AISC ASD and LRFD
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ScribdTranslationsHeader: STEEL STRUCTURE DESIGN
Design methods for steel structures
Alexis Leonardo Chacaliaza Huamaní
From the Sarmiento bear, Amalia Evans
De la Cruz Oscco, Leslie Cristhell
Peña Morán, Lisbeht Katerine
Quintana Huayta, Gisela Shenna.
National University San Luis Gonzaga of Ica.
September 10, 2019.
Ica.
Design of Steel and Wood
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES ii
Dedication
This present work is dedicated to our parents because thanks to them we have been able to
successfully conclude the present report
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES iii
Abstract
There are two approaches to structural steel design as of the current date:
Allowable Stress Design, known by its initials ASD
Load and Resistance Factor Design or Limit State Design, known by its acronym LRFD
Load and Resistance Factor Design
The ASD method; with it, the aim is to achieve that the acting unit efforts
forces on the structural members shall be less than the permissible unit stresses,
advised by the regulations.
However, during the last two decades, structural design is moving
a more rational procedure based on probability concepts. In this
The methodology (LRFD) refers to the 'limit state' as that condition of the structure in which
cease to fulfill its function.
The limit states are divided into two categories: Resistance and Service. The first state
it has to do with behavior for maximum ductile strength, buckling, fatigue, fracture,
flipping or sliding. The second state relates to the functionality of the structure, in
situations such as deflections, vibrations, permanent deformation, and cracks.
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES iv
Preface
The Allowable Stress Design (ASD) methodology and general criteria for the
design of the different elements of Structural Steel (Columns, beams, connection plates,
etc.) that are part of the main structure of the building.
Show the design methodology of Load and Resistance Factors Design (LRFD) and criteria
general guidelines for the design of the different elements of Structural Steel (Columns, beams,
Connection plates, etc.) that are part of the main structure of the building to be designed.
To establish the comparison based on the design of each of the elements
structural by both methods, in order to determine which design methodology
provides more economical and less oversized designs.
To establish the design methodology for primary and secondary structures
from the assignment of the load to the final process and review of them, in a way
to complement the subject of steel structure design.
Serve as support material for the steel structures course.
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES v
Table of Contents
Capítulo 1 Introducción e información general ...................................................... 1
The Steel ............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 2 Concepts ......................................................... 3
Structural Steel ................................................................................................ 3
Properties. .................................................................................................... 3
Introduction to design according to AISC ASD and AISC LRFD................................ 4
Design by allowable stresses ASD................................................................. 5
Loads and load combinations .................................................................... 6
Advantages and Disadvantages of the method.
Design Procedure ............................................................................. 8
Beam Design Procedure ................................................................. 8
Design by Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) ................................. .9
Loads and load combinations .................................................................. 10
Load capacity reduction factor .............................. 11
Advantages and Disadvantages of the method.
Analysis method according to regulation e-090............................................. 13
Design by Traction.........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.5
LRFD and ASD Method.................................................................................. 15
Design by Compression ...................................Error! Bookmark not defined.6
LRFD and ASD Method.................................................................................. 16
Design by Cut..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.8
LRFD and ASD Method.................................................................................. 19
Chapter 3 Results and discussion. ...................................................................... 20
List ofReference.............................................................................................. 21
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES vi
List of tables
Table 1. Factors of resistance reduction....................................................... 14
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 1
Chapter 1
Introduction and general information
The steel
Steel is an alloy of several elements, including: iron, carbon,
manganese, silicon, chromium, nickel, and vanadium
Carbon: it is considered the most important of these elements because it provides
mechanical properties, that is, as the carbon content increases, hardness increases.
the tensile strength and the yield strength, but decreases ductility and the
tenacity, the carbon content in steels varies between 0.1-1.5%
Manganese: it is added in the form of ferromanganese which increases the
forging ability of steel, its hardenability and impact resistance as well
decreases ductility
Silicon: it is added in proportions that vary from 0.05-0.5%, it is included
for the purposes of deoxidation, which combines with the dissolved oxygen in
the mixture
Chromium: increases abrasion resistance and at the same time hardenability.
Nickel: improves impact resistance and surface quality
Vanadium: improves hardenability
The design criteria for steel structures must include the following:
Define the security and service requirements.
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 2
Define the criteria to determine the actions that the structure must support.
without failing.
Define the criteria and procedures to determine the resistance of the
structure and its components.
The procedure to review the sizing of the structure.
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 3
Chapter 1
Concepts
Structural Steel
Structural steel is defined as the product of the alloy of iron and carbon.
small amounts of other elements such as silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and oxygen that give it
they provide specific characteristics
Properties
Similarity: it refers to the fact that no matter how much time passes, this steel does not change its
appearance and that weather conditions or others hardly affect this material,
but high temperatures can greatly deteriorate it
Firmness: a property that allows it to be used for structures with great efficiency, already...
that structural steel is capable of supporting large weights without being damaged or modified
Durability: with proper maintenance, simply painting the exterior prevents
to corrosion, we can make a structure of this type last for a defined time.
Ductility: it is the ability of steel to withstand large deformations without
to fail, while subjected to great tensile stresses
Tenacity: it is a property that refers to the resistance of a material.
capable of absorbing energy in large amounts
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 4
Introduction to design according to AISC ASD and AISC LRFD
Show the design methodology of Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and general criteria
for the design of the different elements of Structural Steel (Columns, beams, plates of
connections, etc.) that are part of the main structure of the building.
Show the design methodology of Load and Resistance Factors (LRFD) and criteria
general guidelines for the design of the different elements of Structural Steel (Columns, beams,
Connection plates, etc.) that are part of the main structure of the building to be designed.
To establish the comparison based on the design of each of the elements
structural by both methods, in order to determine which design methodology
provides more economical and less oversized designs.
Establishing the design methodology for primary and secondary structures
from the ceiling, from the load assignment to the final process and review of them, in a manner
to complement the subject of steel structure design.
Serve as support material for the steel structures course.
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 5
Design by allowable stresses ASD (elastic design or design by permissible stresses,
Allowable Stress Design, DEP
In this design method, the required resistances (bending moments, forces
axial and shear stresses) in structural members are calculated using methods of
structural analysis accepted for nominal or service loads. These resistances
required cannot be greater than the permissible calculation resistances.
Basic design equation:
Req. ≤ Adm.
Where:
Req. = Required resistance in a structural component under service loads or
working, in kg/cm2.
Radm.= Admissible resistance, in kg/cm2.
The allowable design strength is determined by dividing the nominal strength by a
safety factor in the following way:
Ra = Rn/Ω
where:
-Ra required resistance according to the ASD load combinations
-Rn nominal resistance
Ω safety factor
-Rn/Ω allowable resistance
The safety margin is represented by the safety factor (F.S.) and is
applies on the same side of the resistance of the basic design equation. Typically, FS = 1.67
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES vi
Table 1. Factors of resistance reduction....................................................... 14
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 7
7. 0.6D ± (W o 0.7E)
Where:
D: Dead load
Live load due to equipment and occupancy.
Live load on the roof
Snow load
Rain or ice load
Wind load
E: Earthquake load
Advantages and Disadvantages of Design by Allowable Stress (ASD)
Advantages of ASD:
The ASD was the first method that was created before the LRFD.
The allowable stress design method (ASD) presents greater combinations of
load in comparison with the load and resistance factor design LRFD method.
The allowable stress design method ASD uses the same safety factor.
for dead and live loads.
It must meet the requirements of: safety, economy, and functionality.
The seismic, snow, wind loads, etc.; these loads present a reduction of
25%.
Disadvantages of ASD:
The ratio of live load to dead load, less than three, will result in savings in weight.
from steel when using the LRFD method.
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 8
It does not allow changes easily like the LRFD.
It is not economical like the LRFD.
The behavior of structures is known but not as real as the method of
LRFD.
Design procedure for steel structure elements:
An evaluation of those load combinations of the method must be done.
admissible efforts (ASD).
One should have an initial notion of the type and form of connection to be used for the
union of these elements.
Determine the required thickness area to resist the limit state of deformation.
excessive (after the fluency).
Determine the net area or effective net area (as applicable) required to avoid
the second limit state of fracture.
Relationship of slenderness.
Selection of the appropriate element.
Verification of the selected profile.
Beam design procedure according to the ASD method:
1.-Determination of internal actions.
2.- Load combinations.
3.-Assumption of the cant to be used.
4.-Determination of the estimated weight of the design profile.
5.-Review of the flexural resistance of the selected profile beam.
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 9
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
In this methodology (LRFD), the term 'limit state' refers to that condition of the
structure in which it ceases to function. The limit states are divided into two categories:
Resistance and Service. The first state relates to behavior for maximum
ductile resistance, buckling, fatigue, fracture, overturning or sliding. The second state has to
see with the functionality of the structure, in situations such as deflections, vibrations,
permanent deformation and cracks.
What is intended, then, is to ensure that the structure does not exceed the states.
limits mentioned, but as it is impossible to achieve zero risk in practice, the designer
it must comply with an appropriate probability. To achieve it, it must be based on
statistical methods, which are called "First Moment Reliability Methods"
second order" to not exceed the resistance of the elements, which is what most
worried the designer.
Accepting the statistical base criteria on which this new method is based, it
the structural safety requirement can be expressed as follows:
∑ iQi≤ φ. Rn
Ru≤ φ · Rn
Where: Required resistance≤ Design Resistance
Ru=∑ iQi= required resistance(LRFD)
Rn= nominal resistance
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 10
φ = resistance factor
φRn= design resistance
Design equations.
Tu ≤ φ Tn Tension
Pu ≤ φ Pn Compression
Mu ≤ φ Mn Bending
Vu ≤ φ Vn Cutting
Loads and load combinations
The service loads are estimated from the measurements of loads based on the
norm E-020 of loads, and the structural analysis is carried out under the hypothesis of a
elastic behavior of the structure.
The Peruvian code classifies loads as dead, live, seismic, wind, snow, etc. The
The last design load or the maximum last effects that intervene in the limit states is the
sum of the various loads acting on the structure, affected by an amplification factor.
This amplification factor aims to show the likelihood that the estimated load exists.
dead load, for example, is assessed with greater precision than the reality.
live load or overload, which is why its amplification factor is lower.
The amplification factors used by the National Building Code
(RNE) have been taken from the AISC.
Where:
D: Dead load due to the weight of the elements and permanent effects on
the structure.
L: Live load due to furniture and occupants.
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 11
Live load on the roofs.
Wind load.
Snow load.
E: Seismic load according to Standard E.030 Earthquake-resistant Design.
Rain or hail load.
The required resistance of the structure and its elements must be determined for the
adequate critical combination of factored loads. The critical effect may occur when a
or additional loads are not acting. For the application of the LRFD method, the following
combinations must be researched:
1.4 D
1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 ( S or Lr or R )
1.2 D + 1.6 ( Lr or S or R ) + ( 0.8 W or 0.5 L)
1.2 D + 1.3 W + 0.5 L + 0.5 ( Lr or S or R )
1.2 D± 1.5 E + ( 0.5 L or 0.2 S )
0.9 D± (1.3 W or 1.0 E)
For structural design purposes, the combination of loads must be considered.
origin the greatest results, that is, the combination that produces the greatest demand for the
general structure or the particular member.
Factors for reducing load capacity.
The factorization (modification) of the loads is a form of adjustment for control of the
safety in design by strength. The second basic adjustment is to modify the strength
quantified from the structure. This leads to first determining its resistance in some
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 12
terms (compressive strength, moment capacity, buckling limit, etc.), and then
reduce it by a certain percentage. The reduction (the resistance factor) is based on different
considerations, including the interest in the reliability of theories, quality control in
production, the ability to accurately predict behaviors, etc.
Normally, the design by resistance consists of comparing the factored load (the
increased load by a certain percentage) with the factored resistance (the reduced resistance in
a certain percentage) of the structure subjected to loads. Thus, even though the load factors may
seem low in some cases, the application of the resistance factors leads to a certain
point to a magnification of the percentage level of security.
The capacity reduction factors used in the RNC have been taken from the AISC.
and they are the ones that are presented below:
Factors for reducing resistance.
FACTOR LIMIT STATE
DE
RESISTANCE∅
0.90 Fluency in the total area in traction, Flexion in
beams,
0.75 Break in the net area
0.75 Elements connected with pins in
traction and cutting.
0.85 Bending by flexion in compressed members,
Bending flexural-torsional in compressed members.
0.90 Elements subject to cutting.
Source: National Building Regulations
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 13
Advantages and Disadvantages of Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD):
Advantages of LRFD
It is an additional tool for the designer not to deviate from their solution concept.
that is used in reinforced concrete design, for example.
LRFD appears more rational and therefore is closer to the reality of what happens in
the useful life of the structure.
The use of various combinations of loads leads to cost savings of the solution, because it
more accurately about what will happen.
Facilitates the entry of design bases as more information becomes available.
It is possible to introduce some changes in the factors γi or φ when one knows better
the accuracy of the nature of the charges. This is important when there are unusual charges, or
better understanding of resistance.
Future adjustments and calibrations will be easier to make.
Disadvantage of LRFD:
Requires availability of sufficient statistical data and design algorithms
probabilistic to make adjustments to the resistance factors in situations
particulars.
Analysis method according to regulation E-090
The above-mentioned AISC specifications are recognized in Peru by the
RNE in the E-090 Standard in the absence of national specifications. Of course, in this...
they present slight modifications compared to what is stated in the AISC specifications.
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 14
The design by resistance, as already indicated, has the advantage that the safety factor
from the analyzed elements can be determined. The Peruvian standard for metal structures
E-090 introduces the safety factor in the design through two mechanisms. These are:
amplification of service loads and reduction of the theoretical resistance of the part or
reduction of capacity, as done by the aforementioned AISC-LRFD methodology.
Impact
In the case of structures that support live loads that produce impact, it must
considered an increase in the nominal live load due to this effect. In the case of the method
LRFD, this increase applies in Combinations 1.4-2 and 1.4-3.
If there are no indications to the contrary, the increases will be as follows:
a) For elevator supports 100%.
b) For supports of light machinery powered by shafts or motors 20%.
c) For supports of reciprocating machines 50%.
d) For beams that support floors and cantilevers 33%.
e) For bridge girders with operator cabin and their connections 25%.
For bridge beams with hanging control and their connections 10%.
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 15
Tension design
applies to prismatic elements, subjected to axial tension, due to static loads that
they act through the centroidal axis.
LRFD Method
The design strength of elements in tension tPn must be the lowest obtained value
according to the limit states of yielding in the gross area and of failure in the net area.
(a) For fluency in the total area:
t = 0.90
Pn = Fy Ag
(b) For rupture in the net area:
t = 0.75
Fu Ae
where
Ae = effective net area.
Ag = total area of the element.
Fy = specified minimum yield strength.
Fu = minimum specified tensile strength.
Pn = nominal axial resistance.
ASD Method
The allowable effort Ft must not exceed 60Fy0 in the total area, nor 50Fu0 in
the effective net area. In addition, the elements connected with pins and eye bars
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 16
Design by compression
1) Effective length (length factor (K))
In armor and porticoes where lateral stability is provided by diagonal braces,
cutting walls or equivalent systems, the K factor of effective length for the elements of
compression should be taken as the unit, unless a structural analysis shows that it can.
use a lower value
In structures designed based on plastic analysis, the axial force in these
elements due to factored gravity loads plus factored horizontal loads
must not exceed 0.857 cAgFy .
This Chapter applies to compact and non-compact prismatic elements subject to
axial compression
LRFD Method
The design resistance for buckling due to bending in compressed members where their
elements have a width-to-thickness ratio less than
c = 0.85
Ag Fcr
For c 1.5
2
= (0.658 c)
For c > 1.5
= (0.877
2 )
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 17
Where:
c= √
Ag = total area of the member
Fy = specified yield strength.
E = modulus of Elasticity.
K = effective length factor
l = lateral length not braced.
r = radius of gyration about the buckling axis.
ASD Method
In axially loaded sections
WhenKl/ r C
2
( )
(1− )
2C 2
=
5 3( ) ( )3
+ −
3 8 8 3
Where:
2 2
Cc= √
WhenKl/r > Cc
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 18
12 2
Fa =
23( )2
Design by cutting
This section applies to doubly symmetric and singly symmetric beams with unribbed webs.
including hybrid beams and channels subjected to shear in the web plane. For shear in the
address less than indicated profiles above, tubes and asymmetric sections
LRFD Method
The design shear strength for unstiffened webs, with h/tw 260, it is vVn ,
where v = 0,90
Vn = Nominal cutting resistance defined as follows
For h/tw 1098/ √
Vn = 0.6Fyw XAw
For 1098/ √ Invalid input, unable √
to translate.
1098
√
= 0.6A ( ℎ )
For 1373/ √ <h/tw<260
910000
Vn ℎ 2
( )
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 19
ASD Method
For h/tw 1000/ √ the allowable shear stress is
Fv = 0.40 Fy
For h/tw 1000/ √ the allowable shear stress is
=( ) 0.40Fy
2.89
Where:
= (31000ℎ 2) when Cv is less than 0.8.
( )
500
Cv √ when Cv is greater than 0.80.
ℎ
Kv =5.342+ 4when h is less than 1.0.
( )
ℎ
4
Kv = 2+ 5.34when a/h is greater than 1.0
( )
ℎ
t = thickness of the web.
a = free distance between transverse stiffeners.
h = free distance between wings in the section under investigation.
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 20
Chapter 3
Results and discussion.
Currently, steel, as a structural material, is achieving great acceptance in the
construction industry, for its multiple advantages of safety, cost, and operation, both
for buildings as well as for civil works.
In creating this work, the design procedures were revealed through the methods of
ASD and LRFD are the specifications according to the standard as well as the differences between both methods of
design.
It was also observed that through the LRFD method a greater can be obtained.
data reliability compared to the ASD method, as it can be recognized
explicitly the variability of live and accidental loads compared to loads
permanents.
The LRFD method does indeed provide us with better reliability than the method of
ASD, because LRFD is a calibration of the ASD method, but however currently the
standards indicate both methods for performing a structural design.
DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 21
List of references
Design of Structures with LRFD. William T. Segui. Second Edition
Design Manual for Steel Construction · https://www.ahmsa.com/design-
proposed-by-the-aisc-2016
Design for Metal Structures LRFD and ASD.
Unable to access the provided link to translate the content.
D_ASD
Design Manual for Construction with Steel
Eng. Luis Zamudio Miechielsen & Eng. Miguel H. Elizondo E.
Data. URLUnable to access or translate the content of the provided URL.
Manual_AHMSA_2013