UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS OF GUATEMALA -USAC-

NORTH UNIVERSITY CENTER -CUNOR-

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

ENG. RENE CHENAL

Computer Science

MONOGRAPHY:
HISTORY OF COMPUTING

PRESENTED BY:
FREDY OZIEL GUADRON TEJADA

COBÁN, ALTA VERAPAZ, SEPTEMBER 1, 2018

 INDEX

INTRODUCTION.................................................................1
DEVELOPO ..................................................................................2
CONCLUSION.................................................................7
BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................8

i
 INTRODUCTION

The computer has become an essential part of people's lives.

people today as it allows us to manage information of
a much simpler way. The computer today not only does not
allows the handling of information, but its application in the different areas is
indispensable since it allows us to carry out various tasks from the
storage of text files up to the calculation of very operations
complex while being very versatile for various applications.

As is evident, like many electronic devices, it has had a

evolution over the years to become what we know today,
starting, including starting with the invention of a mechanical machine
made by Blaise Pascal in 1642 which was intended for calculation of
mathematical operations through gears where each one of these
It represented a number, thus allowing for such calculations. But
It was not until the mid-20th century that what is considered was built.
first digital computer in history and it was so immense that it occupied
a complete room to be able to function. Throughout its history the
computers have gone through different stages called generations that
share various common characteristics. In the following work we will make a
review of each of the generations through which has passed the
computer.
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DEVELOPMENT

1 HISTORY OF COMPUTING

Although we have a very clear concept of what a computer is

it has not always been as we know it today, there have been different
machines that can be considered as such.

One of the first mechanical devices for counting was the abacus, whose
history dates back to the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. This device
It is very simple, it consists of beads strung on rods that in turn are
mounted on a rectangular frame. When moving the beads along the rods, their
positions represent stored values, and it is through these positions
that represents and stores data. This device cannot be called
computer for lacking the fundamental element called program.
Another one of theinventionsmechanical was the Pascaline invented by BlaisePascalwith
you aremachinesthe data was represented by the positions of the

gears, and the data was entered manually establishing them

final positions of the wheels, similar to how we read numbers
on the odometer of a car.

The first computer was the analytical engine created by Charles.

Babbage, professor of mathematics at the University of Cambridge in the 19th century.
The idea that Charles Babbage had about a computer was born because of the
the preparation of mathematical tables was a tedious and error-prone process
errors. The operations to be executed by the arithmetic unit are stored in
a punch card machine. It is estimated that the machine would take one second to perform
a sum and a minute in a multiplication.
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In 1947, the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was built at the University of Pennsylvania.

Numerical Integrator and Calculator, which was the first electronic computer,
The History Page 6 design team was led by engineers John Mauchly
by John Eckert. This machine occupied an entire basement of the University, it had more
Of 18,000 vacuum tubes, it consumed 200 KW of electrical energy and required everything
an air conditioning system, but it had the capacity to perform five thousand
arithmetic operations in a second.

The development of computers is usually divided into generations and the

The criterion that was determined to set the change of generation is not very
well defined, but it is apparent that at least the following must be met
requirements: The way they are built. The way the human being is
communicate with them.

1.1 First Generation

In this generation, there was a great ignorance of capabilities.
about computers, since a study was conducted at that time that
it was determined that with twenty computers the market would be saturated.
United States in the field of data processing. By this time
the machines were built using vacuum tubes. They were
programmed in machine language.

The computers were enormous machines that used valves to

functioning and punched cards for data exchange, as well as
also, magnetic cylinders for storing information. They were slow and
they heated up quite a bit. Despite their low optimization for work they were
highly utilized in the military and scientific fields, due to their capability
to perform calculations of great complexity. In the year 1951, UNIVAC was created,
It was the first commercial computer, it could read magnetic tapes and was used
to prepare the census of the year 1950 in the United States. In the year
In 1953, IBM developed the IBM 701, and later the IBM 650.
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the model used a type of secondary memory called magnetic drum,

What is the predecessor of the current discs.

1.2 Second Generation

The second generation of computers can be established
around the sixties. It is during that time when computers
they reduce their size and price, but increase their speed and capacity of
storage. Thanks to the replacement of vacuum tubes with
transistors. The main characteristics of the computers of this
it is an era where they have transistor circuits, and programming is done in languages of

high level. This generation of computers was very advanced for the
era, among them we can highlight the Burroughs 5,000 series and the ATLAS.
from the University of Manchester.

Some of these computers were programmed with punch cards.

and others by means of wiring on a panel. The programs were
custom made by a team of experts: analysts, designers,
programmers and operators who operated like an orchestra to
solve the problems and calculations requested by the administration. The user
end of the information had no direct contact with the computers.

1.3 Third Generation

With the progress of electronics and advancements in communication with
the computers in the 1960s, the third generation arises
The computers. It is inaugurated with the IBM 360 in April 1964.

The characteristics of this generation were the following: Its

electronic manufacturing is based on integrated circuits. Its management is by
means of the control languages of operating systems.
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In the mid-1970s, they appeared on the market

medium-sized computers, or minicomputers that are not so
expensive like the large ones (also called mainframes that
it also means, great system), but they have great capacity of
processing.

1.4 Fourth Generation

This implements one of the most important changes for the
computing since this allowed for a considerable reduction in the
size and increase the processing power of computers

Microprocessors are high-density integrated circuits and with

an unbeatable speed. The computers of this generation have moved to
they are called microcomputers because they used these microprocessors.
These computers are much smaller and cheaper, which allows for
they sold much more, they are known as computers
personal, from the English personal computer (PC).

With the emergence of personal computers, software and the

systems that are managed with them have had considerable progress,
because they have made communication with the user more interactive. They arise
other applications like word processors, spreadsheets
calculation, graphic packages, etc. Also the Software industry of the
Personal computers are growing rapidly.

Gary Kildall and William Gates spent years creating

operating systems and methods to achieve easy use of the
microcomputers (they are the creators of CP/M and of the products of
Microsoft).
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1.5 Fifth Generation

In view of the rapid progress of microelectronics, society
industry has taken on the task of also reaching that level of development
of the software and the systems with which computers are operated. The
international competition for dominance in the computing market,
the two leaders who are emerging, however, have not been able to reach the
level desired: the ability to communicate with the computer in a
more everyday language and not through codes or control languages
specialized.

Japan launched the so-called 'fifth generation program' in 1983.

computers," with the explicit objectives of producing machines with
real innovations in the mentioned criteria. And in the United States
a development program is already in activity that pursues objectives
similar, which can be summarized as follows: Processing
in parallel through special architectures and designs and large circuits
speed. Natural language handling and artificial intelligence systems.

The foreseeable future of computing is very interesting, and it can be

to hope that this science continues to be the subject of priority attention
governments and society as a whole.
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CONCLUSION

Computing is a science that undoubtedly since its creation has not done
more than to take importance in the activities we carry out in a way
daily. Despite this, computers were not always like the
we know today, but they have changed over the years. It is
impressive how the first computers filled entire rooms and
they were limited to certain processing of the data and today they are
devices that we can take anywhere and do almost anything
activity that we need.

The history of computing helps us understand how complex it is.

it could be the creation of a tool that helps us simplify the
carrying out certain activities, in this case data processing. The
computers went through various generations, each with contributions
significant advancements that represented an important improvement for computing. For
In general, the most significant changes were the implementation of new
electronic components such as the microprocessor and that this in turn
led to the reduction of computers that as mentioned before
they could occupy an entire room.

Undoubtedly, the computer is a tool that completely changed the way

of human life, allowing us to carry out activities that
Before they seemed unthinkable for humanity and facilitating the way in which
we communicate.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

The computer magazine. (2015). Obtained from

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COMPUTERS.HTML

monographs. (September 2010). Retrieved in August 2018, from

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Sanchez, M. (February 25, 2005). Gestiopolis. Retrieved from
Unable to access content from the provided URL.