Energy and Environment Assignment
1. Greenhouse Gas Effect and Its Reduction
The greenhouse effect refers to the process where certain gases in Earth’s atmosphere
trap heat, keeping the planet warm. These gases include carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane
(CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and water vapor, and are called greenhouse gases (GHGs).
They allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface. The Earth's
surface then emits this energy in the form of infrared radiation (heat), which these gases
absorb and re-radiate in all directions, warming the atmosphere.
This effect is essential for life on Earth. However, due to human activities—particularly
the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial emissions—the concentration of
GHGs has increased, leading to global warming and climate change.
Ways to Reduce the Greenhouse Effect:
- Use of renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydroelectric)
- Improving energy efficiency in industries and homes
- Promoting public transport and electric vehicles
- Afforestation and reforestation
- Sustainable agriculture and waste management
- Implementing strict emission regulations
2. Acid Rain (With Diagram Description)
Acid rain is caused by the release of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) into
the atmosphere, primarily from burning fossil fuels. These gases react with atmospheric
water vapor to form sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃), which fall as rain,
snow, or fog with a pH less than 5.6.
Chemical Reactions:
- SO₂ + H₂O → H₂SO₃ (Sulfurous acid)
- 2SO₂ + O₂ → 2SO₃ → SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄ (Sulfuric acid)
- 2NO₂ + H₂O → HNO₂ + HNO₃
Diagram Description:
Factories and vehicles emit SO₂ and NOₓ → Gases rise and mix with clouds → Acids
form in the atmosphere → Fall as acid rain → Damage to soil, water, and buildings
Effects:
- Soil acidification and reduced fertility
- Damage to aquatic life due to acidified water bodies
- Corrosion of buildings and historical monuments
- Harm to forests and crops
3. Noise Pollution and Its Environmental Impact
Noise pollution refers to unwanted or harmful sounds that interfere with daily activities.
It is caused by traffic, construction, industrial activities, and loudspeakers. Noise is
measured in decibels (dB); prolonged exposure to high decibel levels can damage hearing
and health.
Environmental Impacts:
- Human Health: Hearing loss, hypertension, sleep disturbance, stress
- Wildlife: Disruption in communication and reproduction
- Ecosystem: Disturbed natural cycles and biodiversity loss
Permissible Noise Levels (CPCB Guidelines):
- Silent Zones (Hospitals, Schools): Day – 50 dB, Night – 40 dB
- Residential Areas: Day – 55 dB, Night – 45 dB
- Commercial Areas: Day – 65 dB, Night – 55 dB
- Industrial Areas: Day – 75 dB, Night – 70 dB
4. Fossil Fuels and Their Environmental Impact
Fossil fuels include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. They are non-renewable energy
sources used in power generation, transport, and industries.
Environmental Impact:
- Air Pollution: Emission of CO₂, SO₂, NOₓ, particulate matter
- Water Pollution: Oil spills and thermal pollution
- Land Degradation: Mining and drilling destroy ecosystems
- Climate Change: Greenhouse gas emissions accelerate global warming
Transport Emissions:
Vehicles emit CO₂, NOₓ, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter contributing to urban air
pollution, smog, acid rain, and health issues. Promoting public transport, electric
vehicles, and fuel-efficient technologies can reduce emissions.
5. Essays (200 Words Each)
i. Climate Change:
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in global climate patterns, especially those
caused by increased greenhouse gases due to human activities. It results in global
warming, melting glaciers, sea level rise, and extreme weather. Impacts include
biodiversity loss, health issues, and reduced crop productivity. Solutions involve
renewable energy, efficient transport, sustainable agriculture, and global cooperation.
ii. Global Warming:
Global warming is the rise in Earth’s surface temperature due to greenhouse gases. It
causes ice melting, sea level rise, and extreme climate events. Effects include habitat
destruction, food insecurity, and health risks. Solutions include reducing emissions,
switching to clean energy, and reforestation.
iii. Ozone Layer Depletion:
The ozone layer protects life by absorbing UV rays. It is depleted by CFCs used in
refrigeration and aerosols. This leads to skin cancer, cataracts, and ecological harm. The
Montreal Protocol helped phase out CFCs. Continued efforts are needed to preserve the
ozone layer.
iv. Eutrophication:
Eutrophication is nutrient enrichment of water bodies, causing algal blooms and oxygen
depletion. It harms aquatic life and water quality. Causes include fertilizer runoff and
sewage. Solutions include organic farming, sewage treatment, and reducing chemical use.
v. Waste Land Reclamation:
Wasteland is unproductive land due to erosion, salinity, or pollution. Reclamation
involves afforestation, soil treatment, and water conservation. It improves productivity,
supports biodiversity, and enhances sustainability. Government programs and community
efforts are vital for reclaiming such lands.
