PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC EXERCISES Philosophy

FORMALIZATION ACTIVITIES
1.- It is not true that I don't like to dance.

I like to dance and read science fiction books.

If my sister's cats didn't shed so much hair, I would like to pet them.
4.- If and only if I saw a Martian with my own eyes, I would believe that there is extraterrestrial life.

One of two things: either I go for a walk, or I start studying like a madman.
6.- If elephants could fly or knew how to solve square roots, I would think I'm like a
shower and let them admit me to a psychiatric ward.
7.- I prefer to go on vacation or do nothing if I have time for it and I don't have to go to
to work.
Either you are sure and what you say is true or you are lying like a rogue.

If I accept this job or stop painting due to lack of time; then I will not achieve my dreams.
I have accepted the job and stopped painting. Therefore, I will not pursue my dreams.
10.- They came, but they arrived very late.
11.- Although he is poorly dressed, it is a pleasure to see him.

12.- If you are on time, we will go together, but if you arrive late, I will go alone.

13.- If it has been him, he is either naive or a criminal; and if he is a criminal, he will go to prison.

I will only pass Mathematics if I can borrow the integral exercises.

Having bad thoughts is equivalent to practicing them.
16.- Either you study and work or you will be a wretched person.

17.- Everything you say is false.

18.- It is not true that everything you say is false.
19.- It is impossible that what you are saying is not true.

Wealth helps to be happy, but culture helps even more.

21.- If you have a degree, it is not possible that you do not know how to read or write.

22.- It is impossible for the same thing to be and not be.

A mineral is a metal if and only if it is a good conductor of electricity.

24.- If you don't believe in God but blaspheme, you are contradicting yourself.

25. It is not true that life only makes sense by applying rationality.
26.- What time are you coming tonight? I hope you come soon!
27.- Sit down at once. Didn't you hear me?
28.- If I go to the cinema, I will have fun and I won't have to study. So I'm going to the cinema.
29.- I either watch Antena 3 or Telecinco, but it is impossible for me to watch both at the same time.

30.- The book is on the table, but I haven't had time to read it and summarize it.

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PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC EXERCISES Philosophy

31.- If I don't eat or sleep, I will get sick.

If I read the press, I will be informed about economic matters, and if this is the case, I will invest in
stock market successfully. Therefore, if I read the press I will ensure success in the stock market.

33.- That it is not true that it rains and it is sunny amounts to saying that it does not rain or it is not sunny.

34.- Iraq says that if American planes fly over its territory, it will shoot them down. If this
Finally, the UN will toughen its economic sanctions against Iraq. Therefore, if the
American planes fly over Iraq, the UN sanctions will be enforced.
35.- Either Television modifies its schemes and renews its programming or an exodus will occur.
massive audience and we will see the streets flooded with people.
36.- If they win the elections and our representatives gain power, we will trust them.
if and only if they keep their promises and power does not corrupt them.

37.- Aristotle was born in Stagira and was the tutor of Alexander the Great. But if he was born in Stagira, then he was
of Macedonian nationality. Therefore, Aristotle was of Macedonian nationality.
38.- If the investigation continues, new evidence will emerge. If new evidence emerges,
then several leaders will be implicated. If several leaders are implicated, the
newspapers will stop talking about the case. If the continuation of the investigation means that the
newspapers stop talking about the case, then, the emergence of new evidence implies that
The investigation continues. The investigation does not continue. Therefore, no new evidence will arise.

39.- Whether the books of the Library of Alexandria contain the teachings of the Quran or not
they contain. If they contain the teachings of the Quran, they are superfluous, and if they are superfluous, they must be
burned. If they do not contain the teachings of the Quran, they are harmful, and if they are harmful, they must be
burned. Consequently, the books of the Library of Alexandria must be burned.
40.- If the future mother's Rh is negative, it must be analyzed immediately after each
I cut the blood of the newborn and, if it is Rh positive, it must be administered to the mother.
appropriate serum if complications to other children are to be avoided.

41.- If the number n is positive, then n2 is positive. If n is negative, then n2 is positive.

N is positive or negative. Consequently, n2 is positive.

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PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC EXERCISES Philosophy

ACTIVITIES WITH TRUTH TABLES

A) Build the truth tables for the following formulas, indicating whether it is a
tautology, indeterminacy or contradiction.
1. p → ¬ p 2. if v not p 3. (p and q) or not p

4. ¬ (p ∧ q) (¬p v ¬q) 5. [ p (q r) ^ (¬p v r)] (p v q) not p

7. [ p ^ (q v r)] [(p and q) or (p and r)] 8. [ (¬p q) ^ (q r)] (¬p r)

9. [ (p ^ q) v (r p)] (not p and not r) 10. [p→(q v r)] not [p implies (q or r)]

11. [ (p → ¬ q) ∧ r] ∨ ¬¬ (p r)

B) Formalize the following arguments and construct their corresponding truth tables:
If I work, I earn money, and if I am idle, I have fun. Either I work or I am idle.
Then, either I make money or I have fun.

2. If I work, I don't have fun, and if I am idle, I don't make money. Either I work or I am idle.
Then, I either don't make money or I don't have fun.

3. If someone is wise, they are an intelligent person. If a person is intelligent, then they are silent.
about what one does not know. Therefore, if someone is wise, they remain silent about what they do not know.

4. If it's cold, the lake will freeze. The lake froze. Therefore, it was cold.

5. If young leftists support Zapatero, they renounce their program of demands.

And if they fight Zapatero, then they are favoring the opposition of the Popular Party. But, one of
Either they support Zapatero or they fight against him. Consequently, they will have to give up their program.
of claims or favoring the opposition of the Popular Party.
6. Either the animal is not a bird or it has wings. If the animal is a bird, then it lays eggs.
The animal does not have wings. Therefore, it does not lay eggs.

I either save my salary every month or spend it to live. If I save, I can't live. But if I want
I can't save. Therefore, it is not possible to live and save.
To be appointed as the leader of your political party, you must show yourself to be submissive and interested.
You are usually quite submissive. Therefore, as long as you show interest,
you will manage to be the party chief.

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PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC EXERCISES Philosophy

DEDUCTIVE CALCULATION ACTIVITIES

A) -1. p not q r -1. p (q v r) s M) -1. p or q r or not r

-2. q v r r -2. p s -2. p r

-3. P -3. q -3. q ¬r

B) -1. p ^ q s v ¬p H) -1. (p q) ^ r q v t N) -1. not t or not s p

-2. ¬r not q -2. s t -2. ¬q t

-3. r s -3. r s -3. ¬¬ s
-4. not q or p

C) -1. p q r I) -1. ¬p qs v t
-2. q r -2. ¬(¬q v r) -1. q p r

-3. P -3. p v s -2. q p

-3. r t
-1. p q not p -1. (p ^ q) r¬p
-2. r v s -2. r s O) -1. p or not p r

-3. s not q -3. q ^ ¬ s -2. (p q) ^ (q r)

-4. ¬r -3. (¬p s) ^ (s r)
K) -1. p (q v r) ¬p
-1. p q -2. ¬ r P) -1. (p ^ q) rq r
-2. q v r -3. q (s v t) -2. P
-3. p ¬s -4. ¬ (s v t)
-4. S -1. p or not p

L) -1. p q s -2. (p q) ^ (q
-1. p qr v s -2. q v s -3. (¬p s) ^ (s r)
-2. q r -3. p ¬ t
-3. P -4. T

FORMALIZE THE FOLLOWING REASONINGS AND DEMONSTRATE THEM IN THE CALCULUS

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PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC EXERCISES Philosophy

1) Either the Earth revolves around the Sun or the Sun around the Earth. If the Earth revolves around the
Sun, we should appreciate a variation in the brightness of the stars over the years or in their
position with respect to a terrestrial observer. No variation in brightness is observed in the
stars throughout the year, nor is there an appreciation of a variation in their position in relation to a
Earth observer. Then, the Sun revolves around the Earth.
2) If there is an economic crisis situation, the birth rate decreases. If it advances the
medicine, life expectancy will be higher. If the birth rate decreases and the
life expectancies are increasing, then society will age rapidly. The
The economic crisis is a fact and advances in medicine are constant. Then, society
will age quickly.
3) Either there are no particles of matter with a mass greater than zero, or the book is wrong. If the
the book is wrong, then Luis is right and we should forget about the issue. Then, if there is
particles of matter with a mass greater than zero, then we should forget about the topic.
It is not true that I neither go to football nor go to the movies. But if I go to the movies, I always come back soon to
home. However, today I didn't return home early. Later, if I didn't go to the movies, then I went
to soccer.
5) The whale is a mammal and does not need gills. If it does not need gills, it must breathe.
through the mouth. Then, it is not true that the whale is a mammal and does not breathe through the mouth.

If it rains and I go out on the street without an umbrella, I get wet. However, I have gone out on the street, I do not
I carry an umbrella, but I don't get wet. Then, it doesn't rain.

If I discover the ruins of Atlantis, I will be a famous archaeologist. If I find the mines of
King Solomon, I will make myself rich. Either I find the mines of King Solomon or I find the
ruins of Atlantis. Then, I will either get rich or become a famous archaeologist.

Only if it rains a lot, then either the harvest will be large or the swamps will fill up.
of water. But if it rains a lot, there will be too many mosquitoes. It turns out that the harvest is large.
Then, there will be plenty of mosquitoes.

9) If you are young, you should not hesitate to philosophize. If you are old, you should not tire of philosophizing.
Then, whether you are young or old, you should either not hesitate to philosophize or not tire yourself out.
of it.
10) Only if sharks are provoked by threats or detect blood will they attack. Then, if
One does not want to be attacked by sharks; it is vital to avoid letting them detect blood.
or to avoid threatening them provocatively