Examples of Materials and Methods

Example 1

To develop a scientific research, it is necessary to use one of the

the following methods: qualitative, quantitative and/or mixed. The former attempts to identify the
deep nature of realities, the relationship and dynamic structure, the method
Qualitative data collection has a very important function in the
impact assessment, as they provide valuable information to understand
the processes that exist behind the results, that is why:

[…] qualitative methods for data collection have a function

very important in the impact evaluation, as they provide a valuable
information to understand the processes that exist behind the results, already
which avoids quantification; however, records are made through the
narration, participant observation, and unstructured interviews (Iñiguez,
Rendón, Ávila, Cruz, Rosario, Morales, Jarquín and Madrigal, 2017, pp. 1606-
1607

Qualitative studies, in turn, are intensive investigations on a very small scale.

scales, in which the daily experience of people and their communities is explored
in different times and spaces, in these works, the position of the researcher, the
experiences, perspectives, and prejudices are significant aspects in development and
research results (Íñiguez, et. al., 2017, p. 1607).

The qualitative method has different characteristics, among which is that it is

inductive1, holistic2, interactive and reflective3, naturalist and focuses on internal logic

1
Its methodological route is more related to discovery and finding than to verification or
the same verification (Neill and Suárez, 2017, p. 76).
2
The researcher sees the scene and the people from a holistic perspective, the people in a
total perspective, people, scenarios, or groups are not reduced to variables, but instead
considered as an integral whole, which follows a logic of its own organization, functioning and
meaning (Neill and Suárez, 2017, p. 76).
3
Researchers are sensitive to the effects they themselves have on the people they are studying.
objects of study (Neill and Suárez, 2017, p. 76).
from the reality it analyzes, it does not impose previous views, it is open4humanist5and it is

rigorous in a way different from the quantitative method.

Among the advantages of the qualitative method is the use of open-ended questions and
interviews that will allow the researcher to understand details of attitudes or
behaviors of people, knowing what their experiences are and recognizing
important data that may not appear when surveyed with questions
predefined, in turn, allows the identification of new phenomena that can
arise at the moment of conducting the research, this can provide
a deeper understanding of the subject of study, individual information and
verbal information that can sometimes turn into statistics (Neill and Suárez, 2017)
p. 77).

Meanwhile, the quantitative method is one where data is collected and analyzed.
quantitative, this method aims to determine the strength of associations or
correlation between variables, the generalization and objectification of results through
from a sample to infer to the population, since they "tend to be stronger in
external validity, because with a representative sample it can lead to
"inference due to its defined safety and accuracy" (Íñiguez, et. al., 2017, p. 1609).

The use of the quantitative method allows for testing hypotheses from a perspective
probabilistic, and in case they are accepted and demonstrated under different circumstances, to
from them to develop general theories, since this method "aims to establish the
degree of association or correlation between variables that explains why it happens or not
specific fact or phenomenon (Neill and Suárez, 2017, p. 70).

This indicates that in the quantitative method, quantity and its management prevail.
mathematical statistician and that the informants will have an equal value based on that
relationship between the variables to later subject them to measurement, thus achieving their
confirmation or refutation.
4
It does not exclude different viewpoints from the collection and analysis of data. For the researcher
qualitative all perspectives are valuable. Consequently, all scenarios and people are
worthy of study (Neill and Suárez, 2017, pp. 76-77).
5
The qualitative researcher seeks to access the personal and particular experience through various means.
in the way it is perceived, felt, thought about, and acted upon by the one who generates or
live.
At the same time, the quantitative method can be defined as a structured way of
collect and analyze data obtained from various sources, which involves the use of
computer tools, statistics, and mathematics to obtain results, is
conclusive in its purpose as it seeks to quantify the problem and understand how much
generalized is through the search for results that can be projected to a population
greater (Neill and Suárez, 2017, p. 69).

Among the characteristics of this method is that it has an epistemological basis.

positivist, its emphasis is based on objective measurement because it demonstrates the
causality and the generalization of research results, in relation to the
The collection of information is done in a structured and systematic way due to its
statistical analysis (Neill and Suárez, 2017, pp. 70-71).

Additionally, studies with a quantitative approach are useful for verifying the
results achieved by a series of qualitative experiments, leading to a
final answer and reducing the possible directions that the research may take
in this.

Finally, the mixed method represents a set of systematic processes.

empirical and critical research and involve the collection and analysis of data
quantitative and qualitative, as well as their integration and joint discussion, to carry out
inferences, the result of all the collected information, and achieve a greater understanding
of the phenomenon under study (Sampieri, 2014, p. 546).

The mixed method offers several benefits or perspectives to be used: one of them
is to achieve a broader and deeper perspective of the phenomenon, the other is to formulate the

framing the problem more clearly, as well as the most appropriate ways
to study and theorize the research problems in order to produce more data
rich and varied through the multiplicity of observations because they consider
various sources and types of data, contexts or environments and analysis, in turn enhances the
theoretical creativity through sufficient critical evaluation procedures to
carry out more dynamic inquiries and thus allow for better exploration and
data exploitation with the possibility of having greater success when presenting them
results (Sampieri, 2014, pp. 549-550).

In this research work, the mixed method will be used, because it

will conduct an analysis from the perspective of digital marketing with the aim of understanding
its impact on sports brands during the COVID-19 pandemic and in this way,
identify those positioning and sales strategies of those brands. The
qualitative method will allow us to obtain information regarding the behavior of the
consumers in order to better understand their habits and motivations that lead them to
make certain purchases and thus gather important data about needs
and even the consumer's own desires.

While the quantitative will help us measure the effectiveness of some process or
project and in this way propose a future strategy through measurement, the
quantification and data analysis.

To achieve the objectives proposed in this research, we will use the following
tools in order to obtain answers regarding the possibility of coding
numeric as from a textual analysis: surveys (questionnaires with questions
open), semi-structured or unstructured interviews, historical records and/or
documents.
Example 2

To conduct scientific research, a methodology is required that allows us

indicate the steps to follow such as three approaches: Quantitative, Qualitative and the
Mixed. The first method is empirical-analytical, positive and rational, it is the one that is based
in the numbers to research, analyze, and verify information and data; this
it will specify and delimit the entity, strength of the variables, from the general to the
objective of each of the results obtained to deduce a population; and for
this will require a methodical and orderly collection, and analyzing all the information
numerical that is available. (Baptista, 2017, p. 13)

This method is one of the most used by science, computer science, mathematics.
and as the main tool statistics. This means that the methods
quantitative ones use quantifiable values such as percentages, magnitudes,
rates, costs among many others; thus it can be stated that the
quantitative research, they ask especially specific questions and
responses from each of the participants reflected in the surveys, obtain
numerical samples. (Baptista, 2017, p. 13)

Specifically, the quantitative method proposes to answer questions such as,

How many?, Who?, How?, Why?, To what extent?; to later be
shown and displayed to the world; it has the characteristic of measuring and detecting
differences in degree, and uses quantified appearance as a channel. Furthermore, through
this quantitative research helps to inform a society about the
implementation of putting into practice public policies and political laws, where it
I need to know information or percentages about the entirety of a population or
community and report on the indicators. (Baptista, 2017, p. 14)

Quantitative research has the following phases: Research idea,

Problem statement, Literature review and development of the theoretical framework
Visualization of the study's scope, formulation of the hypothesis and definition of
variables
Data collection, Data analysis, and Preparation of the report of the
results. (Baptista, 2017, p. 14)

On the other hand, the second method that I will address extensively to understand its concept.

it is qualitative since this is a type of research method based on linguistics

semiotics (the science that studies the different systems of signs that allow for the
communication between individuals, their modes of production, functioning and
reception). Qualitative techniques are usually considered to be all those different from the
survey and the experiment. That is to say, open interviews, discussion groups or
observation techniques. (Baptista, 2017, p. 17)

Quantitative research assigns numerical values to statements or

observations, with the purpose of studying with possible statistical methods
relationships between the variables, while qualitative research gathers the
complete speeches of the subjects, in order to proceed to their interpretation, analyzing
the relationships of meaning that occur in a certain culture or ideology.
In addition, quantitative research aims to generalize the results to a certain
population through statistical sampling techniques. On the contrary, the
qualitative research does not insist on representation. (Baptista, 2017, p. 17)

This qualitative method confronts its problems through various strategies, among
one of the most common is the prolonged stay in the field, here the
results with the quantitative data and the structural criteria that I would like to give, includes
in the sample of components of the main elements of the social structure in
return to the study phenomenon. This means that qualitative researchers study
the reality in its natural environment, just as it happens trying to make sense or
interpret the phenomena according to the meanings for people
involved. (Baptista, 2017, p. 18)

This research is one that produces descriptive data: the very words of
the people, spoken or written, and the behavior that is perceived through sight.
In this type of quantitative approach, the researcher does not discover but rather fabricates a new one.

Knowledge. There are some specific forms of qualitative research that among
they are as follows: Ethnography, Participatory research, Research-
action, Applied ethnographic research in education, Projective techniques
Association, Construction, Expression, Complementation and Focus Groups with
life testimonies. (Baptista, 2017, p. 21)

And finally, the mixed approach is a process that collects, analyzes, and links data.
quantitative and qualitative in the same study, in a series of investigations for
responding to a problem statement, here methods from the approaches are used
quantitative and qualitative and can involve the conversion of qualitative data into
quantitative and vice versa. I must emphasize that the mixed approach goes beyond the simple
data collection in different ways about the same phenomenon as it implies
from the formulation of the problem to the combined use of inductive logic and the
deductive. (Baptista, 2017, p. 24)

The mixed approach offers several advantages, and some of them are that one achieves a
more accurate perspective of the phenomenon, helps to clarify and formulate the approach
the problem, as well as the most appropriate ways to study and theorize the
research problems, the multiplicity of observations produces richer data
and varied, as different sources and types of data, contexts or are considered
environments and analysis, and theoretical creativity is enhanced with sufficient procedures
valuation critics. (Baptista, 2017, p. 25)

Also, mixed methods should be used to achieve a broader perspective.

del fenómeno, Formular el planteamiento del problema con mayor claridad, Producir
varied data through the diversity of observations, fostering creativity,
Conduct dynamic inquiries, Allow for better 'exploration and exploitation' of
the data, Greater likelihood of success when presenting results to an audience
opposite, Opportunity to develop new skills or competencies in the field
of research and strengthen them, to carry out more dynamic inquiries. (Baptista, 2017,
p. 27)

Mixed methods aim to provide depth to the analysis when the

research questions are difficult. More than the sum of quantitative and qualitative results,
the mixed methodology is an approach with its worldview, its vocabulary and its
own techniques. I will mention the most used in studies which are: 1.- Model
to develop instruments; 2.- Explanatory or clarifying model; 3.- Model of
triangulation; 4.- Longitudinal transformation model, as well as some guidelines
for its use in educational research. (Batista, 2017, p. 27)

For the present research on Indirect Victims in the crime of Homicide in

Morelia, Michoacán, we will use the qualitative method since we aim to
recognize that society identifies that the Attorney General's Office of the State of Michoacán,
it performs its work incorrectly and does not encompass all its purposes,
functions and obligations of their position as Public Ministry and Investigative Police
since Indirect Victims in the crime of Homicide are not given importance
necessary, they are not interested in their grief, nor in their feelings and interest for their family member

deceased.

To achieve the objectives outlined in this research, the following will be used
tools: Open interviews with indirect Victims in this type of crime
because it is one of the most serious and common crimes that exist in Mexico and that is on the rise

increase. Observation techniques on the procedures will be examined.

documentaries made by indirect victims with the purpose of ensuring that they exist
irregularities in your process, and finally, we will make use of the Investigation
participatory in which an activity will be carried out that combines research
and the actions in a specific field that I will select, with the participation of the
the aforementioned affected, here I will conduct the search for changes in the community
or population to improve their living conditions.