FC 111
BOTANY
WHAT IS BOTANY?
it is a branch of biology which deals with the study
of plants, encompasses te origin, diversity,
structure, and internal processes of plants as well
as their relationships with other organisms and
with the nonliving physical environment.
WHAT IS BOTANY?
The time frame encompassed by botany extends from
the present back to almost 3.5 billion years ago, the
age of te earliest fossilized cells. The scope of botany
i extensive: some plant biologists study how global
climate affects plants, whereas others examine the
molecules that make up plant cells.
BOTANICAL SCIENCE
Because of its immense scope, plant biology comprises a
number of specialties.
Plant molecular biology - study the structures and
functions of important biological molecules such as a
proteins and nucleic acids.
Plant biochemistry - study of the chemical interactions
within plants, ncluding the variety of chemicals that
plants produce.
BOTANICAL SCIENCE
Plant cell biology - encompasses the structures,
functions, and life processes of plant cells.
Plant anatomy - the microscopic plant structure
(cells and tissues).
Plant morphology - the structures of plant parts
such as leaves, roots, and stems incuding their
evolution and devlopment.
BOTANICAL SCIENCE
Plant physiology - the processes as photosynthesis
and mineral nutrition to understand how plants
function.
Plant Genetics - plants heredity and variation .
Plant ecology - study of the interrelationships among
plants and between plants and their environment.
BOTANICAL SCIENCE
Plant systematics - evolutionary relationship smong
different plant group.
Plant taxonomy - descrimption, naming and
classificatin of plants.
Paleobotany - study of the biology and the evolution
of plants in thegeologic past
Notable botanists and
their contributions
Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)
A Swedish botanist who developed the
system of binomial nomenclature, the
foundation for classifying and naming
organisms (including plants).
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
An Austrian botanist and Augustinian
friar known as the "father of genetics"
for his experiments with pea plants
that laid the foundation for
understanding inheritance.
George Washington Carver
(1864-1943)
An American agricultural scientist and
inventor who developed numerous
uses for peanuts and other crops.
particularly in the study of plant
pollination and climbing plants.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
While primarily known for his theory of
evolution, Darwin also made significant
contributions to botany, particularly in the
study of plant pollination and climbing plants.
Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817-1911)
A British botanist and explorer
who worked extensively in the
Himalayas and later became the
director of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew.
Botanical
Science
Plant Anatomy:
Examining the internal structure of plants.
Plant Physiology: Investigating the functions of plant
organs and tissues.
Plant Taxonomy: Classifying and naming plants.
Plant Ecology: Studying the relationships between
plants and their environment.
Plant Genetics: Exploring the genetic makeup and
inheritance in plants.
Plant Pathology: Investigating plant diseases.
Key Applications
Agriculture: Understanding plant growth and development to
improve crop yields.
Horticulture: Cultivating and managing plants for ornamental and
other purposes.
Forestry: Managing and utilizing forest resources.
Medicine: Studying plants for their medicinal properties.
Environmental Management: Conserving plant biodiversity and
ecosystems.
Plant Cell
Plant cell is a type of eukaryotic cell that forms the basic
unit of all plants. It is characterized by several unique
structures like a cell wall, large central vacuole, and
chloroplasts, which are not found in animal cells. These
features enable plant cells to perform photosynthesis
and provide structural support to the plant.
1. Cell Wall:
Function: Provides structural support and protection to the cell,
maintains cell shape, and regulates cell volume.
Composition: Primarily composed of cellulose, a complex
carbohydrate.
2. Chloroplasts:
Function: Site of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted
into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
Unique Feature: Contains chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs
light energy.
3. Vacuoles:
Function: Storage of water, nutrients, and waste products; maintains
turgor pressure (internal cell pressure).
Unique Feature: Plant cells typically have a large central vacuole.
4. Mitochondria:
Function: "Powerhouse of the cell," responsible for cellular respiration,
which generates energy in the form of ATP.
5. Nucleus:
Function: Control center of the cell, containing the genetic material (DNA).
Unique Feature: Surrounded by a membrane, making plant cells eukaryotic.
6. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
Function: Network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis and
transport.
Types: Rough ER (studded with ribosomes) and Smooth ER.
7. Golgi Apparatus:
Function: Processes and packages proteins and other molecules for transport
within or out of the cell.
8. Cytoplasm:
Function: Gel-like substance filling the cell, containing all the other organelles.
9. Cytoskeleton:
Function: Network of protein filaments that provide structural support, enable cell
movement, and facilitate organelle movement.
10. Ribosomes:
Function: Synthesize proteins based on instructions from DNA.
11. Peroxisomes:
Function: Involved in various metabolic processes, including detoxification and
breakdown of fatty acids
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