TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................. 3
OBJECTIVE......................................................................................................................................... 3
Specific Objectives ............................................................3
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.......................................................................................................................... 4

Polar CoordinatesS ............................................................4

TAYLOR SERIES........................................................................4
POLYGONAL AND ALTIMETRY.......................................................5
CONTROL DATA................................................................................................................... 5
PROCEDURE ............................................................................6
Angle conversions ...................................................................7
CALCULATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR
OBTAINING PROJECTION FACTORSN ............................8
CALCULATION OF PROJECTIONS.........................................................10
CALCULATE COORDINATES.11
RESULTS ANALYSIS..................................................................................................... 12
CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................... 13
BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................................................. 14

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 - data collected in the field ................................................................................ 6
Table 2 - conversion of degrees ....................................................................................... 7
Table 3 - data comparison............................................................................................ 7
Table 4 - conversion from degrees to radians ............................................................................... 8
Table 5 - cosine Taylor series .......................................................................................... 9
Table 6 - Taylor series sineo.................................................................................... 10
Table 7 - projections ................................................................................................... 11
Table 8 - quotas................................................................................................................. 12

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Illustration 1 - Polar coordinates............................................................................. 4

INTRODUCTION

The knowledge of the terrain where an engineering project will be materialized

civil is fundamental in its planning, since with the topography it generates
the foundations to start designing the structures that are required.
The topographic calculation is performed under the polar coordinate system by means of
the measurement of angles and distances in the field, therefore they must be carried out.
calculations for the conversion of these data to coordinates, and this conversion implies
the calculation of magnitudes through numerical methods so that it can be
programming in a simple way.
This work will describe the steps and operations that need to be carried out.
based on the data obtained in the field as well as the use of methods
mathematics needed to solve the calculus problems that arise.

OBJECTIVE

Develop a detailed outline for the design of a program that generates the
value of the coordinates and elevations based on the data taken in the field.

Specific Objectives

Solve the mathematical problems that arise in the process from

of the known numerical methods.
Establish the logical path of the calculation process that the program will execute.
from the input data.
Observe the importance of knowledge of numerical methods for
problem solving and its relation to the basic problems that are
they present in the field of engineering.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

POLAR COORDINATES

Polar coordinates or the polar coordinate system are asystem of

coordinatesbidimensionalin which eachpointthe plan is determined by
adistancey aangle. This system it widely used
inphysicsytrigonometry.
More precisely, a reference system is taken: (a) a point O of
plan, which is called the origin pole; and (b) a directed line (or ray, or segment OL)
what happens by or, called polar axis (equivalent to the x-axis of the Cartesian system). With
this reference system and a metric unit of measurement (to be able to assign
distances between each pair of points in the plane), every point P in the plane corresponds to
to an ordered pair (r, θ) where r is the distance from the origin and θ is the angle
formed between the polar axis and the directed line OP that goes from O to P. The value θ increases
incounterclockwiseand decreases in a clockwise direction. The distance (r≥0) is known
as the "radial coordinate" or "vector radius", while the angle is the
"angular coordinate" or "polar angle".
In the case of theorigin,
Oh, the value of zero, but the value of theta is undefined.
On occasions, the convention is adopted to represent the origin as (0,0º).
2017).

Illustration 1 - Polar coordinates

Taylor series
Inmathematics, a Taylor series is an approximation offunctionsby means of
onepower series or sum of integer powers of polynomials such as
( − ) called terms of the series, this sum is calculated from
thederivativesof the function for a certain value or point sufficiently
derivable about the function and an environment over which the series converges. If this series
is centered on the zero pointa = 0, it is called the McLaren series.

This approach has three important advantages:

the derivation and integration of one of these series can be performed term by term
term, resulting in trivial operations;
it can be used to calculate approximate values of functions;
It is possible to calculate the optimality of the approximation.(Wikipedia, 2017).

POLYGONAL AND ALTIMETRY

The use of polygons is one of the most common topographic procedures. It

are usually used to establish control points and support points for the
surveying details and drafting plans for the re-layout of projects and
for the execution control of works.
A polygon is a succession of broken lines, connected to each other at the
vertices. To determine the position of the vertices of a polygonal in a system
of flat rectangular coordinates, it is necessary to measure the horizontal angle at
Each of the vertices and the horizontal distance between consecutive vertices.
In general, polygons can be classified into:

Closed Polygons: In which the starting point is the same as the closing point.
therefore providing angular and linear closing control.

Open Polygons: Link with closing control where the known ones are
coordinates of the starting and ending points, and the orientation of the initial alignments
and finally, it is also possible to carry out angular and linear closure controls.(SIG,
2015.

CONTROL DATA

For the purposes of this process, the following field data will be used as a basis.
taken from practice number 1 (Simple Radiation), and practice number 3
(Simple leveling) of the second semester topography course of 2017 to
position of Professor Diana Jurado.
The data collected in the field is as follows:

Table 1 - data collected in the field

o Distance
△ Degrees Minutes Seconds (Subways)
A 0 0 0 0
1A 1 0 37 16.316
1B 11 55 34 19.307
1C 19 43 16 20.994
1D 30 0 41 21.006
2A 81 54 1 22.049
2B 83 58 16 22.959
2C 85 21 24 22.549
3A 124 21 12 13.504
3B 128 21 12 12.858
3C 131 35 29 11.803
4A 137 19 2 9.297
4B 151 22 50 7.229
5A 183 29 19 6.867
5B 199 39 1 7.203
6A 213 39 41 6.938
7A 289 14 21 12.286
7B 292 4 56 12.13
7C 297 39 59 12.822

Where△ it means the taken point, or the angle with respect to the north and the distance
between the points in meters.

PROCEDURE

The design of programming is carried out in the following series of steps:

Angle conversion
As observed in Table 1, the output data provided by the station
they are given in sexagesimal system, therefore as a first step a is prepared
conversion method:
1 minute = 60 seconds

60 minutes = 1 degree
Steps for programming:

- read value of degrees, minutes, and seconds.

- Take seconds and divide by 60 – add to minutes.
- Take minutes and divide by 60 – add to degrees.
- Write result.

Control data application

The previous steps are used on the control data:
Point 1A - value in sexagesimal system 1° - 0 min - 37 sec

37 sec
+ 0mI0
60 + 1 grad = decimal degrees system.
60
Decimal grade system = 1.01028
Note: in this and the other calculations of the project, 5 rounded significant units are taken into account.
approach...

The same is done with the other field data obtaining the
following results:
A 1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B
0.00000000 1.01027778 11.96111110 19.72111111 30.01138889 81.90027778 83.97111111 85.35666667 124.35333330 128.35333330

3C 4A 4B 5A 5B 6A 7A 7B 7C
131.59138890 137.31722220 151.38055560 183.48861110 199.65027780 213.66138890 289.23916670 292.08222220 297.66638890

Table 2 - conversion of degrees

To obtain the possible error that occurs, the data is compared with the
obtained by a conventional calculator:
A 1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B
0.00000 1.01028 11.96111 19.72111 30.01139 81.90028 83.97111 85.35667 124.35333 128.35333

3C 4A 4B 5A 5B 6A 7A 7B 7C
131.59139 137.31722 151.38056 183.48861 199.65028 213.66139 289.23917 292.08222 297.66639

Table 3 - comparison data

Data is collected and the error is calculated.

DATE 5b - 199.65027780 - 19965028 =2.2 times 10-6

DATO 1c - 19.72111111 - 19.72111 = 1.11 * 10-6

DATA 1a - 1.01027778 - 1.01028 = 2.2 * 10-6

Averaging the differences gives an approximate error of 1.83 *10-6, which is

acceptable for a system with 5 significant figures.
CONVERSION OF DEGREES TO RADIANS
To calculate the necessary functions, the data must be entered in radians.
for this we multiply the results by (phi / 180) or 0.01745, so that
we obtain the following results:
Steps for programming:

- read decimal degree value.

- Multiply by 0.01745
- Write result.

A 1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B
0.00000 0.01763 0.20876 0.34420 0.52380 1.42943 1.46557 1.48975 2.17038 2.24019

3C 4A 4B 5A 5B 6A 7A 7B 7C
2.29670 2.39664 2.64209 3.20248 3.48455 3.72909 5.04818 5.09780 5.19526

Table 4 - Conversion from degrees to radians

CALCULATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR OBTAINING

PROJECTION FACTORS

To obtain the coordinates of the points taken in the field, it is necessary to have
the unit projections 'x' and 'y' and multiply it by the distance between the points.
With the trigonometric functions sin(x) and cos(x), the projections are obtained.
unitary values, which are calculated programmatically through a series of
Taylor that simulates the curve of the two trigonometric functions of the following
way

Taylor series formula

∞
( )
∑ ( − )
!
=
Development for the function cos(x)

Function cos (x)

First derivative sin (x)
Second derivative -cos (x)
Third Derivative sin (x)
Fourth derivative cos (x)
Fifth derivative sine (x)
Sixth derivative -cos (x)
Seventh derivative sin(x)

Replacing the values of the derivatives in the Taylor equation results in:
Taking values for a = 0
2 4 6
cos ( x=
) 1- + −
2!4! 6!

Therefore this is the proposed equation for calculating the projection in the
axis y.
Control data application
Replacing the equation with the values obtained in the field converted to
decimal system we obtain:
A 1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B
1,000 1,000 0.978 0.941 0.866 0.141 0.105 0.081 -0.564 -0.621

3C 4A 4B 5A 5B 6A 7A 7B 7C
-0.664 -0.735 -0.878 -0.998 -0.942 -0.832 0.330 0.376 0.464

Table 5 - cosine Taylor series

Similarly, the projection for the function sin(x) is calculated.

Function sin (x)

First derivative cos(x)
Second derivative -sen (x)
Third Derivative -cos (x)
Fourth derivative sin (x)
Fifth derivative cos (x)
Sixth derivative -sen (x)
Seventh derivative -cos(x)
Replacing the values of the derivatives in the Taylor equation results in:
Taking values for a = 0
3 5 7
( )= − + −
3! 5! 7!
Therefore, this is the proposed equation for calculating the projection in the
x-axis.

Control data application

Replacing the equation with the values obtained in the field converted to
decimal system we obtain:
A 1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B
0.000 0.018 0.207 0.337 0.500 0.990 0.994 0.997 0.826 0.784

3C 4A 4B 5A 5B 6A 7A 7B 7C
0.748 0.678 0.479 -0.061 -0.336 -0.554 -0.944 -0.927 -0.886

Table 6 - Taylor series for sine

Steps for programming:

- read value of degrees radians.

2 4 6
- Apply the equation to obtain projection 'y'1 -
2!
+ 4!
− 6!
3 5 7
- Apply the equation to obtain projection 'x' −
3!
+ 5!
− 7!
- Write result.

CALCULATION PROJECTIONS

Considering that calculating the projections that will be added to the

known or arbitrary coordinates chosen in the field, the value of is multiplied by
the projection by the distance between point and point.

( −
) = ∗
−( ) = ∗
Control data application
The previous formula is used on the control data obtaining the following
results.

A 1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B
PR N-S 0.0000 16.3135 18.8878 19.7626 18.1896 3.1066 2.4114 1.8254 -7.6202 -7.9785
PR E-W 0.0000 0.2877 4.0013 7.0843 10.5066 21.8290 22.8320 22.4750 11.1485 10.0832

3C 4A 4B 5A 5B 6A 7A 7B 7C
PR N-S -7.8350 -6.8344 -6.3458 -6.8543 -6.7835 -5.7747 4.0484 4.5601 5.9535
PR E-W 8.8274 6.3028 3.4626 -0.4179 -2.4222 -3.8456 -11.5998 -11.2402 -11.3560

Table 7 - projections

Steps for programming:

- read distance value, cosine

- Multiply the cosine value by distance
- Write value as north-south projection
- read distance value and sines
- Multiply the sine value by distance
- Write value as projection East - West

CALCULATE COORDINATES

To calculate the coordinates of our wallet we must add the value of the
projection to the real or arbitrary coordinate that has been chosen in the field

=( −) +
=( −) +
Control data application
The above formula is used on the control data obtaining the following
results.
For this case, an arbitrary coordinate of 1000-1000 is taken.
 A 1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B
1000.0000 1016.3135 1018.8878 1019.7626 1018.1896 1003.1066 1002.4114 1001.8254 992.3798 992.0215
1000.0000 1000.2877 1004.0013 1007.0843 1010.5066 1021.8290 1022.8320 1022.4750 1011.1485 1010.0832

3C 4A 4B 5A 5B 6A 7A 7B 7C
992.1650 993.1656 993.6542 993.1457 993.2165 994.2253 1004.0484 1004.5601 1005.9535
1008.8274 1006.3028 1003.4626 999.5821 997.5778 996.1544 988.4002 988.7598 988.6440

Table 8 - limits

Steps for programming:

- read n-s projection value

- Add value to n-s quota
- Write the result value of the northern limit of the point
- read e-w projection value
- Add value to e-w quota
- Write the result value bound east of the point.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS.

The processes for calculating a portfolio in the field were described step by step, which
Which generates the basic programming scheme that are shown to
continuation.
Read value of degrees, minutes, and seconds.
Take seconds and divide by 60 - add to minutes.
Take minutes and divide by 60 - add to degrees.
Write result.
-read value of decimal degrees.
Multiply by 0.01745
Write result.
-read value of degrees radians.
2 4 6
Apply the equation to obtain projection 'y'1 − + −
2! 4! 6!
3 5 7
Apply the equation to obtain projection 'x' − + −
3! 5! 7!
 Write result.
read distance value, cosine
Multiply the cosine value by the distance
-Write value as north-south projection
read distance value and sines
Multiply the sine value by distance
Write value as East-West projection
read n-s projection value
Add value to quota n-s
Write the result value of the northern limit of the point
read the projected e-w value
Add value to e-w quota
Write the value result of the east point limit.
This process is used to start designing a program that can be embedded.
within the stations or with exit data and calculate automatically the
coordinates of the point required without the need to go to the office to carry out the
calculations.
Likewise, it can be linked with a drawing program to generate the schematic.
basic of the field project.
In the same way, the scheme can be generated for other practices such as
simple and compound leveling.

CONCLUSIONS

Numerical methods are used to solve calculation problems that arise.

they present difficulties or do not have a direct method of resolution.

In the case of trigonometric functions, the Taylor series

they provide the tools for approaching the required value,
this approach is accurate enough to take the
values and use them in problem-solving.

The tools learned were used to solve a problem of

field in civil engineering.

The logical route that a programmer must follow to calculate was established.
the quotas in a simple leveling portfolio.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

- Wikipedia - Polar Coordinates

- Wikipedia - Polygonal and altimetry
- Cauca University–Article–Taylor Series
- Linear programming methods - 2003