
in language expertise. Learning is 'knowledge about' the language.
The natural order hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, there are certain rules
a language that was acquired earlier than others. It also relies on the belief that there is
The child naturally follows the order of acquiring language.
The Angmonitor hypothesis clearly states that this
interaction of language acquisition and learning. With the help of Krashen's Monitor Theory,
The practice of language teaching has been enhanced through the provision of a
language-rich environment that facilitates its natural or innate learning.
Input hypothesis. This hypothesis asserts that language is
we are amazed in a simple and truly wonderful process-when understood
we will convey the messages. Excellence will be developed if it is continuously embraced
what Krashen says about comprehensible input. Krashen assumes that
this is input that can be likened to a 'caretaker speech,' a form of speaking for
children who have just started speaking can be heard from the caregivers.
The caretaker's speech (short sentences, easy to understand, controlled the
vocabulary, various topics) focuses on communication.
Affective filter hypothesis. This hypothesis is related to
emotional variables such as anxiety, motivation, and trust in
self. Knowledge about this is important because it can prevent them from
inputs to activate the Language Acquisition Device (LAD). If obstructed
the affective filter and some comprehensible input, it may be just a little input
the entry of students into the LAD. A positive and affective context is
increases input.

TEACHING ACTIVITIES THAT ALIGN WITH THE MONITOR

MODEL
A brief summary of Krashen is the belief that one can achieve the
linguistic structure (W1 or W2) in a predictable sequence if there is
if there is comprehensible input and if affective filters are low and loose
the input can enter.
Achievement vs. Learning. The partial comprehension and incomplete
speech is accepted.
Natural Order. Teachers are expected to accept that the formation of ideas...
Sentences do not start from simple to more complex.
sentence.
Monitor. Additional assistance may be provided through
suggestions or direct grammatical rules.
Comprehensible Input. The language used is similar to caretaker speech.
may be effective for other students.
 Affective Filter. Teachers can lower the affective filter in
through a class that relaxes all the children, there is respect
each child.

STUDENT-CENTERED TEACHING
(LEARNER-CENTERED TEACHING)
Student-centered teaching uses techniques such as:
Focused on needs, goals, and styles in learning;
Provides some control to students (for example: group work or
training)
It adds to one's self-confidence and personal skills and abilities;
And a curriculum that incorporates consultation and considers the input of students and not
Objectives are set immediately.
This kind of situation in the classroom brings awareness that
students demand their learning and contribute to
their intrinsic motivation.

COOPERATIVE LEARNING
COOPERATIVE LEARNING
A cooperative classroom is not a contest or competition.
related to student-centered learning characteristics. The students
study is a 'team' whose goal is for each player to succeed in
any assigned task.
An additional connotation of 'cooperative' is its emphasis on togetherness.
the collaborative effort of teachers and students to achieve
set objective.

INTERACTIVE LEARNING
(INTERACTIVE LEARNING)
Using language becomes easier when the focus is on giving.
and receiving an authentic message (a message containing interesting information)
in speaker and listener). According to Wells, the exchange of speech is what
main unit of discourse. Linguistic interaction is a collective
discourses that require triadic interaction of the sender,
receiver, and the context of the situation in a spoken communication or
writing too.
Commonly found in an interactive class are the following:
Activities that involve pairs or groups are common.

Using authentic languages as input in the context of its actual use.

Creating true languages for meaningful communication
Conducting classroom activities as preparation for the actual
use of language in the 'outside'

Writing to ensure that the target audience is real

 AND WHOLE LANGUAGE EDUCATION
This term is a result of research in reading and is used
to emphasize a) the 'wholeness' of language versus the perspective of language sharing
in its small elements such as phonemes, morphemes, and syntax; b) the interaction
and the connection between spoken language (listening and speaking) and language
writing (reading and writing); the importance of the rules in writing this.
natural and developing, similar to the spoken rules.
The whole language is a label used to describe:
Collaborative learning
Participatory learning
Learner-focused education
Integration of the 'four skills'
Use of authentic and natural language

CONTENT-CENTERED EDUCATION
According to Brinton, Snow, and Weshe (1989), content-centered education
the integration of content learning with teaching objectives
language.

TASK-BASED LEARNING
According to Micheal Breen (1987), the task is any designed
language learning with specific objectives, content, methods, and expectations
we will be killed by those who will carry out the task.

BRAIN-BASED LEARNING
In this situation, it would be fitting to find out the
the neurofunctional theory attempts to explain the connection between
the roles of language and neuroanatomy - to identify as much as possible which
Parts of the brain are responsible for language functioning in communication.
The table below presents the principles regarding brain-based learning.
learning (Caine at Caine, 1991) and it provided a way to apply some
knowledge in the brain in language teaching.

THE PRINCIPLES AND IMPLICATIONS OF BRAIN-BASED TEACHING

Simulain Teaching Implications

1.The brain is capable of learning experiences.
to process what needs to be well planned
most and simultaneously. orchestrated to mobilize and engage
and many parts of the brain.
2. Involved sa anything should to consider and nutrition
learning is the totality of exercise, great concern, and
student's body and readiness for any
(parts of this). occasion of teaching and learning.
3. The search and creation Any language learning is
The meaning is innate to humans. it is necessary to provide peace and
self-disclosure besides it responds
in curiosity and inquisitiveness of the students
study.
The brain is designed for the ideal and effective process of teaching.
to to be able to answer
and presents information in
create images. ways the brain can draw out
models and actively create
definition.
5. Emotions must be supported by anything
important in memory. teaching is the background knowledge of the -
study and the language it possesses.
Simultaneously processed language skills such as
The parts and grammar and vocabulary of the mind have been thoroughly learned.
the entirety of an idea. in an authentic linguistic background
(problem-solving, debating an issue,
discovery.
Music, art, and other similar things are involved in learning.
attention with a specific focus on the stimulus in our environment may
at many understanding increased influence on nature
environment related to it. language acquisition.
8. The unqualified and the qualified must be given a chance.
In the processing of the mind, students will review anything
lagging is involved in any learning to think it through well,
learning. to manage properly the
development of one's own learning.
2n Use the rote learning system for the
teaching technique that focuses on
memorization of words and rules
pangram while sa the
education that must involve the
study on sharing unique experiences.
10.Being effective the Ang one-by-one development of the
learning if the skills linguistics oh fully na
knowledge and skills can be learned if focused on tasks and
included in the authentic natural experience (study tour,
spatial memory. performance, play, story, and others.
11.Learning The teacher should strive for his/her
The challenges and classroom are stimulating and pleasant without any
 threatened by the signs of intimidation that are rich in
and intimidation. thoughts.

12. Each one is unique. The teaching techniques must be

match. many and varied.

INITIAL TASK
Name Date:
Course: Use:

Create a presentation where the students will show what the

theory according to their understanding. It could be singing, performing, or reciting poetry.
drawing of images showing theories.
TRAINING
Name: Date:
Course: Usage:

Circle the correct answer.

Who is the philosopher that identified the eight classifications of words?

a. Dionysius Thrax
b. Skinner
c. Chomsky
d. Plato

2. What book became famous and was used as a model for the study of Latin grammar and
Greek?
a. The art of language
b. The art of Africans
c. The art of grammar
d. The art of Noah

3. This is a copy from the Latin word, limiting how it should be used.
language?
a. Descriptive linguistic
b. Prescriptive grammar
c. Descriptive language
d. Prescriptive linguistic

4. What does ALM mean?

a. Audio-language method
b. Audio-lingual method
c. Audio-linguistic method
d. Audio-logical method

5. What is the meaning of the acronym LAD?

a. Language Acquisition Device
b. Linguistic Acquisition Device
c. Language of association device
d. Linguistic of association device

6. Who emphasized and affirmed the content of the behaviorism theory?

a. Skinner
d. Plato
c. Chomsky
d. Watson
7. One of the theories that emphasizes the importance of emotional factors
Is it emotional?
a. Humanistic theory
b. Behaviorism theory
c. Cognitive theory
d. Teoyang innatism

8. This is the theory that learning is based on the belief that all children and
born with a natural talent for language learning?
a. Humanistic theory
b. Behaviorism Theory
c. Cognitive theory
d. Teoyang innatism

9. This and the theory that emphasizes that a child is born with the ability to
learning and their behavior?
a. Humanistic theory
b. Behaviorism Theory
c. Cognitive theory
d. Teoyang innatism

10. This theory suggests that language learning is a dynamic processing where
the study of language always requires meaningful thinking and activity
importance?
a. Humanistic theory
b. Behaviorism theory
c. Cognitive theory
d. Teoyang innatism

11. Krashen's theory states that language rules are achieved through
a predictable sequence?
a. Natural order hypothesis
b. Monitor hypothesis
c. Affective filter hypothesis
d. Input hypothesis

12. This explains the obstacles in thinking and feelings for

on the complete acquisition of language?
a. Hypothesis of natural order
b. Monitor hypothesis
c. Affective filter hypothesis
d. Input hypothesis

13. This also states that languages are acquired in only one way - in
understanding the message?
a. Acquisition learning hypothesis
b. Monitor hypothesis
c. Affective filter hypothesis
d. Input hypothesis

14. Does this show the difference between achievement and learning?
a. Acquisition learning hypothesis
b. Monitor hypothesis
c. Affective filter hypothesis
d. Input hypothesis

15. This will make the use of language easier if attention is focused on
giving and receiving authentic messages?
a. Interactive learning
b. Whole language education
c. Task-based learning
d. Brain-based learning

16. This is a structured language learning with specific objectives and content,
methods and expected outcomes?
a. Interactive learning
b. Whole language education
c. Task-based learning
d. Brain-based learning

17. This is the integration of content learning into the objectives of

language teaching?
a. Content-centered education
b. Whole language education
c. Task-based learning
d. Whole language education

18. This is guided by the teacher in learning through some specific

example?
a. General approach
b. Approach to descent
c. not mentioned
d. A at B

19. This is the opposite, where there is no teacher guiding learning?

a. Extensive approach
b. Proximate approach
c. not mentioned
d. A at B

20. This is the time when the debate among philosophers began.
Greek concerning the nature of the language spoken by people?
Fourth century
fifth century
 c. Sixth Century
seventh century

THE ANSWERS:
TRAINING
A
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. A
7. A
8. D
9. B
10. C
11. A
12. C
13. B
14. A
15. A
16. C
17. A
18. B
19. A

20. A