2.

Transmission Line Theory

1
2.7 Lossy Transmission Lines
● The Low-Loss Line
When the loss is small, some approximations can be made to
simplify the expressions for the general transmission line
parameters.
- The general expression for the complex propagation constant
 = (R + jL )(G + jC )
can be rearranged as
 R  G 
 = ( jL )( jC )1 + 1 + 
 jL  jC 

 R G  RG
= j LC 1 − j  + − 2
 L C   LC
2
2.7 Lossy Transmission Lines
For a low-loss line both conductor and dielectric loss will be small
and we can assume that R << ωL and G << ωC.
Then, RG <<  2 LC . So, the propagation constant reduced
 R G 
  j LC 1 − j + 
 L C 
Using the Taylor series expansion
 j R G 
  j LC 1 −  + 
 2  L C 
so that
1 C L 1 R 
   R +G =  + GZ 0  R + jL
C 
L
2 L 2  Z0  Z0 = 
G + jC C
 =  LC
3
2.7 Lossy Transmission Lines
● The Distortionless Line
- There is a special case of a lossy line that has a linear phase
factor as a function of frequency. Such a line is called a
distortionless line, and it is characterized by line parameters
that satisfy the relation
R G
=
L C
- The exact complex propagation constant, under the condition
R R2  R 
 = j LC 1 − 2 j − 2 2 = j LC 1 − j 
L  L  L 
C
=R + j LC
L
4
2.7 Lossy Transmission Lines
● The Terminated Lossy Line

Figure 2.20
A lossy transmission line
terminated in the impedance ZL

- The analogous expressions for the lossy case are

V (z ) = V0 (e −z + ez )
+

+
I (z ) = (e − ez )
V0 −z
Z0
- The reflection coefficient at a distance l from the load

(− l ) = e − jl e −2l = e −2 rl

5
2.7 Lossy Transmission Lines
- The input impedance Zin at a distance l from the load
V (− l ) Z L + Z 0 tanh rl
Z in = = Z0
I (− l ) Z 0 + Z L tanh rl

- The power delivered to the input of the terminated line at z = −l

+ 2
1
2

Pin = Re V (− l )I (− l ) =


V0
2Z 0
2l 2 − 2l
e − e ( )
- The power actually delivered to the load
+ 2
1
2

PL = Re V (0 )I (0 ) =


V0
2Z 0
1− 
2
( )
6
2.8 Transients on Transmission Lines

Response for 0 < t < l/vp and l/vp < t < 2l/vp

Response for 0 < t < l/vp and l/vp < t < 2l/vp

7
2.8 Transients on Transmission Lines
● Bounce Diagrams for Transient Propagation
- Transient response of a transmission line terminated with an
open circuit

Bounce diagram
Response for 0 < t < l/vp and l/vp < t < 2l/vp

8
2.8 Transients on Transmission Lines
- Bounce diagram for a transient circuit with multiple
reflections

+ 100
v = 12 = 8.0V
50 + 100
50 − 100 1
g = =−
50 + 100 3
200 − 100 1
L = =
200 + 100 3 Bounce diagram
9
3. Transmission Lines
and Waveguides

10
3.1 General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves
- General solutions to Maxwell’s equations for the specific
cases of TEM, TE, and TM wave propagation
jt
Assuming time-harmonic fields with an e dependence and
wave propagation along the z-axis. The electric and magnetic
fields can then be written as
 
E (x, y, z ) = e (x, y ) + zˆez (x, y )e − jz


H (x, y, z ) = h (x, y ) + zˆhz (x, y ) e 
− jz

11
3.1 General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves
Assuming that the transmission line or waveguide region is
source free, we can write Maxwell’s equations as
 
  E = − jH
xˆ yˆ zˆ
 
− j = − j (H x xˆ + H y yˆ + H z zˆ )
x y
Ex Ey Ez
 
  H = jE
xˆ yˆ zˆ
 
− j = j (E x xˆ + E y yˆ + E z zˆ )
x y
Hx Hy Hz

12
3.1 General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves
- The four transverse field components
j  E z H z 
H x = 2   − 
kc  y x 
− j  E z H z 
H y = 2   + 
kc  y x 
− j  E z H z 
E x = 2   +  
kc  x y 
j  E z H z  where kc 2 = k 2 −  2
E y = 2  −  +  
kc  y x  k =  

13
3.1 General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves
● TEM Waves
Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves are characterized
by Ez = H z = 0  =k .
Thus, the Helmholtz wave equation can be expressed
 
 E +  E = 0
2 2

 2 2 2    2
 2

 2 + 2 + 2 + k  E x =  2 + 2  E x = 0
2

 x y z   x y 
 2 2 2    2
 2

 2 + 2 + 2 + k  E y =  2 + 2  E y = 0
2

 x y z   x y 

14
3.1 General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves
- The transverse electric and magnetic fields satisfy Laplace’s
2
t e (x, y ) = 0
equation
  t =  2 x 2 +  2 y 2
2

t h (x, y ) = 0
2

- In the electrostatic case, we know that the electric field can be

expressed as the gradient of a scalar potential
 
e (x, y ) = − t (x, y )   e = − j hz zˆ = 0
 
Using the fact that   D =  t  e = 0 , a scalar potential also
satisfies Laplace’s equation,
 t  ( x, y ) = 0
2

15
3.1 General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves
- The voltage between two conductors can be found as
2  
V12 = 1 −  2 =  E  dl
1

- The current flow on a given conductor can be found from Ampere’s

law as  
I =  H  dl
C

- The wave impedance of a TEM mode can be found as the ratio of

the transverse electric and magnetic fields
Ex  
Z TEM = = = =  (3.4a) 
Hy   h (x, y ) =
1 
zˆ  e (x, y )
Ey  Z TEM
=− = = (3.3a)
Hx 
16
3.1 General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves
● TE Waves
- The four transverse components in terms of Hz
− j H z j H z
Hx = Ex = −
kc
2
x kc
2
y
− j H z j H z
Hy = 2 Ey = 2
k c y k c x
- Hz from the Helmholtz wave equation
 2 2 2    2
 2
2
 2 + 2 + 2 + k  H z =  2 + 2 + kc hz = 0
2

 x y z   x y 
- The TE wave impedance
E x − E y  k
Z TE = = = =
Hy Hx  
17
3.1 General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves
● TM Waves
- The four transverse components in terms of Ez
j E z j E z
Hx = 2 Ex = − 2
kc y kc x
j E z j E z
Hy = − 2 Ey = − 2
kc x kc y
- Ez from the Helmholtz wave equation
 2 2 2    2
 2
2
 2 + 2 + 2 + k  Ez =  2 + 2 + kc ez = 0
2

 x y z   x y 
- The TM wave impedance
Ex − E y  
Z TM = = = =
Hy Hx  k
18
3.1 General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves
● Attenuation due to dielectric loss
 =  d + j = k c − k
2 2  =  '− j " =  ' (1 − j tan  )

= kc −   0 0 r (1 − j tan  )
2 2

jk 2 tan 
= kc − k 2 + jk 2 tan   kc − k 2 +
2

2 kc − k 2
2

k tan 
2
= + j
2

19
3.2 Parallel Plate Waveguide

Figure 3.2
Geometry of a parallel plate waveguide

● The parallel plate waveguide is the simplest type of guide that

can support TM and TE modes; it can also support a TEM mode
since it is formed from two flat conducting plates or strips.
● Any x variation can be ignored.

20
3.2 Parallel Plate Waveguide
● TEM Modes
- The TEM mode solution can be obtained by solving
Laplace’s equation, for the electrostatic potential between the
two plates. Using boundary conditions,
 t  ( x, y ) = 0 for 0 x W, 0  y  d
2

 ( x,0 ) = 0,  ( x, d ) = V0   ( x, y ) = V0
y
d
- The transverse electric field is,

e (x, y ) = −t (x, y ) = − yˆ
V0
d

21
3.2 Parallel Plate Waveguide
- The total electric field is

E (x, y, z ) = − yˆ
V0 − jkz
e
d
- The magnetic field is
1 V0 − jkz
H ( x, y, z ) = zˆ  E ( x, y, z ) = xˆ e
 ηd
- The voltage of the top plate with respect to the bottom plate
d
V = −  E y dy = V0 e − jkz
0

22
3.2 Parallel Plate Waveguide
- The total current on the top plate can be found from Ampere’s
law or the surface current density
W  W WV 0 − jkz
I = J s  zˆdx =  H x dx = e
0 0 d
- The characteristic impedance is
d
Z0 =
W
- The phase velocity is also a constant
 1
vp = =
 

23
3.2 Parallel Plate Waveguide
● TM Modes
- The reduced wave equation
  2 2 
= 0,   + kc  ez (x, y ) = 0
x  y
2

- The general solution and considering boundary conditions
ez ( x, y ) = A sin k c y + B cos k c y
ez ( x, y ) = 0 at y = 0, d → B = 0, k c d = n
nπ
- The solution for ez (x, y) kc =
d
nπy nπy
ez (x, y) = An sin , Ez (x, y, z ) = An sin e jβz
d d
24
3.2 Parallel Plate Waveguide
- The transverse field components
j ny − jz
Hx = An cos e
kc d
j ny − jz
Ey = − An cos e
kc d
Ex = H y = 0
- The cutoff frequency of TMn k = 2πf c με > kc

kc n
fc = =
2  2d 

25
3.2 Parallel Plate Waveguide
- The wave impedance of a TE mode
− Ey  
Z TM = = =
Hx  k
- The phase velocity and the guide wavelength
 2
vp = g =
 
- The time-average power passing a transverse cross section of
the parallel plate guide
1    1 W d  
P0 = Re ∫S (E × H ) ds = Re ∫0 ∫0 (E × H ) zˆdydx
2 2
W Re (β )ωεd 2 W Re (β )ωε d 2
= 2 An , 2 An
4k c 2k c
26
3.2 Parallel Plate Waveguide
- The TM1 mode

A1  j
 y
 − 1 z

 − j
 y
 + 1 z 


Ez = e  d 
−e  d 

2 j  

 
2

1 = k − 
2

d 
 
k sin  =
 d

k cos = 1

27
3.2 Parallel Plate Waveguide
● TE Modes
- The reduced wave equation
  2 2 
= 0,   + kc   hz (x, y ) = 0
x  y
2

- The general solution and considering boundary conditions
hz (x, y ) = A sin kc y + B cos kc y
j H z
Ex = − = 0 at y = 0, d
kc
2
y
- The final solution for Hz
 ny  − jz nπ
H z (x, y ) = Bn cos e kc =
 d  d
28
3.2 Parallel Plate Waveguide
- The transverse fields
j  ny  − jz
Ex = Bn sin  e
kc  d 
j  ny  − jz
Hy = Bn sin  e
kc  d 
Ey = H x = 0
- The cutoff frequency of TEn
n
fc =
2d 
- The wave impedance
Ex  k
Z TE = = =
Hy  
29
3.3 Rectangular Waveguide
● TE Modes
- Hz must satisfy the reduced wave equation
 2 2 2
 2 + 2 + kc hz (x, y ) = 0
 x y 
Using the method of separation of variables
hz (x, y ) = X (x )Y ( y )
1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y
+ + kc = 0
2
2 2
X dx Y dy
2 2
d X d Y
+ = + = + =
2 2 2 2 2
2
k x X 0, 2
k y Y 0, k x k y k c
dx dy
30
3.3 Rectangular Waveguide
- The general solution for hz
hz (x, y ) = ( A cos k x x + B sin k x x )(C cos k y y + D sin k y y )
Applying the boundary conditions
ex (x, y ) = 0 at y = 0, b
e y (x, y ) = 0 at x = 0, a
j hz j hz m n
ex = − 2 , ey =  kx = , ky =
kc y kc x
2
a b

- The final solution for Hz

mx ny − jz
H z (x, y, z ) = Amn cos cos e  Ex , E y , H x , H y
a b
31
3.3 Rectangular Waveguide
- The transverse field components
j n mx ny − jz
Ex = 2
Amn cos sin e
kc b a b
− j m mx ny − jz
Ey = 2
Amn sin cos e
kc a a b
j m mx ny − jz
Hx = 2
Amn sin cos e
kc a a b
j  n mx ny − jz
Hy = 2
Amn cos sin e
kc b a b

32
3.3 Rectangular Waveguide
- The propagating constant

 m   n 
2 2

kc =   +  ,  = k − kc , 2f c   kc
2 2

 a   b 

- The cutoff frequency

 m   n 
2 2
1
f cmn =   + 
2   a   b 
- The wave impedance
Ex − Ey k
Z TE = = =
Hy Hx 
33
3.3 Rectangular Waveguide
● TM Modes
- Ez must satisfy the reduced wave equation
 2 2 2
 2 + 2 + kc ez (x, y ) = 0
 x y 
- The general solution using separation of variables
ez (x, y ) = ( A cos k x x + B sin k x x )(C cos k y y + D sin k y y )
- Applying the boundary conditions, the solution for Ez
ez (x, y ) = 0 at x = 0, a and y = 0, b
mx ny − jz
E z (x, y, z ) = Bmn sin sin e
a b
34
3.3 Rectangular Waveguide
- The transverse field components
− j m mx ny − jz
Ex = 2
Bmn cos sin e
akc a b
− j n mx ny − jz
Ey = 2
Bmn sin cos e
bkc a b
j n mx ny − jz
Hx = 2
Bmn sin cos e
bkc a b
− j m mx ny − jz
Hy = 2
Bmn cos sin e
akc a b

35
3.3 Rectangular Waveguide
- The propagating constant

 m   n 
2 2

 = k − kc 2 2
= k −2
 − 
 a   b 

- The cutoff frequency

 m   n 
2 2
kc 1
f cmn = =   + 
2  2   a   b 
- The wave impedance
Ex − Ey 
Z TM = = =
Hy Hx k

36
3.5 Coaxial Line
● TEM Waves
- In cylindrical coordinates Laplace’s equation
 t  ( x, y ) = 0
2

1   ( ,  )  1  2 ( ,  )
   + 2 =0
       2

Using boundary conditions and separation variable

 (a,  ) = V0 ,  (b,  ) = 0
 ( ,  ) = R( )P( )
Figure 3.15
   dR  1 d P 2
   + =0 Coaxial line geometry
R   d  P d 2

= −k  2
= − k2
37
3.5 Coaxial Line
- The general solution (n = k ) → 0

P( ) = A cos n + B sin n
k = k  = 0
- The equation for R(ρ)
  dR 
   = 0
  d 
then
R( ) = C ln  + D = ( ,  )
- The final solution
V0 ln b 
 ( ,  ) =
ln b a
38
3.7 Stripline
Support TEM
d
W , b 
2
electrostatic analysis for TEM wave
 t  ( x, y ) = 0 with conformal mapping approach
2

Figure 3.22
Stripline transmission line. (a) Geometry. (b) Electric and magnetic field lines
39
3.7 Stripline
● Formulas for propagation constant, characteristic
impedance, and attenuation
1 c
vp = =
0 0 r r

= =  0 0 r =  r k0
vp
L 1
Z0 = =
C v pC

40
3.8 Microstrip Line

Figure 3.25
Microstrip transmission line. (a) Geometry. (b) Electric and magnetic field lines

• Most popular transmission lines

• Easy to be fabricated by photolithographic process
• Easily integrated with other passive&active devices c
• If r =1 vp =
e
Two conductor TEM
transmission line  = k0  e ( 1  ee  er )
• If r 1
can not support pure TEM wave, A hybrid TM-TE wave
for d<< λ → quasi-TEM
41
3.10 Wave Velocities and Dispersion

s ( t ) = f ( t ) cos 0t m  0
S ( ) = F ( − 0 ) , Z ( ) = Ae − j  z
S0 ( ) = AF ( − 0 ) e − j  z

42
3.10 Wave Velocities and Dispersion

1 0 +m
s0 ( t ) = Re  AF ( − 0 ) e − j (t −  z ) d 
2 0 −m

A  j (0t − 0 z ) m − j ( t −  0 z ) y 
 Re e −m F ( y ) e dy 
2  

= A Re f ( t −  0 ' z ) e
j (0t −  0 z )

( )
−1
 d 
= Af t −  0 z cos (0t −  0 z )  vg =
1
= 
 0  d   =0

   0 +  0 ( − 0 ) at  = 0
y =  − 0

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