Electrical Design Nano Course

Course Learning Outcome:

1.Transformer Selection
2.Protective Devices Selection
3.Cable Selection
4.Short Circuit Test
5. Voltage Drop Test
6.Earthing System Selection elecpowersystems.com

7. Protective Earth Conductor Selection

Three phase oil type Transformer 1000 KVA rating, 400V, load power factor 0.8, 50 Hz, Dyn11
vector group, 𝑋𝑠𝑐 = 5%, 1150 W no-load loss, 9560 W load losses, A thermal class, 40℃ maximum
temperature
Transformer Selection

1. Load Estimation
2.Total Connected Load
3.Calculate the Maximum Load Demand
4.Check Voltage Drop at Transformer Terminal
5.Check the Total Voltage Drop
6. Apply Derating Factors
7. Consider Load Future Growth
8. Select Transformer Type and Vector Group
9.Possibility of Improving Power Factor
Transformer Types
Dry Type ( non liquid insulated ) Liquid Immersed Type
Cooling Medium the transformer has no tank and is the transformer core and windings
air cooled are placed within a tank and
immersed within insulating liquid
(usually mineral oil).
Use Indoor and outdoor Outdoor
dedicated safety measures against
fire are mandatory when used in
indoors
Losses higher losses
Operating Life Higher lifespan expectancy
Maintenance Require more maintenance
Cost Costlier
Efficiency More Efficient
Noise Lower operating sound level
Transformer Vector Group
The vector group designation indicates the windings configurations and the difference in
phase angle between them.
Example:
Dyn11
a Delta HV winding and Star Connected LV winding with a 30-degree phase shift
LV leads HV with 30°

Digit 0 = 0° that the LV phasor is in phase with the HV phasor.

Digit 1 = 30° lagging (LV lags HV with 30°) .
Digit 11 = 30° leading (LV leads HV with 30°)
Digit 5 = 150° lagging (LV lags HV with 150°)
Digit 6 = 180° lagging (LV lags HV with 180°)
Common Vector Group
Transformer Vector Group
Why is the vector group important to specify?
transformers connected in parallel must have the same vector group
because the mismatching of phase angles will result in circulating
current and other system disturbances.
 Earthing System in Low Voltage Networks
Earthing Solidly Earthed Unearthed Neutral Resistance Reactance Earthing Petersen coil earthing
System Earthing

Neutral
Connecti
on
Method
descriptio An electrical There is no electrical A resistor is A reactor is inserted A reactor tuned to the
n connection is connection between inserted between between the neutral network capacitances
intentionally the neutral point and the neutral point point and earth. is inserted between
earth, except for
made between and earth the neutral point and
measuring
the neutral point and protective devices. earth so that if an
and earth. A high impedance is earth fault occurs, the
inserted between the fault current is zero.
neutral point and
earth.
Determine rating of circuit breakers CB
1.Calculate full load current
S = 3 V I or P = 3 V I cos 𝜃
𝑆 1000×1000
𝐼𝐹𝐿= = = 1443.375 A
3V 3 ×400
According to IEC
𝐼𝐹𝐿 ≤ 𝐼𝐶𝐵 ≤ 𝐼𝐶
According to NEC
𝐼𝐶𝐵 = 1.25 × 𝐼𝐹𝐿
Determine rating of circuit breakers CB
𝐼𝐹𝐿= 1443.375 A
The next standard circuit breaker 1600A
Determine suitable cable size
The Current rating of power cables is defined by the maximum intensity
of current (amperes) which can flow continuously through the cable,
under permanent loading conditions, without any risk of damaging the
cable or deterioration or its electrical properties.
Determine suitable cable size
Depending on the installation environment of the cable, ampacity
ratings may need to be adjusted or derated to control heat flow.
PV Modules can produce output currents that are higher than the rated
short-circuit currents for over three hours. Due to the large amount of
current and warm temperatures, PV wire’s ampacity is calculated as
125 percent of the sum parallel module rated short-circuit currents.
There are many factors that affect the appropriate conductor and cable
selection, and incorrect product selection can be costly.
Determine suitable cable size
Why derate electrical cables?
Cable derating ensures all factors which can increase the temperature
experienced by the installation is properly accounted for when selecting
cables to prevent damage to the cable insulation and reduce system losses.
1. As current passes through the cable, heat is produced as a result of the
electrical resistance of the wire P = 𝐼2 R
2.Multiple circuits running in proximity can further increase the temperature
of the conductors.
3. When cables are arranged close to each other cables have limited ability
to dissipate heat and reach a hotter operating temperature.
As the cable temperature rises, the linear resistance also rises resulting in
increased voltage drop and reduce system output.
Determine suitable cable size
According to IEC
𝐼𝐶𝐵
𝐼𝐶𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 =
𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

According to NEC
The ampacity of the secondary conductor must at least equal the rating
of the device supplied by the secondary conductors or the OCPD at the
termination of the secondary conductors
𝐼𝐶𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 ≥ 𝐼𝐶𝐵
Determine suitable cable size
𝐼𝐶𝐵
𝐼𝐶𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 =
𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
You get the DF from cable catalogue
Assume the cable outgoing from transformer and under ground
D.F = 0.71 at ground temperature 45℃
D.F = 0.96 at burned depth 0.8 m
D.F = 0.91 at installation method flat formation
Determine how many cable used
1600
𝐼𝐶𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = = 2580 A
0.62
Use multi core cable 300 m𝑚2 ( CU/PVC/PVC ) from catalogue

300 m𝑚2 ( CU/XLPE/PVC ) carry ampacity 521 A

𝐼𝐶𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 2580
Number of cable = = = 4.9 ≅ 5 cables
𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 521
5 × ( 3 × 300 m𝑚2 + 150 m𝑚2 ) CU/PVC/PVC
Calculate the voltage drop
V.D = ( mV/A/m) × 10−3 × 𝐼𝐿 × L
Assume cable length 50m
( mV/A/m) = 0.160 for 300 m𝑚2 CU/PVC/PVC
𝐹𝐿𝐶 1443.375
𝐼𝐿 = =
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 5
𝐼𝐿 = 288.675 A
Calculate the voltage drop

V.D = (0.160) × 10−3 × 288.675 × 50 = 2.3094 V

𝑉.𝐷 2.3094
V.D% = × 100 = = 0.577% accepted
𝑆.𝑉 400
V.D% < 5%
IEC60364-5-52, NEC 210.19(A), 215.2(A)(4), 230.31(C), and
310.15(A)(1)
Calculate short circuit current
SCC at MDB using impedance method
𝑆𝑆𝐶
𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 𝑉
𝑆 = 𝑆𝑏
𝑆𝐶 𝑍
𝑝.𝑢
𝑆𝑏
𝑋𝑠𝑝.𝑢 = 𝑆
𝑆𝐶
1000 ×1000
𝑋𝑠𝑝.𝑢 = 500 ×106 = 0.002 Nominal Voltage MVAsc
11 KV 500
𝑋𝑡𝑟𝑝.𝑢 = 0.05 from catalog
13.8 KV 527
22 KV 750
Calculate short circuit current
𝑆𝑏
𝑅𝑐𝑝.𝑢 = 𝑅𝑐𝑏 2
𝑉𝑏
𝑅𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑅𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (ohm/km) × 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 ( km )

𝑅𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 0.0752 (ohm/km) × 0.05 ( km ) = 0.00376 ohm

Calculate short circuit current
𝑅𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 0.00464
𝑅𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = = 0.000752 ohm
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 5
1
𝑅𝑐𝑝.𝑢 = 0.000752 × = 0.0047
0.42
𝑋𝑐𝑝.𝑢 = 0
Calculate short circuit current
𝑍𝑝.𝑢= 𝑅𝑝.𝑢 + J 𝑋𝑝.𝑢
𝑍𝑝.𝑢= 0.0047 + J ( 0 + 0.05 + 0.002 )
𝑍𝑝.𝑢= 𝑅2 + 𝑋2 = 0.00472 + 0.0522 = 0.0522
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 𝑍
𝑝.𝑢
1
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑠𝑐 = = 19.15
0.0522
Calculate short circuit current
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑠𝑐
𝐼𝑠.𝑐 = (KA)
3 × 𝐾𝑉

19.15
𝐼𝑠.𝑐 = = 27.65 (KA) SC at MBP
3 × 0.4
Calculate short circuit current
𝑆
𝐼𝑓.𝑙 = 3 ×𝑉
106
𝐼𝑓.𝑙 = 3 ×400
= 1443.37 A
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑓.𝑙
𝑠.𝑐 𝑍𝑝.𝑢

1443.37
𝐼𝑠.𝑐 = 0.0522 = 27.6507 KA at MDB

27.6507
𝐼𝑠.𝑐/𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = = 5.5301 KA
5
Cable withstand capacity
Checking the maximum thermal stresses permitted by conductors
𝑡 × 𝐼𝑠.𝑐
A=
𝐾
K = 115 PVC < 300 m𝑚2
𝑡 × 𝐼𝑠.𝑐
A=
𝐾
1 × 5530.14
A= = 48 m𝑚2
115
Pass SCT
Earthing System
What is Electrical Earthing?
The process of transferring the immediate discharge of the electrical
energy directly to the earth with the help of the low resistance wire.
The short circuit current of the equipment passes to the earth which
has zero potential. Thus, protects the system and equipment from
damage.
The electrical earthing is done by connecting the non-current carrying
part of the equipment such as the enclosure of the electric motor or
neutral of the supply system to the ground.
Types of Earthing Systems
1. TT Network
2. IT Network
3. TN Network
3.1 TN-S
3.2 TN-C
3.3 TN-C-S
1. The first letter: "T" & "I" :
indicates the connection between the earth and the supply generator or transformer
"T" Direct connection of a point with earth
"I" No point is connected to the earth
2. The second letter "T" & "N" :
indicates the connection between the earth or network and the electrical device being supplied
"T " means the machine enclosure is connected to the earth via ground rod.
"N" means the enclosure of the electrical device is connected to the earth via this earth connection at the transformer.
the earth connection is supplied by the electricity supply network, either separately to the neutral conductor (TN-S), combined with the neutral
conductor (TN-C), or both (TN-C-S).
TT Earthing System
First letter T means the neutral is connected to the earth.

The second letter T means the machine enclosure is

connected to the earth.

Supply (generator or transformer) and the load connected

through earth resistance but There is no earth wire between
the two.
TT networks do not pose any serious risks in the case of a
broken neutral.
TT system is simple in design, installation, and reliable.

The TT earthing system is used with ground fault circuit

interrupter GFCI units in most industrial settings.
IT Earthing System
the first letter ‘I’ mean neutral not connected to the earth.

the second letter ‘T’ means the load insulation is connected

to the earth.

In case of leakage current and insulation failure no leakage

current path from machine insulation to the neutral.

IT earthing system is the best solution for continuity of

operation.
installing GFCI is not required.
TN Earthing System
letter T mean the neutral in the generator or
transformer is connected to the earth in a three-
phase system.

letter N means the enclosure of the electrical device

is connected to the neutral.

The conductor that connects the exposed metallic parts

of the consumer's electrical installation is
called protective earth PE.
TN-S Earthing System
PE and N are separate conductors
that are connected together only
near the power source.
TN-C Earthing System

A combined PEN conductor fulfills

the functions of both a PE and an N
conductor.
TN-C-S Earthing System
Part of the system uses a combined PEN
conductor, which is at some point split
up into separate PE and N lines.
The combined PEN conductor typically
occurs between the substation and the entry
point into the building, and earth and
neutral are separated in the service head.
components of the earthing system:
1. earthing conductor
The body of the electric machine is connected to the earth through
protective earth conductor such as a TT system.
2. earthing electrode
earth conductor is connected to earth through electrodes and
electrodes are immersed inside the soil.
components of the earthing system:

3. Soil

The type of soil is an important factor that affects earth resistance such
as ( clay, sand, limestone ) each type has different resistivity.
to decrease earth resistance:
1. Increase the amount of salt inside soil because salt increase
conductivity.
2. Increase moisture percentage in the soil.
that's why Wet soil has a lower resistivity than dry soil.
4.Increase temperature of the soil decrease resistivity of the soil.
5.increase depth of soil decrease resistivity.
6.increase the number of electrodes because electrodes are connected
in parallel.
Protective Earth Conductor Selection
Protective Earth Conductor Selection