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Microprocessor Reviewer

The document outlines a reviewer for microprocessors and microcontrollers, detailing course outcomes related to 8086 architecture, assembly programming, and interfacing peripherals. It discusses the evolution of microprocessors, basic concepts, memory types, and programming translators, as well as the differences between RISC and CISC architectures. Additionally, it covers the architecture of the 8086 microprocessor, including its execution and bus interface units, registers, and sequential logic circuits.

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3 views2 pages

Microprocessor Reviewer

The document outlines a reviewer for microprocessors and microcontrollers, detailing course outcomes related to 8086 architecture, assembly programming, and interfacing peripherals. It discusses the evolution of microprocessors, basic concepts, memory types, and programming translators, as well as the differences between RISC and CISC architectures. Additionally, it covers the architecture of the 8086 microprocessor, including its execution and bus interface units, registers, and sequential logic circuits.

Uploaded by

markrebolledo2803
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MICROPROCESSOR & MICROCONTROLLERS REVIEWER

COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)


1. 8086 Architecture & Features – Understanding the internal structure and
working of the 8086 microprocessors.
2. Instruction Set & Assembly Language – Learning how to write assembly
language programs for 8086.
3. Interfacing Peripherals – Connecting devices like 8255, 8259, 8279, 8251,
and 8257 with the microprocessor.
4. 8051 Microcontroller & Assembly Programming – Understanding 8051
hardware and writing assembly programs.
5. System Design with 8051 – Using timers, interrupts, ADC, DAC, and
memory in designing simple embedded systems.

UNIT I: 8086 MICROPROCESSORS


Evolution of Microprocessors
1. First Generation (1939-1954) – Used vacuum tubes for computation.
2. Second Generation (1954-1959) – Introduced transistors, making
computers smaller and faster.
3. Third Generation (1959-1971) – Used Integrated Circuits (ICs) for better
performance.
4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) – Microprocessors replaced entire CPU
functions onto a single chip.
Basic Concepts
 Microprocessor: A CPU on a single chip, responsible for fetching, decoding,
and executing instructions.
 Processor: The logic unit that processes instructions in a computer.
 Bus System:
o Control Bus – Manages control signals.

o Address Bus – Determines memory locations (unidirectional).

o Data Bus – Transfers data between CPU and memory (bidirectional).

Memory Types
 ROM (Read-Only Memory) – Stores permanent data (non-volatile).
 RAM (Random Access Memory) – Temporary storage for quick access
(volatile).
Programming Translators
 Compiler – Converts entire high-level code to machine code at once.
 Interpreter – Translates code line-by-line during execution.
RISC vs. CISC Architectures

RISC (Reduced Instruction CISC (Complex Instruction


Feature
Set Computer) Set Computer)

Instruction Set Simple & limited Complex & large

Power
Lower Higher
Consumption

Execution Speed Faster Slower

Examples IBM RS6000, Alpha Processors Intel 386, 486, Pentium

8086 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE


 Divided into Two Units:
1. Execution Unit (EU) – Executes instructions, operates on data.
2. Bus Interface Unit (BIU) – Manages data flow between memory and
processor.
 Instruction Queue – Stores next instructions to improve speed.
Registers in 8086
 Segment Registers: CS, DS, SS, ES – Store memory addresses.
 AX & DX Registers: Used for arithmetic operations.
 BX Register: Stores memory addresses in indirect addressing.
 CX Register: Loop counter in repeated operations.
Flag Register
 Status Flags: Indicate results of operations (e.g., zero flag).
 Control Flags: Enable or disable CPU operations.

SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUITS


 Unlike combinational circuits, sequential circuits store memory.
 Types of Sequential Circuits:
1. Event-Driven – Changes state immediately.
2. Clock-Driven – Synchronized with clock signals.
3. Pulse-Driven – Uses triggering pulses.
SR Flip-Flop
 Basic memory storage unit.
 Uses Set (S) and Reset (R) inputs to control output.

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