A Study of Preservation and conservation of material in Libraries of

Panjab University & University of Delhi

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the

degree of
Master of library and Information Science

Submitted By
Komal Thakur
Roll no: 24MLS013
Enrolment no: 24-03281

Supervised By
Dr. Shazia Alvi
Assistant Librarian
Jamia Millia Islamia

New Delhi
2024-2025
 DECLARATION

I, KOMAL THAKUR, student of Master of Library & Information Science hereby declare
that the project report entitled A Study of Preservation and conservation of material in
Libraries of Panjab University & University of Delhi which is submitted by me to the Ms.
Shazia Alvi Assistant Librarian, Zakir Husain Library, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, in
partial fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of Master of Library and Information
Science is a record of the original work carried out by me. This project is completed as a part
of curriculum and all the information collected is correct to the best of my knowledge.

Place: Delhi

Date:

Komal Thakur
DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY & INFORMATION
SCIENCE, JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled: A Study of Preservation and conservation of
material in Libraries of Panjab University & University of Delhi submitted by Komal
Thakur, Roll No-24MLS013 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Library and Information Science at Jamia Millia Islamia, has been examined
and is hereby approved for its contribution to knowledge and scholarly presentation.

This dissertation has been carried out under the supervision of Ms. Shazia Alvi, Assistant
Librarian, Zakir Husain Library, Jamia Millia Islamia.

We hereby certify that this dissertation meets the standards required for the award of the
degree.

Ms. Shazia Alvi

(Supervisor)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all those who contributed to the successful
completion of this dissertation.
First and foremost, I extend my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Ms. Shazia Alvi,
Assistant Librarian, Jamia Millia Islamia, for their invaluable guidance, encouragement,
and unwavering support throughout this research journey.
I am also grateful to the faculty members of Library & Information Science, whose insights
and expertise have greatly enriched my understanding of the subject matter.
A special thanks to my peers and fellow classmates for their continuous motivation and
constructive feedback, which have been instrumental in shaping this work.
I extend my heartfelt gratitude to my family and friends for their endless encouragement,
patience, and belief in my abilities, which provided me with the strength to persevere.
Thank you all for being part of this academic journey.

Komal Thakur
Jamia Millia Islamia
Table of Contents
DECLARATION.....................................................................................................................................ii
CERTIFICATE.....................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................................................................iv
Table of Contents...................................................................................................................................v
CHAPTER -1..........................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................1
About Panjab University...................................................................................................................7
About A.C.Joshi Library.....................................................................................................................9
About University of Delhi.....................................................................................................................13
About Central Library OF University of Delhi............................................................................15
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY......................................................................................................24
SCOPE OF THE STUDY................................................................................................................27
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY....................................................................................................29
CHAPTER -2........................................................................................................................................31
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE........................................................................................31
Literature Review: Theoretical Background on Library Preservation and Conservation......32
Introduction......................................................................................................................................32
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................46
CHAPTER-3.........................................................................................................................................48
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................48
Research Design...............................................................................................................................53
Data Collection Methods.................................................................................................................53
CHAPTER-4.........................................................................................................................................56
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS.................................................................................................56
Introduction..........................................................................................................................................57
Analysis & Findings from University of Delhi..............................................................................59
Analysis & Findings from Panjab University...............................................................................62
Comparative Study..........................................................................................................................66
CHAPTER-5.........................................................................................................................................72
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................72
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................................76
APPENDIX...........................................................................................................................................80
 CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

Libraries play a crucial role in preserving the intellectual, cultural, and historical heritage of
societies. However, library materials, including books, manuscripts, maps, photographs, and
digital resources, are vulnerable to various threats such as aging, environmental conditions,
human handling, and natural disasters. To ensure their longevity and continued accessibility,
preservation and conservation practices are essential.

Preservation refers to the preventive measures taken to protect library materials from damage
and deterioration. It includes environmental control, proper storage, digitization, and regular
maintenance. Key preservation strategies involve maintaining appropriate temperature and
humidity levels, using acid-free storage materials, implementing pest control measures, and
minimizing exposure to light, dust, and pollutants. Digital preservation, such as scanning and
converting documents into electronic formats, has become increasingly important in ensuring
long-term accessibility while reducing wear and tear on physical copies.

Conservation, on the other hand, involves the active repair and restoration of damaged or
deteriorating materials. It includes techniques such as bookbinding, paper deacidification,
mending torn pages, and removing stains or Mold. Conservation specialists use specialized
tools and methods to stabilize fragile documents while maintaining their originality. In cases
of rare or historical materials, conservation efforts must balance restoration with maintaining
authenticity, ensuring that the item retains its historical integrity.

Despite these efforts, several challenges exist in preserving and conserving library materials.
Climate change and natural disasters, such as floods and fires, pose significant risks to
collections. Financial constraints may also limit the ability of libraries to implement advanced
preservation techniques. Additionally, digital materials face issues such as data corruption,
software obsolescence, and cyber threats, requiring ongoing updates and migration to newer
formats.

To address these challenges, libraries and archival institutions adopt best practices and
guidelines provided by organizations like UNESCO, the Library of Congress, and the
International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). Training librarians
and archivists in proper handling and conservation techniques is crucial in mitigating risks.

Moreover, collaboration among libraries, research institutions, and government bodies can
help develop sustainable preservation programs.

PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION: WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?

There is some confusion about the meanings of the word’s “conservation” and
“preservation.” According to Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary (2nd ed., 1960), the primary
meaning of “conservation” is “the act of preserving, guarding, or protecting; preservation
from loss, decay, injury or violation.” “Preservation” is defined as “the act of preserving, or
keeping in safety or security from harm, injury, decay, or destruction.”

Preservation and conservation are two key approaches to protecting library materials, but
they serve different purposes.

Preservation is a proactive process that involves measures to prevent damage and slow down
the deterioration of library materials. It focuses on maintaining the original condition of
books, manuscripts, digital records, and other resources. Common preservation techniques
include controlling temperature and humidity, using acid-free storage materials, digitizing
fragile documents, and educating users on proper handling practices. The goal of preservation
is to ensure long-term accessibility by preventing potential damage before it occurs.

Conservation, on the other hand, is a reactive process that involves repairing and restoring
materials that have already suffered damage or deterioration. It includes treatments such as
bookbinding, deacidification of paper, mending torn pages, and removing Mold or stains.
Conservation specialists work to stabilize and extend the life of damaged items while
preserving their authenticity.

The main difference is that preservation prevents damage, while conservation repairs existing
damage. Both practices are essential for libraries and archives, ensuring that historical and
intellectual resources remain available for future generations. A balanced approach
combining preservation and conservation helps protect valuable collections from
environmental, physical, and technological threats.
These two definitions seem very similar. In Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: A
Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology by Roberts and Etherington, “conservation” is defined
as the conscious, deliberate and planned supervision, care and preservation of the total
resources of a library, archives, or similar institution, from the injurious effect of age, use (or
misuse), as well as external or internal influences of all types, but especially, light, heat,
humidity and atmospheric influences.

“Preservation” includes safeguarding not only physical materials but also information. To this
end, reformatting, replacement, and the use of protective containers are employed to extend
access to information that might be lost once paper or electronic books or documents
deteriorate.

“Conservation” has retained the second meaning, with emphasis on the physical treatment of
specific items or collections. It includes simple preventive steps as well as major procedures
that may require many weeks of work. The words are still often used interchangeably, so we
will have to be patient and see how the usage evolves. In this book, “preservation” refers to
steps that address the overall safekeeping of all the holdings. “Conservation” is used to mean
hands on treatment.

Role of Libraries in the Preservation and Conservation of Library

Materials

Libraries play a crucial role in preserving and conserving knowledge, ensuring that valuable
materials remain accessible to present and future generations. As custodians of books,
manuscripts, maps, photographs, digital content, and other historical records, libraries
implement various strategies to prevent deterioration and restore damaged resources. Their
role extends beyond storage, encompassing proactive measures to safeguard materials from
physical, environmental, and technological threats.

Implementing Preservation Strategies

Preservation involves taking preventive actions to slow the aging process of library materials.
Libraries maintain optimal storage conditions by controlling temperature, humidity, and light
exposure. They use acid-free paper, archival-quality boxes, and protective covers to store
fragile items. Libraries also regulate human handling of books and documents by promoting
proper usage guidelines, such as using clean hands, avoiding food and drink, and handling
rare materials with gloves.

Conservation and Restoration of Damaged Materials

When materials suffer from damage due to wear, environmental factors, or accidents,
libraries engage in conservation efforts. This may include repairing torn pages, re-binding
books, deacidifying paper to prevent brittleness, and treating materials for Mold or pest
infestations. Trained conservationists use specialized techniques to restore historical and rare
materials while maintaining their authenticity.

Digitization and Digital Preservation

Modern libraries increasingly focus on digitization to extend the lifespan of valuable
resources. By scanning books, manuscripts, and records, libraries create digital copies that
can be accessed remotely, reducing physical wear and tear. Additionally, they adopt digital
preservation techniques such as migrating files to updated formats and backing up data to
protect against loss due to software obsolescence or cyber threats.

Disaster Preparedness and Risk Management

Libraries develop disaster management plans to protect collections from fire, floods,
earthquakes, and other emergencies. They invest in fireproof storage, water-resistant
containers, and emergency response training for staff. Having backup digital archives also
ensures that knowledge is not permanently lost in case of unforeseen disasters.

Education and Awareness Programs

Libraries educate users on the importance of proper material handling and preservation. They
conduct workshops and training sessions for staff and researchers on conservation techniques,
digitization methods, and archival best practices. By raising awareness, libraries encourage
responsible usage of resources.

Collaboration with Preservation Institutions

Libraries often partner with universities, museums, and preservation organizations to enhance
their conservation efforts. International guidelines from UNESCO, the Library of Congress,
and the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) help libraries
implement best practices for long-term preservation.

Libraries serve as guardians of knowledge, actively engaging in the preservation and

conservation of materials to ensure their longevity. Through preventive care, restoration,
digitization, disaster preparedness, education, and collaborations, libraries uphold their
responsibility of safeguarding cultural and intellectual heritage for future generations.
ABOUT PANJAB UNIVERSITY

Panjab University (PU) is a public state university in Chandigarh, India. It receives funding
from both the State and Union governments, classifying it as a state university. Its roots go
back to the University of the Panjab in Lahore, established in 1882. Following India's
partition, the university was founded on October 1, 1947, initially named East Panjab
University. It started in a cantonment in Solan before moving to a new campus in
Chandigarh, where it was renamed Panjab University. The university holds a five-star
accreditation from NAAC, achieving the top A++ grade.

PU features 78 teaching and research departments along with 10 centres/chairs dedicated to

education and research at its main campus in Chandigarh. It has 201 affiliated colleges across
eight districts in Panjab and the union territory of Chandigarh, with Regional Centres located
in Muktsar, Ludhiana, and Hoshiarpur. It ranks among the top universities in India.

The campus is residential, covering 550 acres in sectors 14 and 25 of Chandigarh. The main
administrative and academic facilities are situated in sector 14, alongside a health centre,
sports complex, hostels, and residential areas.
HISTORY OF PANJAB UNIVERSITY
The University of the Panjab was founded on October 14, 1882, in Lahore, which is now part
of Panjab, Pakistan. After India was partitioned in 1947, the future of the university was
discussed by the Panjab Partition Committee, where representatives from East Panjab pushed
for the university to be divided. The university's senate voted in Favor of the split, and the
issue was brought to the central Partition Council, but no decision was reached. With no
university available for the colleges in East Panjab, the local government had to create an
ordinance to establish a new university on September 27, 1947.

This new institution, named "East Panjab University," was officially launched in Solan
(Shimla) in Indian Panjab on October 1, 1947. For almost ten years after 1947, the university
lacked its own campus, with the administrative office located in Solan and teaching
departments operating from Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Delhi, and Amritsar. In 1950, the name
was officially changed to Panjab University.

In 1956, the university moved to Chandigarh, where it was established on a red sandstone
campus designed by Pierre Jeanneret, following the vision of Le Corbusier. Before Panjab
was reorganized in 1966, the university had regional centres in Rohtak, Shimla, and
Jalandhar, with affiliated colleges spread across what are now Panjab, Haryana, and
Himachal Pradesh. After the reorganization, the university transformed into an Inter-State
Body Corporate, serving the newly formed state of Panjab and the union territory of
Chandigarh. Panjab University was also featured on a stamp issued by India in 1989.
ABOUT A.C. JOSHI LIBRARY

The Panjab University Library, named officially as "A. C. Joshi Library", after the name of an
illustrious Vice-Chancellor of this University, was established in the U.S. Club, Shimla in the
year 1947 after the Partition of the country. The Panjab University started shifting its offices
to Chandigarh, the new Capital of Panjab, in 1955-56. The foundation stone of the new
Library building was laid in 1958 by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, the then Vice-President of India.
The library in its new premises was formally inaugurated in 1963 by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru,
the then Prime Minister of India. The five storeyed impressive Library building in red stone
and concrete is based on modern principles of architecture. Its modular and functional style
fulfils the purpose of a planned Library. While all the reading areas face the North, the Staff
Area is on the South side, with the Stack Area being in between. Its two main Reading Halls
facing the Shivalik Hills afford a panoramic view of the natural surroundings. The library
building centrally air-conditioned and equipped with computer and communication network
houses more than eight lac volumes and has a seating accommodation of 500 readers. Besides
the two main reading halls there are reading rooms in the Periodicals and 650 Readers
(approx.), Text Book Sections, Newspaper Section and an Outer Reading Hall for studying
personal books. There is a provision of 90 lockers for teachers and research scholars engaged
in serious research work. The library has a collection of over 8 lac publications which include
books, bound volumes of journals, theses/dissertations, rare books, reports, government
documents, back files of newspapers, and a prized collection of 1492 manuscripts.

The Library is fully computerized, and its collection can also be searched through web
OPAC. The reference collection of the library is continuously updated. On-line Public Access
Catalogue facilities are available at the Reference Hall, Transfer Cell and near Circulation
Section of the Library.

The Library is subscribing to 312 current periodicals, a number of which have on-line access
along with the print versions. The library also has access to about 15000 + core and peer
reviewed on-line journals and 14 bibliographical databases from publishers & aggregators in
different disciplines through e-shod Sindhu consortium of INFLIBNET. These e-resources
can be accessed through Campus network and Remote Access facility. Many on-line journals
and miscellaneous reference sources in the public domain are accessible through the Library
Website-library.puchd.ac.in. Currently, the Library has been subscribing to 20 online
databases including Science Direct, Scopus, IEEE, ACM Digital Library, Institute of Physics,
EBSCO, ProQuest Dissertation & Thesis Abstracts, India stat, Districts of India, etc. with
links on the website. A.C. Joshi Library has started 'Remote access facility' to access all the e-
resources including online catalogue. This can be accessed by using e-library link from the
library website. The library has also procured books in electronic format from reputed
publishers.

DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF LIBRARY

 Circulation Section
 Reference and Readers' Advisory Service
 Display of Books / Exhibitions
 Theses and Text Books Section
 Acquisition Section
 Periodicals Section
 Technical Section
 Computer Section
 Computer Section
 Manuscripts and Rare Books Section
 PORTAL OF A.C. JOSHI LIBRARY OF PANJAB UNIVERSITY

HYPERLINK TO OPEN PORTAL OF A.C. JOSHI LIBRARY OF PANJAB

UNIVERSITY

https://library.puchd.ac.in/
ABOUT UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

The University of Delhi, is a collegiate research central university located in Delhi, India. It
was founded in 1922 by an Act of the Central Legislative Assembly. The Vice President of
India serves as the university chancellor. The university is ranked 6th by National
Institutional Ranking Framework 2024. The University of Delhi was established in 1922 was
created by act of Central Legislative assembly. Hari Singh Gour served as the university's
first Vice-Chancellor from 1922 to 1926.

The seat of power in British India had been transferred from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. The
Viceregal Lodge Estate became the residence of the Viceroy of India until October 1933,
when it was given to the University of Delhi. Since then, it has housed the office of the vice-
chancellor and other offices.

When Sir Maurice Gwyer came to India in 1937 to serve as Chief Justice of British India, he
became the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Delhi. During his time, postgraduate
teaching courses were introduced and laboratories were established at the
university. Members of the faculty included Daulat Singh Kothari in Physics and Panchanan
Maheshwari in Botany. Gwyer has been called the "maker of the university". He served as
Vice-Chancellor until 1950
The silver jubilee year of the university in 1947 coincided with India's independence, and the
national flag was hoisted in the main building for the first time by Vijayendra Kasturi Ranga
Varadaraja Rao. In that year there was no convocation ceremony due to the partition of India.
Instead, a special ceremony was held in 1948, attended by then Prime Minister of
India Jawaharlal Nehru, as well as by Lord Mountbatten, Lady Mountbatten, Abul Kalam
Azad, Zakir Husain and Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar. Twenty-five years later the golden
jubilee celebrations of 1973 were attended by the then Prime Minister of India Indira
Gandhi, Satyajit Ray, Amrita Pritam, and M. S. Subbulakshmi.

The university has grown into one of the largest universities in India. There are 16 faculties,
86 academic departments, 91 colleges spread across the city, with 132,435 regular students
(114,494 undergraduates and 17,941 postgraduates). There are 261,169 students in non-
formal education programmes (258,831 undergraduates and 2,338 postgraduates). DU's
chemistry, geology, zoology, sociology, and history departments have been awarded the status
of Centres of Advanced Studies. In addition, a number of the university's departments receive
grants under the Special Assistance Programme of the University Grants Commission in
recognition of their outstanding academic work.
ABOUT CENTRAL LIBRARY OF UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

The Central Library of the University of Delhi, established in 1922, began with a modest
collection of 1,380 gifted books and 86 periodicals. Initially, it operated from various
buildings corresponding to the university's relocations. In 1933, upon the university's move to
its present location, the library was housed in the ballroom of the Old Vice-Regal Lodge. This
space was renovated with a generous donation from Shri G.D. Birla, and it featured sixteen
Burma teak cases acquired from Viceroy Lord Linlithgow and the Wardens and Fellows of
All Souls College, Oxford.

The current Central Library building's foundation stone was laid in 1954 by Vice-Chancellor
Dr. G.S. Mahajani, and the building was inaugurated on December 1, 1958, by Dr. S.
Radhakrishnan, the then Chancellor and President of India.

Sir Maurice Gwyer, Vice-Chancellor from 1938 to 1950, played a pivotal role in the library's
development. In 1942, he invited Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, renowned as the father of modern
library science in India, to Delhi to provide recommendations for enhancing the library's
professional standards. Dr. Ranganathan's efforts, along with those of Professor S. das Gupta,
the first librarian (1942–1966), were instrumental in the library's advancement.

Over the years, the Central Library has evolved into a significant academic resource,
supporting the research and educational endeavours of the university community. Its rich
history reflects a commitment to fostering knowledge and scholarship.

PORTAL OF CENTRAL LIBRARY OF UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

HYPERLINK TO OPEN PORTAL OF CENTRAL LIBRARY OF UNIVERSITY OF

DELHI

https://crl.du.ac.in/cl/
Challenges in Library Material Preservation and Conservation
Libraries are vital institutions that safeguard knowledge, culture, and history. However,
preserving and conserving library materials presents numerous challenges. Library
collections, including books, manuscripts, maps, photographs, and digital records, are at
constant risk due to environmental, financial, technological, and human factors. These
challenges can significantly impact the longevity and accessibility of materials if not properly
addressed. Below is an in-depth exploration of the major challenges in library material
preservation and conservation.

1. Environmental Factors

a. Temperature and Humidity Fluctuations

One of the most significant threats to library materials is inconsistent temperature and
humidity levels. High humidity promotes Mold growth, while low humidity causes paper and
leather bindings to become brittle. Rapid fluctuations between hot and cold temperatures
accelerate the deterioration of materials, leading to warping, ink fading, and the breakdown of
adhesives.

b. Light Exposure

Excessive exposure to light, particularly ultraviolet (UV) radiation, causes paper to yellow
and ink to fade. Sunlight and strong artificial lighting can also weaken book bindings and
damage fragile documents.

c. Air Pollution and Dust Accumulation

Pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with paper, accelerating
deterioration. Dust particles settle on books, promoting Mold growth and attracting pests.

2.Poor Storage and Handling Practices

a. Improper Shelving and Stacking

Overcrowded bookshelves, improper stacking, and tight shelving lead to warped spines, torn
pages, and structural weakening of materials. Fragile and oversized books require specialized
shelving techniques.
b. Frequent and Rough Handling

Frequent handling by library patrons contributes to physical degradation. Pages may get torn,
stained, or creased, and excessive use of certain materials speeds up wear and tear.

3. Financial Constraints

Many libraries operate with limited budgets, making it difficult to allocate sufficient funds for
preservation and conservation programs. Specialized equipment, climate control systems, and
restoration professionals require significant investment.

4. Natural Disasters and Emergencies

a. Floods and Water Damage

Water is one of the greatest threats to library materials. Leaks, plumbing failures, or floods
can cause ink to bleed, paper to dissolve, and Mold to form within hours.

b. Fire Hazards

Fires can cause irreparable loss of historical and cultural records. Many library materials,
especially older manuscripts, are highly flammable.

c. Earthquakes and Structural Damage

Earthquakes can lead to bookshelves collapsing, archival records being destroyed, and
equipment being damaged.

5. Pests and Biological Threats

Library collections are often infested by insects (silverfish, booklice, termites) and rodents,
which feed on paper, glue, and leather bindings. Mold and mildew also thrive in poorly
maintained conditions.

6. Technological Challenges in Digital Preservation

a. Data Corruption and File Format Obsolescence

Digital preservation presents its own set of challenges. Over time, digital files may become
unreadable due to software updates, hardware failures, or data corruption.
b. Cybersecurity Threats

Hacking, viruses, and cyberattacks pose a threat to digital archives, leading to data loss or
unauthorized modifications.

7. Lack of Trained Preservation Experts

Many libraries lack trained conservationists and preservation specialists who understand the
proper techniques for material restoration.

8. Limited Public Awareness and Support

Many people, including library users and policymakers, do not fully understand the
importance of preservation. This results in low funding and insufficient conservation efforts.

The preservation and conservation of library materials are critical to ensuring long-term
access to knowledge. However, libraries face significant challenges, including environmental
factors, financial constraints, poor handling, natural disasters, technological risks, and lack of
expertise. Addressing these challenges requires a combination of preventive measures,
technological advancements, staff training, and community engagement. By implementing
comprehensive preservation strategies, libraries can protect their collections for future
generations.

Techniques used for Preservation & Conservation of Library

material
Various methods are employed to safeguard and conserve rare and valuable library materials.
These techniques are vital for maintaining the integrity and accessibility of these items over
time. Here are some of the key approaches:

Chemical De-acidification

The process of chemical de-acidification temporarily halts the deterioration of materials.

However, its effectiveness may be limited, especially if the item is fragile. From a
collaborative standpoint, if multiple copies of an aged book are dispersed throughout the
library, it often proves more economical to film or scan the best-preserved copy once and
then replicate it, instead of de-acidifying all copies. Additionally, microfilming not only
creates a master copy for duplication but also generates bibliographic entries that enhance
broad access to the information. While de-acidification can be carried out on a case-by-case
basis in individual libraries, the costs associated with this meticulous technique, involving
disassembly and rebinding, can be prohibitive for books lacking significant artifact value.
Ultimately, paper preservation and individual book conservation remain the sole technologies
safeguarding the original book.

Microfilming

Microfilming involves the creation of a roll film master, which can subsequently be used to
produce microfiche versions. Although microfiche is not typically considered a preservation
format, it can be generated from preservation roll film to serve as an access medium.
Microfiche offers rapid random access to specific frames outpacing roll film, and the reading
machines for microfiche are more cost-effective than those for microfilm. Despite microfiche
being a preferred medium for microform book catalogues, it’s worth noting that many readers
disagree about microfilm and microfiche.

Digital Imagery

Digital imagery entails scanning books into computer storage, presenting a promising
alternative preservation method. Storing page images digitally enables swift transfers of
books between libraries. These images can be displayed or printed, similar to film images,
albeit often at a higher cost. Moreover, digital imagery permits extensive post-processing
adjustments, including contrast and image size modifications. Handling digital images
requires specialized skills and equipment not commonly found in all libraries. However,
ongoing technological advancements in disk drive design, displays, and printing devices are
contributing to the accessibility of these capabilities.

ASCII (non-Image)

ASCII storage, characterized by compactness, presents a highly efficient method. While a

page of text might occupy several hundred kilobytes in image form, ASCII format condenses
it to only one to two thousand bytes, a mere fraction of the space. ASCII storage offers
various advantages, such as easy reformatting, straightforward extraction of quotations or
sections for new documents, and the ability to compare texts mechanically. ASCII storage
proves superior to image-based formats for editing texts destined for future publication.
Moreover, ASCII text accommodates diverse applications, including feeding texts into speech
synthesizers for audio playback. It is also compatible with various equipment, including more
cost-effective options. It can be formatted to suit user preferences regarding screen size and
program environment. It’s important to note that the image quality depicted does not reflect
any potential fading or original discoloration.

Encapsulation

Encapsulation is a preservation technique that delicately places fragile or deteriorating

documents, such as manuscripts, photographs, or artworks, between two sheets of transparent
plastic film. These plastic sheets are carefully sealed together along the edges, creating a
protective barrier around the item. The encapsulated document remains visible and can be
examined without direct contact, which helps prevent further physical damage caused by
handling. The plastic film shields the document from environmental factors, such as dust,
moisture, and pollutants, while allowing researchers and enthusiasts to view its contents. This
technique is especially useful for items that are too fragile to be handled or have sensitive
surfaces that could be harmed by direct touch. Encapsulation is reversible, as the document
can be easily removed from the plastic film if necessary.

Lamination

Lamination is a process similar to encapsulation, where documents are sealed between layers
of plastic for protection. However, lamination differs in that it often involves the use of
adhesives to bond the plastic layers, creating a more permanent seal. While lamination offers
immediate preservation benefits by safeguarding materials from physical damage, it is
generally considered irreversible and poses long-term preservation risks. The adhesives used
in lamination can deteriorate over time, becoming brittle and potentially causing the plastic to
separate from the document. Additionally, lamination can trap moisture between the layers,

leading to Mold growth and other forms of deterioration. Due to these potential risks, many
preservation professionals discourage using lamination for valuable or historically significant
items.

Book Repair and Binding

Book repair and binding involve the expertise of professional bookbinders and conservators’
expertise to restore and enhance damaged books’ structural integrity. This meticulous process
includes repairing torn or detached pages, reattaching loose covers, reinforcing weakened
spines, and addressing other physical issues compromising the book’s usability and longevity.
By carefully assessing the book’s condition and employing specialized techniques and
materials, conservators aim to stabilize the book’s structure and prevent further deterioration.
Properly repaired and bound books can be safely handled, read, and studied, extending their
lifespan and ensuring continued access to their contents.

Environmental Control Environmental control is a proactive preservation approach that

involves maintaining optimal temperature and humidity levels within storage areas where
library materials are kept. Controlling these factors helps slow down the natural processes of
decay and deterioration. Stable environmental conditions inhibit Mold growth and prevent the
proliferation of insects and pests that can damage materials. Proper temperature and humidity
control also help prevent warping, fading, and discoloration of paper, ink, and other
materials. Implementing environmental monitoring systems and HVAC (heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning) solutions are essential to this preservation strategy.

Pest Management

Pest management is a critical aspect of preservation to protect library materials from

infestations by insects and rodents. Implementing preventive measures, such as regular
inspections, thorough cleaning, and sealing entry points, helps minimize the risk of pests
infiltrating storage areas. Integrated pest management techniques involve carefully using non-
toxic methods, such as traps and monitoring devices, to identify and control potential
infestations. By actively addressing pest issues, libraries can prevent irreparable damage to
their collections.

Handling Guidelines

Educating library staff, researchers, and patrons about proper handling techniques is essential
to reduce physical wear and tear on materials. Guidelines often include using clean hands or
gloves when handling delicate items to prevent the transfer of oils and dirt. Using book
supports or cradles while reading helps minimize stress on bindings and pages. Avoiding
excessive bending, folding, or leaning on materials further safeguards them from damage. By
promoting responsible handling practices, libraries can extend the lifespan of their collections
and ensure that materials remain accessible for future generations.

Preserving and conservating library materials are indispensable pillars in maintaining and
safeguarding our collective cultural and intellectual heritage. As custodians of knowledge,
libraries play a vital role in ensuring that diverse materials, ranging from ancient manuscripts
to contemporary digital archives, withstand the tests of time and remain accessible for future
generations. Preservation efforts encompass a spectrum of activities, including climate
control, proper storage conditions, and conservation interventions, all aimed at mitigating the
inevitable effects of aging and environmental factors. These endeavours extend beyond
physical objects, with digital preservation becoming increasingly crucial in an era dominated
by electronic resources. Collaborative initiatives, adherence to international standards, and
the integration of cutting-edge technologies further enhance the efficacy of preservation
practices. By meticulously caring for rare manuscripts, fragile documents, and digital
archives, libraries protect the physical and intellectual integrity of these materials and
contribute to a broader societal commitment to memory, knowledge, and cultural continuity.
The interdisciplinary nature of preservation work underscores its significance, necessitating
collaboration among librarians, archivists, conservators, and information technologists. In
embracing this collective responsibility, libraries not only honour the past but also lay the
foundation for an enriched and resilient future, where the wealth of human expression,
history, and ideas remains accessible to all who seek to explore, learn, and draw inspiration
from the invaluable treasures they hold.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The rapid evolution of information technology, increasing usage of digital formats, and
environmental factors pose serious challenges to the longevity and accessibility of traditional
library materials. Libraries are custodians of knowledge, history, and culture, and their
collections — especially rare manuscripts, books, journals, maps, and archival records — are
invaluable resources for researchers, scholars, and students. Therefore, it becomes essential to
examine, evaluate, and strengthen the preservation and conservation strategies adopted by
major academic institutions. This dissertation focuses specifically on the libraries of Panjab
University and University of Delhi, two prominent academic institutions in India that house
rich and diverse collections, including rare and historical materials.

The primary objective of this dissertation is to study, analyse, and compare the preservation
and conservation practices undertaken by the central libraries and associated departmental
libraries of these two universities. The study seeks to explore the existing infrastructure,
techniques, human resource capabilities, funding patterns, and institutional policies related to
the long-term maintenance and accessibility of physical library materials.

Specific Objectives

1. To Understand the Importance of Preservation and Conservation in Academic

Libraries

The first objective is to explore the theoretical and practical importance of preserving and
conserving library materials, especially in the context of academic institutions. Preservation
involves all the activities aimed at prolonging the life of library materials, both analogue and
digital, while conservation refers to the specific physical treatment of damaged or at-risk
materials. In the libraries of Panjab and Delhi Universities, which cater to large numbers of
students and faculty, the integrity and usability of resources are critical. This study will
examine how these libraries perceive and prioritize the preservation of their collections.

2. To Identify the Types of Materials That Require Preservation

Both universities have vast collections that include not only modern books but also
manuscripts, rare books, photographs, reports, microfilms, government publications, and
newspapers. These materials often differ in terms of the degradation factors they face. For
example, paper from the 19th century may be more acidic and brittle than newer materials,
while photographs are vulnerable to humidity and light. This study aims to classify the
different types of materials in these libraries that require varying preservation strategies and
identify the most vulnerable categories.

3. To Examine Existing Preservation and Conservation Policies

An important aspect of the research is to investigate whether there are institutional policies
and guidelines in place at Panjab and Delhi Universities regarding preservation and
conservation. The objective here is to review whether these policies align with national and
international standards, such as those set by IFLA, UNESCO, or the National Mission on
Libraries (NML). The study also seeks to identify if there are written disaster management or
risk mitigation plans in the event of natural calamities, water leakage, fire, or pest
infestations.

4. To Assess the Techniques and Infrastructure Used

Modern preservation requires not just awareness but also access to technology and
infrastructure such as temperature and humidity controls, acid-free storage, fumigation
chambers, digital scanning tools, and conservation labs. The objective is to evaluate the
facilities available at both institutions and assess their adequacy. Are traditional bookbinding
and mending techniques still being used? Is there an emphasis on digitization as a
preservation strategy? How are fragile materials stored and handled? These are the sub-
questions that this objective aims to answer.

5. To Analyse the Role of Library Staff and Training

The success of preservation activities depends largely on the knowledge and expertise of the
personnel involved. This study aims to analyse the human resource aspect of conservation
efforts. Are the staff members trained in modern conservation techniques? Are there regular
workshops or training sessions organized by the library authorities? This objective focuses on
understanding whether sufficient professional development is offered and how confident and
skilled the staff are in managing fragile and rare collections.

6. To Evaluate User Awareness and Handling Practices

Users of the library – including students, researchers, and faculty – play a significant role in
the wear and tear of library materials. Therefore, this dissertation also aims to study the
behaviour and awareness of users regarding the proper handling of materials. Are there
visible instructions and guidelines posted within the libraries? Do users know how to handle
rare or fragile items? This objective will be pursued through user surveys and feedback from
librarians regarding misuse or accidental damage.

7. To Compare Practices Between Panjab University and University of Delhi

One of the key objectives is to draw a comparative analysis of preservation and conservation
practices between Panjab University and University of Delhi. Though both are public
institutions, they may differ in terms of resource allocation, staff training, technological
infrastructure, and policy enforcement. This comparison will help identify best practices and
areas for improvement. The intention is not to rank the institutions but to understand their
respective strengths and challenges, and how they can learn from each other’s approaches.

8. To Identify Challenges Faced by the Libraries

No preservation effort is without its challenges. Budget constraints, lack of awareness,

shortage of trained personnel, and absence of policy are often cited as obstacles. This study
will collect qualitative data from librarians, staff, and administrators to pinpoint the major
hurdles they face in implementing effective preservation programs. Understanding these
challenges is crucial for formulating realistic and actionable recommendations.

9. To Recommend Measures for Improvement

Based on the data collected and the comparative analysis, the dissertation aims to propose a
set of practical, achievable, and cost-effective recommendations to improve the state of
preservation and conservation in both university libraries. These may include policy
revisions, infrastructure upgrades, training initiatives, digitization plans, collaboration with
heritage organizations, or awareness programs for students and faculty.

10. To Contribute to the Field of Library and Information Science

Finally, this dissertation seeks to make a meaningful academic contribution to the field of
Library and Information Science in India. By focusing on two important institutions and
presenting a well-researched, data-driven study, the goal is to highlight the importance of
preservation in the Indian academic context. The study may also serve as a reference for other
institutions looking to improve their own practices.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The dissertation titled "Preservation and Conservation of Library Material in Panjab and
University of Delhi" focuses on examining the strategies, challenges, and effectiveness of
measures undertaken to safeguard valuable library collections in two of India’s leading
academic institutions. The libraries at Panjab University and University of Delhi are
repositories of not only modern academic materials but also rare books, manuscripts,
government reports, archival records, and other historical documents. As knowledge centres
with a long academic heritage, preserving these collections is critical for both current
academic needs and future generations.

This study is confined geographically to Panjab University (Chandigarh) and University of

Delhi (New Delhi). Within these institutions, the research will focus primarily on their central
libraries, while also including selected departmental or faculty libraries, based on
accessibility and relevance. This geographical limitation allows for a focused and
comparative case study that highlights regional practices and institutional capacities related to
preservation.

The scope of the content includes a comprehensive analysis of preservation and conservation
efforts relating to physical materials such as printed books, journals, theses, newspapers,
manuscripts, and rare collections. It also touches on digitization efforts as a tool for
preservation, though born-digital materials (like e-books and online databases) are not the
primary concern. Emphasis will be placed on understanding the preventive measures (such as
proper storage, pest control, temperature/humidity control), curative methods (such as repair,
rebinding, deacidification), and policy frameworks that guide preservation efforts in these
libraries.

The study will examine the existing infrastructure, the availability and use of modern
conservation tools, and the level of staff training and awareness regarding best practices.
Furthermore, it will explore the challenges faced by these libraries, including funding
limitations, lack of technical expertise, and inadequate facilities. An important part of the
scope also includes assessing the awareness and behaviour of library users, since improper
handling by users can significantly impact material longevity.

The research will employ a qualitative methodology, including interviews with librarians and
staff, user surveys, and document analysis. Comparative analysis will help identify best
practices, gaps, and areas for improvement between the two institutions.
Time-wise, the dissertation will concentrate on recent practices and developments, especially
those undertaken in the last decade, to provide a current and relevant evaluation. Historical
references will be included when necessary to provide context for the development of
preservation policies or the acquisition of rare materials.

While the focus remains on two specific universities, the study aims to offer insights and
recommendations that can be generalized or adapted by other academic libraries across India.
By identifying successful strategies and common pitfalls, this dissertation seeks to contribute
meaningfully to the field of Library and Information Science, and to support the ongoing
mission of preserving academic and cultural heritage.
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This dissertation, focused on the preservation and conservation of library materials in Panjab
University and University of Delhi, aims to explore the policies, practices, and challenges
faced by these two prestigious institutions. While the study contributes valuable insights into
the management of physical library resources, it is important to acknowledge the inherent
limitations that may influence the overall depth, coverage, and generalizability of the
findings.

Firstly, the research is geographically restricted to two universities Panjab University in

Chandigarh and University of Delhi in New Delhi. While both institutions are large, well-
established, and academically influential, their practices may not represent the preservation
approaches followed in other Indian universities or academic institutions, particularly those in
rural or resource-limited regions. The findings, therefore, must be interpreted with caution
and not generalized as universally applicable across all academic libraries in India.

Secondly, the study concentrates primarily on physical materials such as books, manuscripts,
maps, reports, and archival documents. In today’s evolving information environment, digital
preservation has become increasingly significant. However, due to the focus of this research,
digital preservation especially for born-digital content such as e-books, online journals, and
institutional repositories has not been explored in depth. This limited scope may overlook
some of the more contemporary challenges and opportunities in the broader field of
preservation.

Another limitation arises from restricted access to certain library sections and internal
documents. During the research process, gaining full entry to rare books collections,
conservation labs, and archives was sometimes constrained due to institutional policies, staff
availability, or privacy concerns. Additionally, detailed data on budgets, staffing structures,
and internal assessments were either unavailable or confidential, which limited the depth of
financial and administrative analysis in the study.

Time constraints also played a role in shaping the boundaries of this research. Preservation
and conservation are long-term, ongoing processes that require continuous monitoring,
evaluation, and adaptation. However, the time-bound nature of academic research meant that
this dissertation could only capture a snapshot of current practices rather than offer a
longitudinal view. Seasonal changes, shifts in leadership, or recent budgetary adjustments
could all effect preservation activities in ways that this study may not have captured.

Furthermore, while the research included interviews and surveys, the sample size was
relatively small, especially when considering the scale and complexity of both universities. A
limited number of respondents—mainly librarians, technical staff, and select users—means
the insights may not reflect the full range of perspectives or experiences within these
institutions. Moreover, qualitative responses are inherently subjective, and although care was
taken to ensure objectivity, a certain degree of personal bias may still influence the findings.

In conclusion, while this dissertation offers a meaningful contribution to the understanding of

library preservation and conservation, these limitations underscore the need for future, more
extensive research. Expanding the study to include more universities, digital materials, and
larger sample sizes could further enrich the field and lead to stronger policy development and
resource management in academic libraries across India.
 CHAPTER -2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Literature Review: Theoretical Background on Library
Preservation and Conservation
Introduction
The concepts of preservation and conservation are central to the mission of libraries,
especially those that function as academic and cultural repositories. These processes ensure
the long-term survival of information resources and their continued accessibility for current
and future generations. As physical library materials face increasing threats due to
environmental degradation, usage-related wear and tear, and limited resources, scholarly
discourse around preservation and conservation has gained significance. This literature
review explores the theoretical foundations, historical developments, major approaches, and
global and Indian perspectives on library preservation and conservation.

According to the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA),

preservation is defined as the set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of information
resources through proper storage, handling, environmental control, and digitization.
Conservation, on the other hand, is more specific and refers to the physical treatment or
repair of damaged materials to stabilize them and prevent further deterioration (IFLA, 2000).

Several scholars (e.g., Harvey, 1993; Cloonan, 2001) emphasize the need to distinguish
between these two concepts while also recognizing their interdependence. Preservation is
largely preventive and policy-oriented, while conservation requires hands-on technical
knowledge and may involve specialized materials and laboratory settings.

The theoretical foundation of library preservation and conservation is multi-dimensional,

drawing from historical practices, material science, policy development, and ethical
considerations. While global best practices and theoretical models offer valuable guidance,
the practical application in academic institutions—especially in developing countries like
India—requires context-sensitive adaptations.

From the literature, it is evident that successful preservation requires a balanced integration of
policy, infrastructure, staff training, user awareness, and financial investment. For institutions
like Panjab University and University of Delhi, understanding and applying these theories is
essential for ensuring the longevity of their valuable collections and for sustaining their role
as academic and cultural repositories.
Importance of Literature Review

Establishes a Theoretical Foundation

o Helps define key concepts like preservation, conservation, digitization, and

archival management.

o Introduces global standards and best practices from institutions like IFLA and
UNESCO.

Identifies Research Gaps

o Reveals lack of focused studies on preservation practices in Panjab and

University of Delhi.

o Highlights areas where more localized, university-specific research is needed.

Provides Historical and Contextual Background

o Offers insights into the evolution of library preservation methods over time.

o Sets the context of how Indian academic libraries manage heritage materials.

Informs Research Methodology

o Guides the selection of suitable tools (e.g., surveys, interviews, observation).

o Helps choose appropriate approaches based on what has worked in past

studies.

Supports Development of Research Questions and Objectives

o Refines the research focus based on previous studies.

o Aligns the current study’s goals with real, existing problems in university
libraries.

Highlights Challenges in Indian Academic Libraries

o Sheds light on issues like poor infrastructure, budget limitations, and lack of
staff training.

o Helps compare conditions in Panjab and University of Delhi with other

institutions.
Strengthens the Academic Credibility of the Study

o Demonstrates that the researcher is aware of and engaged with existing

scholarship.

o Adds academic depth and scholarly value to the dissertation.

Supports Comparative Analysis

o Enables comparison between international best practices and Indian university

conditions.

o Assists in evaluating how well Panjab and University of Delhi are preserving
their collections.

Guides Policy Recommendations

o Helps base future recommendations on proven models and tested solutions.

o Ensures that proposed actions are supported by past research and evidence.

Avoids Duplication of Previous Work

o Ensures the study contributes original insights and adds value to existing literature.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

(Subhajit Panda 2025) In his research author states that Libraries serve as cultural and
intellectual Centres, supporting collections that cover centuries and represent the heritage of
human civilization. Ensuring long -term survival of both physical and digital materials
requires efforts to save, preserve and documentation. This article discusses theoretical
foundations, practical methods and technical outcomes in these areas, highlighting the role of
the Sustainable Development Goals (CURs) in promoting sustainable practices for
documenting, preservation and preservation. CUR integration ensures that libraries contribute
to global efforts on sustainable development, provide cultural memory and ensure the
availability of knowledge for future generations.

(Shatima Suleiman 2025) This research fundamentally examined the preservation and
conservation approaches of information resources in Ramat Library, University of Maiduguri.
Four objectives and four research questions are formulated to guide the research. A survey
research design is adopted, and a self-designed checklist is also used as an instrument for data
collection in this research. The target population for this research comprises of all library staff
(professional, para-professional) in the Ramat Library, University of Maiduguri, with the staff
strength standing at 85. Total enumeration is used as a sampling technique where all the
population are considered since they are not many and can be efficiently managed by this
research. Frequency counts and percentages are used for data analysis, and the results are
presented in tables. The research results revealed that all the conservation and preservation
approaches and practices enumerated have various degrees of impact and are being practiced
in the Ramat library. Similarly, all causes of information resource deterioration affect the
library information resources. Likewise, all the enumerated factors militating against the
conservation and preservation of information resources affect the full implementation of the
said approaches. These research findings will have an implication to librarians and libraries
by enlightening them about best approaches in the preservation and conservation of
information resources as well as educating them about the factors that will militate their
efforts on the preservation and conservation of information resources. The research
recommended that university management and library management should put more effort to
improve their conservation and preservation approaches and practices in order to fully
implement them for proper protection of the library resources and continued use of the
resources.

(Nirmala C ,2024) This research shows that the Material preserved in manuscript form is the
primary source databank of written material from the Middle Ages. Manuscripts provide not
only the most authentic witnesses to life in the medieval era, but also a record of what aspects
of life were considered to be of sufficient importance to immortalise in the medium. Many
manuscripts contain links to past events. At the same time, the manuscripts that have survived
for centuries have an ancient significance. Many manuscripts are written by the prominent
nature of time to contain Their idea of manuscript materials, methods and sheet techniques
The way the transformed and ink was prepared also has a great history This means that most
of these practices have fallen into dismantling and the manuscript is the only one Unique
surviving examples of these practices. Many of these manuscripts are beautiful Shows a
beautiful sense of composition in illustrations, formed letters, and arrangements text. The
artistic value of manuscripts sometimes appears from a high-level cash value of the
manuscript; therefore, most parents and owners take even more Care for such manuscripts.
Whether to send knowledge, whether it's for technology or not These manuscripts are the
relationships in the progress of the region and human people. Flat Physically, most of these
manuscripts have been copied by the scribe when the original had the degraded and copied
manuscript was decultured before reaching us. People are We have made such efforts to keep
the text alive, but we may not be able to let it go completely.

(Mehla, Naveen & Josh, Manoj.K, 2024) This study analyses methods of conservation of
university libraries in Haryana. Important trends in resource format and accessibility. There is
a highly efficient engine A wide variety of reports, state publications, and higher prevalence
of reports format. Older collections are still in printed form, and new acquisitions are
generally Made in digital format or in two prints and digital. Library infrastructure is
generally displayed It is very satisfying with great attention to the walls, ceilings and floors.
Heating, ventilation, air conditioning, fire safety, pest management and bindings are
important requirements in Indian conditions. High -ranking libraries regularly measure
environmental conditions, But the libraries with a low indicator are not regular. Libraries
usually focus on classification Printing books that prefer Dewey is the sixth classification.
Conservation policies are extremely important It features a high-level library that has their
own for the saving guide The principle of guidance requires libraries with low indicators to
handle this aspect. Library equipment is damaged, the broken spine being the most visible
shape. Libraries mainly use Cleaning and disposal techniques and scanning as preservation
techniques. Highland University libraries face issues such as lack of funding, insufficient
issues Flaws in storage infrastructure and training. Low libraries face similar obstacles in the
battle between air conditioners and pests. However, high and low libraries Programs that
notify the implemented users and show collective confirmation The importance of
conservation among library employees.

(Dioneda, J. V. 2024) The author states that Collection maintenance is an essential practice
in an academic institution. Its purpose is to maintain a well-balanced library collection that
will cater to the user-centred services of the department. The academic libraries are active in
collection maintenance activities, which include but are not limited to stacking, shelving,
cleaning, weeding, and conservation practices. On the other hand, according to the result of
this study, preservation activities have been neglected most by the participating institutions.
To know the status of the mentioned activities, this paper employed the descriptive survey
research design. Participants are basically chosen based on the type of library they are
affiliated with. Ten academic library employees were asked to answer a survey questionnaire
relating to the frequency of conducting the stated collection maintenance activities. Results
revealed that collection maintenance activities such as stacking, shelving, cleaning,
preservation, conservation, and weeding were properly observed by the academic libraries.
This activity is essential in upholding a balanced collection that meets the information needs
of its user community.

(Rao, M. & Atchamamba, L), 2024 Author researched on the digital era has transformed
how information is shared, leading institutions to seek out new ways to preserve and
distribute knowledge. This paper examines two case studies that showcase the digital
preservation efforts at Andhra University, particularly its work in digitizing 10,034 electronic
theses available in Shodh ganga and 1,170 rare manuscripts. The Department of Commerce
and Management Studies had the most contributions, with 935 theses, while the College of
Arts and Commerce led with 4,192 theses. Additionally, Sanskrit holds the record for the
most palm leaf manuscripts at 814, and the Kavya subject follows with 147 manuscripts.

(Shahina Sultana Khan,2023) In my opinion the author tries to cover digitization and
Digital Preservation in Museum Library of Bhopal (M.P.) it is one of important way to
preserve the rare collections and make them accessible to scholars and public. Therefore, the
investigator decided to study digitization and digital preservation activities in some selected
libraries of Bhopal. Documents are particularly rare resources and manuscripts that are
extremely valuable, but are not permitted to access due to concerns of damage to the original
document. Therefore, by scanning, the original document can be saved and researchers can
use the necessary information. A review of Newline Literature reveals a lack of research into
the digitalization and digital preservation of Bhopal's rare and cultural heritage. Therefore, to
understand the challenges facing, investigators felt the need to study the digitalization and
digital preservation of rare and heritage collections of museum libraries that have been
digitized using current access to the collections of a small number of libraries. It's being done.
The researcher chose 9 Bhopal libraries for a real study, some of which began digital
conservation measures. The data related were received from the leaders of libraries and users
of the library using a questionnaire. For which the investigator has interacted with the library
heads as well as the users. newline the study concludes that some libraries have opted for
digitization of rare books/heritage collections and manuscripts for the purpose of
conservation and enhancement of access. Manuscripts and rare books are the main material of
digitization, but this digitization work requires investment from government and other
sources. Therefore, the infrastructure of the Bhopal Museum Library (M.P.) needs to be
improved, but the country itself needs to be improved. Most libraries undergo lower
processing due to alternating chemical currents for storage.

(Fatima Kashish ,2022) Author states that libraries play a critical role in protecting and
providing accessibility. The nation's heritage in the form of cultural and historical documents.
Largely A library's valuable assets are its collections, usually "Library materials." They have
special review issues and their services are It is easily supplied by using alternative
installations. The library is always having problems for the physical destruction of library
equipment. Therefore, responsibility Protection of library materials from further deterioration
is found in the library. A considerable number of studies are available regarding conservation
The preservation of printed and non-printed materials, but each study One or two elements of
a maintenance program. Therefore, a real study "Preservation and preservation of library
documents at the National Library, Calcutta, Khuda Bakhsh oriental public library, Patna and
Rampur Library, Rampur: Evaluative research "aims to focus on general preservation and
preservation A program of three libraries working in accordance with the Ministry of Culture,
the government India. The questions were chosen by the researchers for analysis and
evaluation., save, restore, digitize, digitalize both Printable and unprintable materials
available in the library we investigated. Research will be like that Propose action plans to
overcome threats, achieve and eliminate opportunities Weaknesses in implementing
conservation and maintenance programs Select a library. Moreover, to improve the current
state of library materials Located in various libraries of India and abroad, the study will
provide results based on the results Suggestions and recommendations that will provide
library materials It is preserved and made available for subsequent use

(Singh, Ravi Kant, 2020) Author researched on a digital preservation policy which serves as
a roadmap for actions that ensure the long-term upkeep and safeguarding of organizational
records used in research and development. Universities play a vital role as guardians of these
resources, helping to inform end users and support research initiatives. This policy aims to
keep records active and ensures their preservation over time, regardless of who is responsible
for maintaining them. The procedures involved are the methods or processes that, when
implemented, lead to specific results. These procedures are the practical steps that bring the
policy to life. Institutions often link procedures to policies, ensuring that the policy remains at
a strategic level. Procedures are tailored to the specific context and are designed to help the
policy meet the organization's needs and requirements.

(Baquee, Abdul, and M. Masoom Raza, 2020) This research includes multiple author who
works on the Key roles of a library include preserving and conserving resources while
ensuring timely access for its users. This research explored the types of manuscripts housed
in this prominent library, the profile of its users, and the methods employed for the
preservation and conservation of these manuscripts. A questionnaire was given to seven staff
members in the manuscript section of Maulana Azad Library. Additionally, another
questionnaire was randomly distributed to 80 research scholars from various university
departments. The study also utilized observation and interviews. It's important to note that the
findings are specific to this library only.

(Gowami Mitali,2019) This research is performed for the preservation which involves
gathering documents from both the past and the present to preserve and uphold them to
ensure they are accessible for both the present and future. Materials available in libraries have
lost their permanence due to a variety of factors. physical, biological, and chemical influences
and are susceptible to deterioration without appropriate maintenance and management has not
been conducted consistently. Conservation mainly involves safeguarding the objects against
various human and environmental threats by positioning them in a few secure containers. It is
the preservation of items in proximity to their initial state. as much as possible or until they
are no longer required. To maintain library records for correct utilization for future
generations, this must be maintained and safeguarded for use in the future as well. All these
methods draw the attention of library custodians for appropriate preservation; regardless of
their format: Physical or Digital.

(Mishra, Lakshmi Kant ,2017) In my opinion Library is the store house of knowledge
which is stored in the form of documents. It represents the lifelong labours undertaken by
philosophers and scientist. It is very difficult task for library staff to preserve the treasure of
knowledge for the future generation. Preservation deals with the regular maintenance aspect
whereas conservation deals with remedial treatment. Books, periodicals, pamphlets,
newspapers & non print materials are the collection of a library which is to be saved from the
deterioration. Deterioration is the process by which library material is damaged, destroy or
decay by means of various factors like environmental, biological, chemical etc. Repair and
restoration are also a part of preservation & conservation that is basically concerned with the
already damaged or affected library material. It is our responsibility to create user friendly
environment and preserve library material for future generation. In general, ‘Conservation’
and ‘Preservation’ word is used synonymously but they are the two different aspects of the
same coin. Preservation deals with the regular maintenance aspect whereas conservation
deals with remedial treatment. Library staff has little knowledge about the preservation and
conservation of library materials.

(o, Sanda ,2016) Research states that the decline in the condition of library materials,
particularly those made of paper, has become a significant concern in the field of
librarianship. This deterioration is influenced by several factors, including the environment
where library collections are kept, how these materials are handled, and the growing demand
for library resources. This paper seeks to highlight the importance of preservation and
conservation in libraries, addressing key professional challenges and potential solutions. It
provides an overview of the preservation of library materials, the specific traits that lead to
deterioration, the scope and nature of preservation issues within collections, and strategies for
managing the storage environment, handling materials, and educating librarians, staff, and
users. A qualitative research approach is employed for this study, which will benefit
librarians, library staff, researchers, and students in the field of librarianship

(Kaur, Harpreet. 2015) As per author digital technology evolves, libraries are shifting from
being just book suppliers to becoming providers of electronic information. Manuscripts serve
as vital historical sources, but their numbers are dwindling over time. Despite ongoing
efforts, preserving physical manuscripts for the long term is a challenge. Digital preservation
helps protect these documents from damage, theft, and deterioration. This paper explores the
necessity of manuscript digitization, initiatives in India, the advantages and risks of digital
preservation, the digitization process, and guiding principles. Additionally, it covers the
manuscripts and rare literature at Panjab University in Chandigarh, along with digitization
projects at the state level in Panjab.

(Narang & Singh 2014) In their study they have analysed the factors for deterioration of the
rare manuscripts in Sikh Reference Library at Golden Temple in Amritsar. Preservation
techniques being employed to curb further damage to these rare documents have also been
discussed in this article. This study has made a sincere effort to investigate the present
location and status of the building and the way it is serving the purpose of preservation of the
precious and rare scriptures. The above review of literature relevant to the research topic is
the backbone of the problem providing a strong theoretical framework for this study. Every
document being reviewed unfolds some new facts providing an insight into the significance
of preserving invaluable rare documents Also the literature reviewed so far has helped the
scholar to understand the nature and types of rare documents, causes of damage and
deterioration of these priced, fragile archival records, the concept of preservation and
conservation, techniques and procedures adopted for preserving rare documents so that the
rate of deterioration can be drastically reduced by intelligent handling. Remedial measures so
listed in some of the reviewed documents provide detailed instructions to enhance the shelf
life and to give a new lease of life to these national heritage records.

(Robertson 2013) In his research he states points out that libraries are constantly at risk. He
says every day, many libraries and their collections are damaged by fire, flooding, high
winds, power outages, and criminal behaviour. Therefore, the book emphasizes on a plan to
protect its building and collection, including staff and users. The book provides a practical
guide to develop a comprehensive plan for any library. Twelve chapters cover essential areas
of plan development. These include an overview of the risks faced by libraries, disaster
preparedness and responding to disasters, resuming operations after a disaster and assessing
damage, declaring disaster and meaning a crisis, cleaning up and management after a disaster
and normalizing relations, staff training, testing disaster plans, and in-house planning
champion.

(Pandher, Balbir Kaur ,2012) This study specifically studied about the archives house
millions of items, including manuscripts, rare books, artwork, photographs, and historical
documents, all of which form part of our human heritage. Over time, paper manuscripts
become delicate and brittle for various reasons, and lamination isn't a lasting solution for
preserving this cultural legacy for future generations. However, digitization technology offers
incredible advantages for preserving and accessing heritage. Once a document is digitized, it
can last indefinitely and remain available long after the original is gone. Digital access also
helps protect the originals by minimizing the need for physical handling. The Panjab Digital
Library represents a fresh approach to safeguarding Panjab's heritage for the future. This
central digital archive, developed over the past six years, provides electronic access with
robust search and browsing features, allowing researchers to navigate through extensive data.
PDL has successfully digitized over 2.5 million folios from 3,400 manuscripts, 2,200 books,
1,990 periodical issues, 5,578 newspaper editions, 3,152 photographs, 248,000 legal
documents, and around 168 hours of video recordings. The total data collection now stands at
approximately 15,000 GB.

(Katre 2012) In his paper he provides a comparison between the American and Indian digital
preservation programmes based on the essential building blocks such as national legislation
for digital preservation, basic legal framework, national digital preservation initiative, digital
preservation tools, standards and practice guidelines, digital repository infrastructure, audit
and certification. Selected digital preservation policies of the organisations from UK, USA,
Canada, and Australia have also been analysed in this study. The gap analysis shows that in
the Indian context, legislation on digital preservation of electronic records and institutional
digital preservation policies are the missing elements, which need to be addressed on high
priority. The author has expressed that the preservation policy is a mandatory requirement for
the audit and certification of trustworthy digital repositories.
(Vohra, Ranjana, and Aarti Sharma.2011) In this research authors explore the issues of
conservation and preservation of the rare manuscripts collection in Panjab University Library,
Chandigarh. They describe that library has a good collection, comprising of one thousand
four hundred ninety-three manuscripts. The data about the collection, acquisition,
organization, preservation and conservation, infrastructural facilities and digitization of
manuscripts was obtained from library staff. Study also highlights languages in which
manuscripts are available in the library i.e. Hindi, Sanskrit, Panjabi, Persian and Urdu.
Measures have also been discussed to curb the damage to these precious items for the benefit
of future generations.

(Seifi, Leili, 2011) As per researcher the documentaries and digital preservation in India and
Iran are extremely important for preserving cultural heritage collections and make them
available to scientists and the public. Researchers have sought to study the digitalization and
conservation activities of digital technology in selected libraries in India and Iran. There are
document resources, especially manuscripts and unusual books, which are invaluable, but are
not permitted to be accessed due to concerns of damage to the original document. By
scanning, the original can be safely protected and the researcher can protect the copies used
for the information they need.

(Shameenda, Kimbo Lemmy, 2011) This study studied the preservation and preservation of
library materials, methods and practices in the University of Zambia Library and its two
branches. The population of this study was equivalent to 35 library staff, six binder
employees and 11 academic teachers in the Faculty of Library and Information Studies at the
University of Zambia. Based on the survey, maintenance, observation and analysis of the
content of the main documentary sources, the factors that affect the preservation and
preservation of library documents in university libraries have been identified. Conservation
and conservation problems included all management and financial considerations, including
storage and housing, supply, staff, policy, methods and practice to preserve and maintain
library equipment, as well as the information contained therein to ensure long -term access.
Survey data were assessed and analysed using a set of social sciences (SPSS) statistics. Data
collected from questionnaires, interviews, and observations were presented graphically and
descriptively. The findings show that while the University of Zambia libraries are involved in
the long-term preservation of library documents, the preservation aspects are receiving minor
priorities and the protection programme is considered within the library's scope, thus not
providing adequate security and protection. Library documents were subject to inherent
environmental factors, so proper maintenance and maintenance programs were required.
University library documents contain information for training, education and research. This
study revealed the lack of conservation and planning of the University of Zambia's
conservation, policy and weak commitments in the University of Zambia's funding library.
Furthermore, this study revealed limited programs and limited preservation and maintenance
of librarians as other forms of obstacles to effective preservation and preservation of library
documents in university libraries. The study revealed that there was lack of awareness
concerning preventive preservation measures, poor handling and use of library materials. In
addition, there was lack of reformatting techniques, resulting in preserving and conserving
selected materials (predominantly paper-based materials). The study also highlighted the
presence of dust in library materials from non-agral dust, highlighting the cleaning of shelves
and storage areas. The study also showed that the lack of maintenance and collection services
in university libraries showed that there was no reliable data on the preservation and storage
of library materials. The study revealed that there was inadequate security of library
documents and lack of plans for disaster preparation and recovery at the University of
Zambia libraries. The committee aims to increase awareness and education regarding the
preservation of library documents and the public through relevant channels. Promote the
implementation of conservation policies. Promotion of communication and cooperation at
local, national and international levels. It approaches national issues such as using paper
without acid. Research project begins.

(Ganesan 2010) As per my observation and study the author focuses on preservation efforts
for books and related materials of Roja Muthiah Research Library (RMRL) in Tamil Nadu. It
states that RMRL collections were once urged to be moved to the University of Chicago, yet,
it was retained in Tamil Nadu due to its overt Indian nature. It tells that the collection reflects
the nature of the Indian culture and heritage on various fields such as folklore and medicine
which spans over a period of 200 years. It says that the Microfilming of Indian Publications
Project (MIPP) was undertaken by India, the U.S. and the Library of Congress with the effort
of saving RMRL manuscripts through microfilming. However, it notes that lack of funds and
the tropical climate have contributed to the loss of important materials.
(Sunil, Adupa, and K. Praveen Kumar 2009) Author states that in a civilized society,
libraries play a crucial role in study, research, reference, and leisure activities. They represent
a cultural evolution and serve as a treasure trove of knowledge. Libraries broaden our
understanding and access to information. With the massive surge in available information, it’s
essential for libraries to be not only well-stocked and organized but also to include various
non-book materials like films, slides, audio tapes, CDs, and DVDs. To effectively preserve
these diverse resources, new preservation methods have become necessary. This paper
provides an overview of strategies for conserving library materials.

(Sanjoy Kumar Barman n d) The aim of his study is to conduct an in-depth analysis of
television. media libraries in the current scenario and to pinpoint the challenges in managing
audio graphic resources. The aim is to organize and propose a structure of appropriate
oversight and conservation of the audiovisual content in the television industry libraries in
India, specifically focusing on the library of Door darshan Kendra, Guwahati. The managerial
activities in the television media libraries have become transparent from the study. The
findings show the dominance of conventional management and preservation policies in the
libraries which is not satisfactory as is expected. The traditional management and
preservation principles do not support the actions required to ensure an excellent management
system. Some recommendations for effective management and preservation of audio-visual
materials in the television media libraries are made.

(Laishram Sadhana Devi, n d) This thesis entitled “Conservation and Preservation of

Manuscripts in Manipur” is an attempt to shed light for the local custodians of Manuscripts in
the trends of the conservation and preservation of the Manuscripts in Manipur. Out of
curiosity, the research scholar had developed an interest in the old Manuscripts popularly
called Puya, at first amateurish but, at last passionate. For a while, the scholar tried to access
the rare information and knowledge hidden in these Manuscripts written in an archaic script.
Subsequently, that curiosity rendered to an apprehension, if these puyas, which were written
on perishable materials happen to perish, a rich heritage of information and knowledge will
be lost for ever from Manipur. This apprehension further led to this surmise that the so-called
local custodians of Manuscripts, both under and outside the aegis of the Government, ought
to be equipped with the knowledge of different types of modern scientific techniques of the
preservation and conservation of Manuscripts, besides the traditional methods and
techniques.
 REFERENCES

Panda, Subhajit & Kaur, Navkiran. (2025). Sustaining Library Collections: Documentation,
Preservation, and Conservation through SDGs. SSRN Electronic Journal.
10.2139/ssrn.5165873.
Suleiman, Shatima. (2025). Preservation and Conservation Approaches in Ramat Library,
University of Maiduguri. 11. 132-142.
Nirmala, C. (2024). Preservation and conservation of manuscripts in the libraries of
Karnataka: A study (Master's thesis, Karnataka State Women's University). Department of
Library and Information Science.
Mehla, n, & Joshi, M. k. (2024). Preservation of library material in selected university
libraries of Haryana: A case study,62(2),147-163
Dioneda, J. V. (n.d.). Collection maintenance in academic libraries: Status analysis. SDCA
Asia-Pacific Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 5(1).
Rao, M., Atchamamba, L., Gorantla, S. P., & Shivaiah, K. (2024). Digital preservation of
electronic theses and rare manuscripts in Dr. V.S. Krishna Library, Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam. Pearl: A Journal of Library and Information Science, 18, 123–132.
https://doi.org/10.5958/0975-6922.2024.00015.9
Khan, S. S. (2023). Preservation of library material techniques and practices: A study of
Bhopal Museum of Madhya Pradesh. 67(2),127-147
Fatima, K. (2021). Preservation and conservation of library materials in National Library
Kolkata, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library Patna, and Rampur Raza Library Rampur:
An evaluative study Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Library and Information
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Singh, R. K. (2020). A comparative study on digital preservation of library resources in
university libraries with special reference to digital preservation policies and procedures,
Banaras Hindu University, Department of Library & Information Science.
Baquee, Abdul & Raza, M. (2019). Preservation Conservation and Use of Manuscripts in
Aligarh Muslim University Library: A Case Study. Collection Management. 45. 1-11.
10.1080/01462679.2019.1679313.
Gowami, M. (n.d.). Preservation of library documents in digital environment with reference
to college libraries of Assam: An empirical study (Master’s thesis, Gauhati University,
Department of Library & Information Science).
Mishra, L. K. (2017). Preservation and conservation of library materials. ACADEMICIA: An
International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 7(2), 23-29.
Oo, S. (2016). Significance of Preservation and Conservation in Libraries (Doctoral
dissertation, MERAL Portal).
Kaur, Harpreet. (2015). Digital preservation of manuscripts: An Indian perspective with
special reference to Panjab. 271-274. 10.1109/ETTLIS.2015.7048210.
Narang, A., & Singh, S. (2014). Preservation of manuscripts in Sikh Reference Library of
Golden Temple, Amritsar: A case study. In Content to connectivity: Proceedings of the
International Conference, Tecnia SRFLIS Summit 2014 (April 12–12, pp. 319–323). Delhi: A
K Publications.
Robertson, G. (2013). Disaster planning for libraries: Process and guidelines. Chandos
Publishing.
Pandher, B. K. (2012). Conservation and preservation of archives: A case study of Panjab
Digital Library. World Digital Libraries, 5(1), 75–84.
Katre, D. (2012). Need of legislation and digital preservation policy framework in Indian
context. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 32(4), 321–326.
Vohra, R., & Sharma, A. M. (2011). Preservation and conservation of manuscripts: A case
study of A. C. Joshi Library, Panjab University, Chandigarh. Library Herald, 49, 158–170.
Seifi, L. (2011, July). Digitization and digital preservation of the heritage collection in select
libraries in India and Iran: A comparative study (Doctoral dissertation, University of Mysore,
Department of Library and Information Science).
Shameenda, K. L. (2011). Preservation and conservation of library materials, techniques and
practices: A case study of the University of Zambia Libraries (Doctoral dissertation).
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& Imaging Review, 39(2), 56–60.
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DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 29(4), 37–40.
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Manipur University, Department of History).
 CHAPTER-3
Research Methodology
 Research Methodology
Research methodology refers to the systematic plan and approach used by a researcher to
conduct a study. It includes the strategies, methods, and procedures that guide the collection,
analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. Research methodology ensures that the
research is conducted in a logical, organized, and scientifically sound manner.

Methodology is not just about the methods (like surveys or interviews); it also involves the
underlying philosophy and rationale behind choosing particular methods. It explains how the
research was conducted, why certain techniques were used, and what makes the results valid
and reliable.

In the context of a dissertation, the research methodology section answers these key
questions:

What kind of data is needed?

How will the data be collected?

Who or what will be studied?

What tools or instruments will be used?

How will the data be analysed?

There are three primary types of research approaches:

Qualitative methodology: Focuses on understanding human behaviour, experiences, and

social phenomena. Data is collected through interviews, observations, and content analysis.

Quantitative methodology: Involves numerical data and statistical analysis to test

hypotheses or examine relationships.

Mixed-methods approach: Combines both qualitative and quantitative techniques for a

more comprehensive analysis.
Importance and Need of Research Methodology

 Provides a Clear Research Framework

It offers a structured plan for conducting research systematically and logically.
 Ensures Valid and Reliable Results
A proper methodology guarantees that the data collected is trustworthy and the
conclusions drawn are accurate.
 Justifies the Choice of Methods
It explains why specific tools, techniques, or procedures were chosen, helping to
defend the research approach.
 Facilitates Replication
With a detailed methodology, other researchers can replicate the study to verify or
build upon the findings.
 Helps in Achieving Research Objectives
It keeps the study focused and aligned with the research goals and questions.
 Enhances Research Credibility
A well-defined methodology increases the overall credibility and academic value of
the research.
 Identifies Limitations and Scope
It clarifies the boundaries of the study and acknowledges any limitations, making the
findings more transparent.
 Improves Data Collection and Analysis
It ensures that data is gathered and interpreted in a consistent and effective manner.
 Supports Decision-Making
In applied research, good methodology helps institutions or policymakers make
informed decisions based on solid evidence.
 Promotes Ethical Research Practices
It guides researchers in following ethical standards, such as informed consent,
confidentiality, and integrity.
Objectives of the Research Methodology

The main objectives of the research are:

 To study the current practices of preservation and conservation of library materials in

Panjab and University of Delhi libraries.
 To identify the types of materials (books, manuscripts, journals, rare documents) that
require preservation efforts in both institutions.
 To analyse the policies, infrastructure, and technologies being used for conservation
and preservation.
 To compare the approaches adopted by both universities and highlight similarities and
differences.
 To evaluate the challenges faced by library staff in maintaining and preserving library
resources.
 To provide recommendations for improving preservation strategies and raising
awareness among stakeholders.

Scope of the Research Methodology

The scope of this study is defined by the following boundaries:

 Geographical Scope:
The research is limited to two institutions Panjab University (Chandigarh) and
University of Delhi (New Delhi).
 Institutional Focus:
The study focuses on central libraries and selected departmental or special collections
within the universities.
 Content Focus:
It covers preservation and conservation of physical library materials, such as printed
books, manuscripts, rare documents, and archival resources.
 Time Frame:
The study captures current practices and policies in place during the academic year
2024–2025.
  Target Participants:
Library professionals, technical staff, and administrators involved in preservation
activities were surveyed or interviewed using a structured questionnaire.

Limitations of the Research Methodology

Every research study has certain limitations. The key limitations of this study are:

 Limited to Two Universities:

The findings cannot be generalized to all Indian universities, as the study is confined
to Panjab and University of Delhi.
 Time Constraints:
Due to the academic schedule and time limitations, only a specific number of library
staff members could be contacted and interviewed.
 Access to Information:
Some internal documents or policy-related information may not have been made
available due to confidentiality or institutional policies.
 Subjective Bias:
Responses from staff may reflect personal opinions or experiences, which may not
represent the institution's official practices.

The methodology is a crucial component of a dissertation that outlines the systematic

approach used to conduct research. It describes the tools, techniques, and procedures
employed to collect and analyse data in order to answer the research questions or achieve the
objectives of the study. For a dissertation on Preservation and Conservation of Library
Material in Delhi and Panjab University, the methodology provides a roadmap for
understanding how information was gathered about the current preservation practices, the
challenges faced, and the effectiveness of conservation strategies in the two university
libraries.

This study adopts a qualitative research approach with elements of comparative case study
design. The aim is to gain a deep understanding of the preservation and conservation methods
employed by the libraries at University of Delhi and Panjab University. These two institutions
have been selected due to their rich academic histories and large volumes of print and
archival materials, making them suitable cases for this research. observation of the physical
infrastructure, preservation tools, and storage environments helped validate the information
collected through interviews.

To supplement this, document analysis was also conducted by reviewing institutional records,
library manuals, preservation policy documents, and annual reports. This method enabled the
researcher to understand formal guidelines and historical developments in preservation
efforts. Ethical considerations were strictly followed throughout the research. Participants
were informed about the purpose of the study and their consent was obtained. permissions
were secured from both universities prior to data collection.

This methodological framework ensured a structured and reliable process for investigating
the preservation and conservation practices in the two university libraries, enabling a
meaningful comparison and contributing to the understanding of how academic institutions
safeguard their valuable library materials.

Research Design
This study employs a qualitative-dominant research design supported by quantitative
elements embedded in the questionnaire. The design was chosen to gain in-depth insights into
the actual practices, experiences, and opinions of library staff involved in preservation and
conservation. The qualitative aspect is addressed through interviews that allowed open-ended
discussions, while the questionnaire offered both closed and open-ended questions, providing
a structured yet flexible way to collect data.

The research is both descriptive and exploratory. It is descriptive in that it documents and
analyses existing preservation methods, and exploratory in its aim to understand challenges
and explore best practices in the context of academic libraries in India.

Data Collection Methods

To meet the objectives of the study, two primary data collection methods were used:
interviews and questionnaires.

Interviews

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with library professionals, including staff

involved in preservation-related work. The semi-structured format allowed for flexibility,
enabling to probe deeper into responses and uncover detailed insights into institutional
practices.

Interview guide topics included:

o Types of preservation and conservation techniques used.

o Institutional policies on preservation.

o Environmental control measures.

o Digitization and disaster management.

o Staff training and budget allocation.

Use of Questionnaire in Research on Preservation and Conservation of

Library Material in University of Delhi and Panjab University

In academic research, a well-designed questionnaire is an essential tool for collecting primary

data directly from participants. For my dissertation titled “Preservation and Conservation of
Library Material in Delhi and Panjab University,” a structured questionnaire has been
developed to gain insights into the current practices, challenges, and awareness regarding the
preservation and conservation of library resources in both universities.

The main purpose of the questionnaire is to gather relevant, first-hand information from the
library staff, professionals, and other individuals associated with library operations. It is
designed to explore various aspects of preservation, such as preventive measures,
conservation techniques, policies, infrastructure, staff training, and budgeting for preservation
activities. Since both University of Delhi and Panjab University have extensive libraries with
rich collections of books, manuscripts, and archival materials, the questionnaire serves as a
practical tool to compare how each institution addresses the pressing issue of material
preservation.

The questionnaire comprises both closed-ended and open-ended questions. Closed-ended

questions help in collecting quantifiable data that can be analysed statistically to identify
trends, patterns, and common practices between the two institutions. These questions include
options like “Yes/No,” or multiple-choice formats to assess the frequency, quality, and
awareness of preservation efforts. On the other hand, open-ended questions allow respondents
to elaborate on their experiences, opinions, and challenges in greater detail. These responses
provide qualitative data, which is valuable for understanding the context and underlying
reasons behind certain preservation practices or the lack thereof.

The use of a questionnaire in this research is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it allows the
collection of a large amount of data in a relatively short period. Secondly, it provides a
standardized way of collecting information, making it easier to compare responses from both
universities. Thirdly, the anonymity of questionnaire responses encourages honest and
unbiased answers, increasing the reliability of the data.

Moreover, the responses from the questionnaire will be analysed using both quantitative
methods (such as percentage analysis and graphical representation) and qualitative thematic
analysis to extract meaningful insights. The findings from this data will contribute
significantly to understanding the current state of preservation and conservation in academic
libraries and may offer recommendations for improvements.

In conclusion, the questionnaire serves as a vital research instrument in this dissertation. It

bridges the gap between theoretical research and practical, real-world insights. By collecting
data from two prominent universities, this tool plays a central role in identifying strengths,
weaknesses, and opportunities in the domain of library preservation, ultimately supporting
efforts to safeguard invaluable educational resources for future generations.

Ethical Considerations

This research adhered to standard ethical practices in academic research. The following
measures were taken:

 Informed consent: All participants were informed about the purpose of the study and
gave verbal or written consent.

 Confidentiality: No personal or institutional identifiers were revealed in the final

report. Data was stored securely.

 Voluntary participation: Participants were free to decline or withdraw from the

study at any stage without consequence.

 Academic integrity: Responses were recorded and analysed objectively, and sources
of secondary data were cited properly.
 CHAPTER-4
Data Analysis and Findings
Introduction

This chapter presents the analysis of data collected for the study titled "Preservation and
Conservation of Library Materials in Punjab and Delhi University." The primary aim of this
chapter is to systematically interpret the responses gathered through structured
questionnaires, interviews, and on-site observations, in order to understand the current
practices, challenges, and effectiveness of preservation and conservation efforts in the
libraries of the two universities.

The purpose of this chapter is to present a systematic analysis and interpretation of the data
collected from two prominent academic institutions: Punjab University and Delhi University.
The research aimed to explore, assess, and compare the existing practices, challenges, and
institutional efforts related to the preservation and conservation of library materials. This
analysis is crucial in understanding how these two universities manage their collections and
what measures are in place to ensure the longevity and accessibility of academic resources for
future generations.

In this study, data were primarily collected through two qualitative research tools interviews
and questionnaires. These tools were chosen to gather both statistical and narrative insights
from professionals directly involved in the preservation and maintenance of library resources.
Respondents included librarians, preservation officers, technical staff, and administrative
personnel who are familiar with the day-to-day challenges and long-term strategies associated
with the upkeep of printed and digital materials. Their experiences and observations serve as
the backbone of this chapter.

The data have been organized thematically and institution-wise to allow for both an
individual and comparative understanding of preservation efforts. The themes include:
awareness and training among library staff, available infrastructure and environmental
controls, policy and institutional support, funding and budgetary allocation, technological
adoption, and challenges faced in routine preservation activities. These themes were derived
from common patterns and categories observed during the data collection process.

Delhi University, being one of the oldest and most resource-rich academic institutions in
India, has relatively well-established preservation policies, digitization initiatives, and
technical capabilities. In contrast, Punjab University, although equally historic and
significant, has encountered several limitations in terms of resource availability, staffing, and

technological integration. By analysing data from both universities, this chapter offers
insights into how preservation priorities are managed in different institutional contexts and
what factors influence their success or struggle.

This chapter uses qualitative data from interviews are analysed thematically, with direct
quotes used to highlight personal experiences and institutional perspectives. Charts and tables
are included to visually represent important trends and comparisons between the two
universities.

The findings in this chapter aim to not only highlight the current state of preservation and
conservation practices but also bring attention to gaps in policy implementation, staff
training, and institutional commitment.

Overall, this chapter plays a pivotal role in addressing the core research questions and
evaluating whether current efforts align with the theoretical and practical frameworks of
library preservation. The insights derived from this data are expected to inform
recommendations for future improvements and contribute to better policy formulation and
implementation in both universities.

Themes of Questionnaire
The questionnaire on Preservation and Conservation Techniques in University Libraries is
structured to systematically gather detailed insights across five thematic sections:

 general information
 preservation techniques
 conservation practices
 challenges and recommendations
 digital preservation

Each question aligns with a specific theme aimed at evaluating the existing practices and
identifying areas for improvement in library preservation and conservation efforts.
Analysis & Findings from University of Delhi
General Information: Institutional Context and Respondent Background

The preliminary questions establish the institutional framework of the study. The respondent
of University of Delhi. This central positioning in a major academic institution ensures the
responses reflect both administrative insight and operational experience. The background of
the respondent underscores credibility, while the specific library context situates the
preservation practices within a prominent public university setup.

Preservation Techniques: Materials and Preventive Measures

In Section B, questions focus on the types of materials preserved and the methods used to
prevent deterioration.

 The response indicates preservation of books, manuscripts, periodicals, maps, and

audio-visual materials. This highlights the library's comprehensive collection, which
spans traditional print to multimedia resources.

 Preventive techniques include regular dusting, controlled climate, pest control,

restricted access. This demonstrates an integrated approach using both physical
maintenance and digital interventions to safeguard materials.

 The library also follows written preservation policies, suggesting an institutional

commitment and structured framework.

 Materials prioritized include rare books, and items at risk of deterioration,

indicating a risk-based and value-driven preservation policy.

The responses show a mature preservation strategy that balances routine maintenance
with strategic foresight, reflecting both preventive and proactive stances.

Conservation Practices: Physical Treatment and Capacity

Section C addresses conservation infrastructure and practices.

 The Central Library has not a dedicated conservation facility.

 Methods include binding, lamination with archival materials, mending torn

pages, in-house repairs. This reveals a holistic approach that combines traditional
conservation crafts with modern techniques.

 Staff are trained in conservation, and training is provided as needed, suggesting

flexible and responsive skill development rather than rigid scheduling. This likely
enables targeted upskilling based on the emergence of specific preservation needs or
technological changes.

Overall, the library demonstrates a strong capability in conservation, both in terms of

infrastructure and human resources.

Digital Preservation: Modern Approaches and Gaps

Section E transitions to digital preservation, a growing focus in 21st-century libraries.

 The library has initiated digitization projects, focusing on rare books,

manuscripts, theses/dissertations, and question papers. This digitization scope
covers both high-value and high-use academic materials, aligning with global best
practices.

 The institution is in the process of creating a digital preservation lab, indicating a

forward-looking vision but also signalling that infrastructure may still be under
development.

 There is no dedicated digital preservation system in place, which suggests that

while digitization is ongoing, long-term management, such as secure storage, format
migration, and metadata tracking, might be underdeveloped.

 The library claims born-digital materials are preserved with long-term storage in
mind, though specific tools or systems used are not identified. This may imply an
informal or ad hoc strategy, highlighting a need for investment in robust digital
preservation software.

The digital preservation component reveals enthusiasm and early-stage development, but
also points to infrastructural and strategic gaps that could affect sustainability.
Challenges and Recommendations: Institutional Barriers and Community
Engagement

Section D focuses on obstacles and forward-thinking measures.

 Key challenges include inadequate infrastructure, lack of user awareness. These

issues reflect the systemic constraints that many Indian academic libraries face. While
technical skills and intention are present, external limitations like budget and
environment hinder full-scale implementation.

 To address user-related challenges, the library conducts an annual user awareness

program. While commendable, a once-a-year program might not suffice to create
continuous user engagement or behavioural change. Increasing frequency or
integrating awareness into daily library interactions could be more effective.

This section underlines that while the library has foundational strengths, external
challenges and resource limitations restrict its capacity to scale and modernize
preservation efforts.

Thematic Synthesis and Observations

Overall, the questionnaire and response reveal several critical themes:

1. Institutional Maturity – The University of Delhi Central Library demonstrates a

well-developed understanding of preservation, supported by policies, diverse
techniques, and trained staff.

2. Integrated Methodologies – A blend of preventive care (dusting, climate control) and

interventionist practices (binding, mending) ensures both ongoing maintenance and
emergency responses.

3. Digital Transition Underway – While digitization has begun, full-fledged digital

preservation is still emerging. This is a common challenge across academic
institutions, where digitization precedes the infrastructure for long-term preservation.

4. Resource Constraints – Financial and infrastructural limitations are the biggest

barriers. These challenges are structural, often tied to broader funding patterns in
public education.
 5. Engagement and Education – User awareness efforts exist but are limited.
Preservation is not solely a technical function; it also requires cultural and behavioural
buy-in from users and staff alike.

6. Adaptability and Intent – Despite constraints, the library shows a proactive attitude,
embracing digitization and investing in training as needed. This adaptability is a key
strength.

Analysis & Findings from Panjab University

General Information: Institutional Profile and Respondent Experience

The questionnaire begins by gathering general information about the respondent and the
library. A.C. Joshi Library, brings professional authority and operational knowledge to the
study. The identification of the institution Panjab University immediately places the research
in the context of a prestigious public university with a substantial historical collection. The
professional role of the respondent suggests the answers provided are informed by both
administrative insight and hands-on experience.

Themes in Preservation Techniques: Materials and Preventive Measures

Types of Materials Preserved

The range of materials preserved includes books, manuscripts, periodicals, maps, audio-
visual materials, and digital archives, along with government records and university
publications. This indicates a broad and inclusive preservation strategy that spans
traditional formats and contemporary media. The inclusion of government records and theses
highlights the library’s role as a repository of institutional memory and official
documentation.

Preventive Techniques Used

Preventive preservation is a cornerstone of any robust conservation system. The techniques

employed at Panjab University include:

 Regular dusting and cleaning

 Controlled temperature and humidity

  Pest control measures

 Restricted access to rare materials

 Digitization

This suite of strategies reflects both basic care and advanced preventive techniques.
Environmental control and pest management demonstrate a proactive effort to prevent
deterioration. Restricted access and digitization further reduce physical wear on fragile
materials while increasing accessibility.

Policies and Prioritization: Strategy in Action

Written Policies

The existence of written preservation policies signals institutional maturity and a systematic
approach to library management. Formal documentation ensures consistency in preservation
efforts, staff accountability, and a framework for future development.

Prioritization of Materials

Materials prioritized include:

 Rare or unique books

 Materials at risk of deterioration

This prioritization aligns with risk-based and usage-based models, ensuring both preservation
of high-value items and sustainability of high-demand resources. The inclusion of frequently
used materials reflects awareness that wear-and-tear risk is not limited to rare items.

Conservation Practices: Hands-on Intervention and Infrastructure

Conservation Lab and Frequency of Repairs

The library has a dedicated conservation lab, which is crucial for in-house repair and
maintenance. This capacity enables timely interventions without relying on external
agencies. Repairs and restoration are conducted on a regular, scheduled basis, showing that
conservation is an institutional routine.

Conservation Techniques Used

The library employs a wide range of techniques:

  Binding and rebinding

 Deacidification

 Lamination using archival-quality materials

 Mending of torn pages

 In-house repair

This model combines internal expertise with external specialization. Simple, frequent
repairs are handled on-site, while specialized or large-scale projects are outsourced. This
balances cost-efficiency with quality preservation.

Staff at the library are trained in conservation techniques, and training is provided as
needed. This flexible training model ensures that skills are updated in response to evolving
materials and technologies, rather than on a fixed calendar. However, it may benefit from
more structured frequency to ensure consistent skill standards.

Digital Preservation

Digitization Projects

The library has initiated digitization for:

 Rare books

 Manuscripts

 Theses and dissertations

This demonstrates a strong commitment to digital accessibility and long-term preservation.

These categories cover both historical and academic resources, reflecting a dual aim:
protecting fragile items and broadening digital access to scholarly content.

Infrastructure for Digital Preservation

Despite ongoing digitization, the university lacks a dedicated digital preservation system.
This gap could lead to challenges in file integrity, format migration, metadata management,
and long-term storage. While born-digital materials are reportedly preserved with longevity
in mind, the absence of a dedicated system raises concerns about future-proofing.
This reflects a transitional stage: the library has embraced digitization but needs structured
infrastructure to support its sustainable digital preservation strategy.

Challenges Faced in Preservation and Conservation

The primary challenges reported are:

 Lack of funds

 Inadequate infrastructure

 Lack of trained staff

 Environmental issues (humidity and pollution)

 Lack of awareness among users

These challenges are common across many Indian public universities. They point to a
systemic need for investment, policy support, and training. Environmental issues, in
particular, threaten physical collections especially paper-based ones. Budgetary constraints
often prevent libraries from acquiring modern conservation tools or implementing large-scale
digital preservation systems.

User Awareness and Engagement Initiatives

The library has undertaken multiple steps to educate users, including:

 Annual awareness drives

 Exhibitions of rare collections

 Posters on book care

 User orientation sessions

 Staff engagement in monitoring user behaviour

These measures suggest a strong user education component, recognizing that users are key
stakeholders in preservation. Training users in careful handling and responsible use is as
essential as conservation work itself. This approach builds a preservation-conscious culture,
critical for the long-term sustainability of collections.
Comparative Study

Tabular Comparison

Category University of Delhi Panjab University

Books, manuscripts, Books, manuscripts, periodicals, maps,

Types of Materials
periodicals, maps, A/V A/V materials, digital archives, govt
Preserved
materials records

Dusting, climate control,

Preventive Techniques Dusting, climate/humidity control, pest
pest control, restricted
Used control, restricted access, digitization
access

Written Preservation
Yes Yes
Policies

Conservation Lab No Yes

Conservation Binding, lamination, Binding, rebinding, deacidification,

Techniques mending, in-house repairs lamination, mending

Staff Training Flexible, need-based Flexible, need-based

Rare books, manuscripts,

Digitization Projects Rare books, manuscripts, theses
theses, question papers

Dedicated Digital
No No
Preservation System

User Awareness Drives, exhibitions, posters, orientations,

Annual program
Initiatives staff monitoring

Inadequate infrastructure, Infrastructure, staff training,

Challenges Faced
user awareness environment, user awareness

1. Institutional Foundations and Respondent Authority

Both universities Delhi and Panjab are among India’s most prestigious public institutions, and
their central library’s play critical roles in shaping archival and access policies. Responses
from both institutions are framed by authoritative knowledge, derived from professionals
with hands-on and administrative responsibilities. This makes the findings deeply grounded
in real institutional practices.

2. Preservation Techniques: Breadth and Depth

Both institutions preserve a wide array of material types, from traditional formats (books,
manuscripts) to newer media (audio-visuals, digital archives). Panjab University shows a
slightly broader scope by including government records and university publications,
underscoring its role as a formal archival body.

Preventive techniques are largely overlapping: dusting, climate control, and pest management
are universally practiced. However, Panjab University adds digitization as a preventive
strategy—a significant step toward reducing wear on original documents by promoting digital
access.

Both institutions have formal written preservation policies, a key indicator of administrative
maturity. These policies ensure systematic approaches to handling materials, staff
accountability, and continuity across leadership transitions.

3. Conservation Infrastructure and Technical Capacity

Here, a key distinction emerges: Panjab University has a dedicated conservation lab,
while Delhi University does not. This has far-reaching implications for response time,
preservation costs, and customization. A conservation lab enables Panjab to perform both
routine and complex repairs in-house, while Delhi might rely more on ad hoc or outsourced
solutions.

Both institutions employ traditional techniques—binding, mending, lamination—but Panjab

takes it a step further with deacidification and rebinding. These techniques suggest deeper
technical engagement with long-term paper preservation challenges.

Training in both libraries is offered flexibly, based on emerging needs rather than rigid
schedules. While this promotes agility, a more structured training framework could help
standardize skills and raise conservation quality.

4. Digital Preservation: In Progress but Incomplete

Both libraries have initiated digitization projects, focusing on high-value and high-use
materials: rare books, theses, and manuscripts. This signals a commitment to modern access
and long-term preservation.

However, neither library currently has a dedicated digital preservation system. This is a
significant gap. Digitization without preservation infrastructure (like metadata tracking,
format migration, and secure repositories) can lead to future data loss. The lack of a system
shows that while digitization is often prioritized, sustainable digital preservation remains
underdeveloped—a common problem in Indian academic libraries.

Delhi University is reportedly setting up a digital lab, suggesting forward movement. Panjab
does not yet indicate such infrastructural plans, which may reflect funding disparities or
differing institutional priorities.

5. Community Engagement and User Awareness

User awareness is essential for any preservation initiative. Both libraries recognize this but
take different approaches:

 Delhi University holds an annual awareness program.

 Panjab University employs a multi-faceted strategy: exhibitions, user orientations,

posters, and staff monitoring.

The latter is more robust, suggesting a deeper integration of preservation culture into daily
library operations. Panjab’s diverse outreach methods also increase visibility and user
participation, enhancing collective responsibility.

6. Challenges: Shared and Specific

Both universities face infrastructure-related and financial challenges. These systemic

issues are common across India’s public education system, where budget constraints often
delay technological upgrades or personnel expansion.

Panjab University reports additional challenges: environmental threats (like humidity and
pollution), lack of trained staff, and broader user engagement difficulties. These suggest that
while the institution has infrastructure in place, sustaining it amid external stressors is a
challenge.
Delhi University's main constraint appears to be infrastructure readiness for digital
preservation and limited frequency in user education. These might be addressed with focused
investment and stronger integration of user interaction in everyday operations.

7. Summary of Strengths and Weaknesses

Institution Strengths Areas for Improvement

Strong policy framework, diverse No conservation lab, no digital

University of
material preservation, proactive preservation system, limited user
Delhi
digitization engagement

Panjab Conservation lab, robust conservation No digital preservation system,

University techniques, wide user engagement environmental vulnerabilities

Graphical Representation

 Challenges
 Preventive Measures

 Types of material preserved

  Comparative Analysis

This comparative study reveals two institutions deeply committed to preservation yet facing
parallel and divergent challenges. University of Delhi shows maturity in planning and
digitization but lacks physical infrastructure like a conservation lab. Panjab University excels
in conservation infrastructure and outreach but needs digital infrastructure upgrades and
environmental safeguards.

Key Recommendation: Both institutions would benefit from:

 Investment in dedicated digital preservation systems

 Structured, frequent staff training

 Expansion of user awareness initiatives

 Funding policies that recognize preservation as core to academic excellence.

CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION

The preservation and conservation of library materials are critical components of academic
library management, particularly within institutions that serve as repositories of knowledge
and history. This dissertation, titled: A Study of Preservation and conservation of material
in Libraries of Panjab University & University of Delhi has sought to examine and
compare the preservation practices, challenges, and institutional frameworks of two of India’s
leading universities. Through the systematic collection and thematic analysis of data via
interviews, questionnaires, and observational methods, the study has illuminated the current
state of preservation in both institutions and provided a comprehensive understanding of the
strengths and limitations inherent in their approaches.

The primary objectives of this study were to assess existing preservation techniques,
understand institutional efforts, identify key challenges, and explore both traditional and
digital conservation practices in the libraries of Panjab University and Delhi University. The
qualitative nature of the research enabled an in-depth exploration of staff experiences,
institutional policies, and the effectiveness of preservation strategies. By focusing on five key
thematic areas—general information, preservation techniques, conservation practices, digital
preservation, and challenges and recommendations—the study was able to present a nuanced
and structured comparison of the two institutions.

Delhi University emerged as a model of administrative maturity, demonstrating a strong

policy framework, an expansive range of preserved materials, and a proactive engagement
with digitization. Its preservation techniques reflect a sophisticated blend of preventive
measures—such as climate control, pest management, and restricted access—and strategic
foresight through written policies and prioritization of rare and high-risk materials. However,
despite these strengths, the absence of a dedicated conservation lab significantly limits the
institution’s capacity for immediate or complex repairs. Additionally, while digitization
projects are underway, the lack of a formal digital preservation system presents a critical gap
that may hinder long-term sustainability and data integrity.

Conversely, Panjab University stands out for its robust conservation infrastructure, notably
the presence of a dedicated conservation lab that allows for timely and cost-effective in-house
repairs. The university has adopted a broad approach to preservation, including traditional
materials, government records, and digital archives. Preventive techniques are well integrated
with policy frameworks, and conservation practices such as deacidification and rebinding
indicate a deeper engagement with material longevity. Furthermore, Panjab University has
implemented a multi-layered user awareness strategy, which includes exhibitions,
orientations, and educational posters—suggesting a strong institutional commitment to
building a preservation-aware culture. Nevertheless, the university faces challenges in the
form of insufficient funding, environmental hazards like humidity and pollution, and a lack of
digital preservation infrastructure.

The comparative analysis reveals that both universities share commonalities in terms of their
recognition of preservation as an institutional priority and their efforts to implement policies
and train staff accordingly. However, the differences in infrastructure, funding allocation, and
community engagement underscore the impact of institutional priorities, administrative
support, and resource availability on preservation outcomes.

A key finding of this study is that both institutions, while operating under the umbrella of
public universities in India, navigate their preservation challenges with varying degrees of
institutional support and innovation. Delhi University reflects a forward-looking stance with
its digitization efforts and structured policies but lacks the physical infrastructure to support
advanced conservation. On the other hand, Panjab University excels in hands-on conservation
and public engagement but needs strategic investments in digital preservation technologies
and staff training.

Importantly, the study highlights several systemic issues that cut across both institutions.
These include limited financial resources, the absence of structured and frequent staff training
programs, environmental threats to physical collections, and a general lack of user awareness.
These challenges reflect broader structural limitations in the Indian higher education system
and underscore the need for a national-level strategy to support library preservation and
conservation.

Digital preservation emerged as a particularly urgent area requiring focused attention.

Although both institutions have initiated digitization projects, neither has established a
dedicated digital preservation system. This creates significant risks regarding data loss,
format obsolescence, and poor metadata management. As digital resources become
increasingly central to academic work, the need for sustainable, well-managed digital
preservation systems is paramount.
From a policy perspective, both universities could benefit from integrating preservation more
deeply into institutional planning and budgeting. Preservation should not be viewed as a
peripheral activity but as a core function of academic libraries, essential to knowledge
continuity and access. Strategic investments in digital infrastructure, environmental controls,
and conservation labs will go a long way in strengthening preservation efforts.

The human element is another crucial factor. This study has shown that staff training,
motivation, and awareness are central to successful preservation. Both institutions currently
adopt a flexible, need-based training model. While this approach allows responsiveness to
emerging needs, it lacks consistency and may lead to skill gaps. A structured and recurring
training framework, ideally with national-level support or certification programs, would help
standardize competencies and ensure sustained professional development.

User engagement is equally vital. Panjab University's diverse user awareness initiatives
represent a best practice that Delhi University could consider adopting. Building a
preservation-conscious user community can significantly reduce inadvertent damage to
materials and foster a sense of collective responsibility for cultural and academic heritage.

In conclusion, this dissertation has provided a comprehensive evaluation of preservation and

conservation practices in the libraries of Panjab University and Delhi University. While both
institutions have made commendable progress, especially within the constraints of public
education funding, significant work remains to be done. The findings underscore the
importance of adopting a holistic and integrated approach that combines administrative
policy, technological infrastructure, human resource development, and user participation.

As academic libraries continue to evolve in response to technological change and shifting

user needs, preservation and conservation must remain central concerns. Future research
could expand this comparative framework to include other Indian universities, as well as
private institutions, in order to develop a broader national picture. Additionally, longitudinal
studies could track the impact of policy changes and infrastructure investments over time.

Ultimately, preservation is not merely about extending the physical life of materials; it is
about ensuring continued access to knowledge, history, and culture. For universities like
Panjab and Delhi, whose libraries are both academic powerhouses and historical archives,
investing in preservation is a commitment to the past, present, and future of scholarship in
India.
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 APPENDIX
Questionnaire for Library Staff
TITLE- Preservation & Conservation of library material (A case study on Panjab
University and University of Delhi)
Assessment of Preservation and Conservation Practices in Panjab University and University
of Delhi. I am Komal Thakur a student pursuing masters in library and information science in
Jamia Millia Islamia University, Delhi for my dissertation I choose the topic preservation and
conservation of Library Material a case study on Panjab University and University of Delhi. I
am attaching the Google form regarding few techniques and questions regarding my research
kindly spare some time to fill this form I'll be highly obliged to you. Your inputs can help me
to perform my research in an authentic way. Your responses will remain confidential and are
solely for academic purposes.
1. Name of the University: ___________________________
2. Name of the Library: ___________________________
3. Name and Designation of the Respondent: ___________________________
4. Contact Information (Email/Phone): ___________________________
5. Number of Years Working in the Library:
☐ Less than 5 years ☐ 5–10 years ☐ More than 10 years

Preservation Techniques
6. Which types of library materials are currently preserved in your library? (Check all that
apply)
☐ Books ☐ Manuscripts ☐ Periodicals ☐ Maps ☐ Audio-visuals ☐ Other: __________
7. What preventive preservation techniques are commonly used? (Check all that apply)
☐ Regular dusting and cleaning
☐ Controlled temperature and humidity
☐ Pest control measures
☐ Protective enclosures (e.g., acid-free boxes)
☐ Restricted access to rare materials
☐ Digitization
☐ Other: __________
8. Are there any written policies or guidelines followed for preservation?
☐ Yes ☐ No
9. What materials are prioritized for preservation in your library? (Check all that apply)
☐ Rare/unique books
☐ Frequently used materials
☐ Materials at risk of deterioration
☐ Other: __________

Conservation Practices
10. Does the library have a dedicated conservation lab or facility?
☐ Yes ☐ No
11. How often are damaged materials repaired or restored?
☐ Regularly (scheduled) ☐ Occasionally ☐ Rarely ☐ Never
12. Which conservation methods are used? (Check all that apply)
☐ Binding and rebinding
☐ Deacidification
☐ Lamination (using archival materials)
☐ Mending torn pages
☐ In-house repair work
☐ Outsourcing to professional conservators
☐ Other: __________
13. Are staff trained in conservation techniques?
☐ Yes ☐ No
If yes, how frequently is training provided?
☐ Once a year ☐ Every 2–3 years ☐ As needed

Digital Preservation
14. Has your library initiated any digitization projects?
☐ Yes ☐ No
15. What types of materials have been digitized so far? (Check all that apply)
☐ Rare books ☐ Manuscripts ☐ Theses/dissertations ☐ Question papers ☐ Magazines or
journals ☐ Other: __________
16. Is there a dedicated digital preservation system in place?
☐ Yes ☐ No
17. Are born-digital materials preserved with long-term storage in mind?
☐ Yes ☐ No

Challenges and Recommendations

18. What challenges does the library face in preservation and conservation? (Check all that
apply)
☐ Lack of funds
☐ Inadequate infrastructure
☐ Lack of trained staff
☐ Environmental issues (humidity, pollution)
☐ Lack of awareness among users
☐ Other: __________
19. What steps has your library taken to raise awareness about preservation among users?
_______________________________________________________