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Map Class 01
OVERVIEW OF THE MAPPING CLASS: (01:15 PM):

• Wold - Political border including locations, International Groupings, and Physical

features like mountains, rivers, and water bodies.
• India - Political and Physical features including wildlife sanctuaries, reservoirs,
State borders, etc.
• Current locations.
• UPSC PYQs discussed and pattern of questions explained.

WORLD PHYSICAL MAP: (2:00 PM):

• PACIFIC OCEAN:
• Mariana trench-
• The deepest point on the surface of the earth is located in the Mariana Trench
• Challenger Deep--> Near the Philippines- Deepest point- 7 km from mean sea
level.
• ATLANTIC OCEAN:
• the youngest ocean in terms of age.
• Formed by the process of seafloor spreading.
• second largest
• Mid oceanic ridge- Not considered as mountains.
• INDIAN OCEAN:
• Not connected with the Arctic Ocean.
• Connected with all other oceans
• ARCTIC OCEAN:
• Smallest of all.
• It is around the North Pole, mostly frozen.
• Arctic amplification.
• SOUTHERN OCEAN:
• West wind drift and westerlies- Water does not mix up with surrounding oceans.

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WORLD POLITICAL:

CONTINENTS:

• ASIA:
• 30 percent of the landmass and 60 percent population of the world.
• The land boundary of Asia:
• Ural mountains form the land boundary of Asia. Separate Europe from Russia.
• Caucasus Mountains between Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.
• Sinai Peninsula- between Africa and Asia.
• New Guinea islands- Between Asia and Oceania.
• Important water bodies:
• Black Sea and Caspian Sea - Boundary between Asia and Europe.
• The Black Sea is connected with the Mediterranean Sea.
• Med sea surrounds all 3 continents.
• Red Sea between Asia and Africa.
• Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman; Bay of Bengal; South
and the East China Sea, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan and East Sea, Bering Sea
• Bering Strait.
• The Dead Sea is located in the Middle East.
• Regions - West Asia/Middle East, Central Asia, South Asia, South-East Asia,
South Asia and East Asia.

WEST ASIA: (2:34 PM):

• Countries - Turkey and Iran; Yemen and Oman; Saudi Arabia etc.
• Fertile Crescent, Mesopotamian civilization.
• The earliest evidence of settled agriculture.
• Knowledge of using wheel and utility of writing.
• The Levant is the region of the Mediterranean coast along west Asia.
• Countries of West Asia:
• Cyprus - It is a member of the EU; and geographically located on the continental
shelf of Asia; in the UN it sits in the Asia-pacific group
• Ankara is the capital of Turkey; Turkey is both in Europe and Asia
• The Aegean Sea and Sea of Marmara (connected with the Black Sea and further
connected with the Med Sea) - separate European Turkey and Asian Turkey;

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Istanbul (earlier Constantinople - silk trade used to pass through) is in European

Turkey; the largest city of entire Europe
• Iran - capital is Tehran; waterbodies - Caspian, Sea, the Gulf of Oman, and the
Persian Gulf.
• Iraq- Baghdad Capital, Mesopotamian civilization.
• No landlocked country in West Asia.
• Kuwait- Capital city- Kuwait City.
• Saudi Arabia- Riyadh is the capital, most part is desert, and Rub-Al-Khali is the
desert.
• Bahrain- Manama is the capital, of the Persian Gulf.
• Qatar (Doha) - It is a peninsula; with only a border with Saudi Arabia, the world's
highest sex ratio in favour of males.
• UAE (Capital - Abu Dhabi) is between Saudi Arabia and Oman (Muscat).
• COP 28 was held in Dubai.
• Oman- Capital city- Muscat.
• Oman has a coast in the Persian Gulf.
• Yemen- Capital is Sana.
• Gulf of Aden(Named after Port of Aden- Port of call)- Yemen, Somalia, Djibouti.
• Houthi rebels in Yemen and the civil war is going on.
• Gulf of Suez and Gulf of Aqaba (Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Egypt, Two ports--
Aqaba - Jordon; Elat - Israel).
• Jordan (Amman) - has a cost in the Gulf of Aqaba; the Jordon River marks the
border between Jordan and Israel; It enters and drains into the Dead Sea (the
lowest point on the continent of the earth).
• Gaza and the West Bank are together called Palestine.
• Israel - the land of Jews; Jerusalem is the capital.
• Palestine - West Bank (west bank of Jordon river) and Gaza.
• Golan Heights - occupied by Israel in 1967 during 6 days of the war; junction of
Syria, Jordan, Israel, and Lebanon
• Shia countries - Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, and Lebanon; ruler of Syria ie Assad but
people are Sunni
• Lebanon (Beirut is the capital)
• Syria - Damascus is the capital of Syria
• Shia countries - Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, and Lebanon.
• Sunni - Saudi Arabia

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• Kurdistan - Border areas of Turkey, Iraq, and Syria; tribal people who live here
are Kurds.
• GCC- Countries surrounding the Persian Gulf except Iran.
• Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan.
• Georgia borders with Russia.
• The nogorno-Karabakh region is disputed between Armenia and Azerbaijan.
• Baku is the capital of Azerbaijan, and also the world's lowest capital.

CENTRAL ASIA: (3:40 PM):

• 5 Central Asian Countries - Kazakstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan,

Turkmenistan
• Afghanistan is not traditionally part of Central Asia
• India has a border with Afghanistan in the Wakhan Corridor
• All are landlocked countries except Turkmenistan and Kazakstan
• Uzbekistan is doubly landlocked - surrounded by all landlocked country
• Capitals:
• Kazakstan - Noor Sultan
• Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek (Bishkek Declaration for Snowleopard Conservation)
• Uzbekistan - Tashkent
• Tajikistan - Dushanbe, Heart of Asia conference.
• Turkmenistan - Ashgabat- Ashgabat agreement for international transit
agreement.

SE ASIA: (3:53 PM):

• It has 10 countries that are members of the ASEAN, East Timor is not a part of
it.
• 5 countries for the mainland - Myanmar, Thailand (maritime boundary with India
in the Andaman Sea), Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia; also known as Indo-China
• 5 Island countries - Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, Philippines.
• Myanmar- Under the control of the British, earlier Burma, Capital- Naypidaw,
Rohingyas in Rakhine.
• Coco Islands - Myanmar has a maritime boundary with India
• Thailand - Bangkok (Bangkok Declaration - ASEAN was established through this
declaration), white elephants.
• Laos - Vientiane is the capital

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• Cambodia - is famous for its Angkorvat Temple; Phon Penh is the capital
• Vietnam - Hanoi is the capital
• Brunie - Bandar Seri Begawan is the capital
• Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur is the capital; Islamic majority country
• Singapore - Island located in the Strait of Malacca.
• Indonesia - Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo- the World's oldest rainforests; Jakarta
is the capital and is in Java; now the capital is being shifted to Nusantra.
• Philippines - Manila is the capital.

EAST ASIA: (4:13 PM):

• Mongolia- Border with China, Russia, and not with Kazakhstan.

• Capital- Ulan Bator.
• China:
• Beijing is the capital.
• Taiwan or Republic of China.
• Issue of One China policy, Hongkong.
• Korea:
• The border between South and North Korea is 38 degrees latitude.
• Japan:
• Example of island arc.
• Tokyo is the capital.
• Islands like Hoikkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu.
• Sakhalin Islands.
• The Aral Sea is located between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
• Caspian Sea- Countries surrounding- TARIK- Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Russia,
Iran and Kazakhstan.

TOPIC FOR THE NEXT CLASS IS WORLD MAPPING (CONTD).

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Map Class 02
MAPPING CLASS 2: (1:15 PM):

EUROPE:

• Water bodies- Caspian Sea, black sea, sea of Azov, Sea of Murmura, Aegean
Sea, Med Sea, and Adriatic Sea.
• Atlantic ocean.
• Norwegian Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea.
• Coastal countries- Scandinavian countries- Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
• In addition, Finland, Iceland, and Greenland, then they become Nordic countries.
• Fjords are found here.
• Denmark lies beneath.
• Stockholm- Capital of Sweden, Stockholm Conference 1972.
• Denmark- Copenhagen is the capital, COP happened in 2009.
• Iceland.
• Regions in and around the UK:
• England, Wales, Scotland, Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
• England plus Wales = Britain, Britain plus Scotland = Great Britain.
• Great Britain plus Northern Ireland = UK.
• Russia:
• St Petersburg summit 2010.
• 3 Baltic countries- Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.
• Poland- Warsaw Pact and Katowice- COP.
• Madam Curie.
• Germany - Capital Berlin, Bonn (Convention on Migratory species), Munich.
• The North Sea is famous for Brent crude.
• Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.
• Rotterdam is a busy port of Europe- Rotterdam Convention.
• Holland is a province of the Netherlands.
• Belgium - Capital is Brussels.
• France- Paris capital.

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• Spain- Spanish is the second most spoken language in the world, Capital is
Madrid.
• Andorra- Between France and Spain.
• Portugal- The capital is Lisbon, The First Navigation was done by the
Portuguese.
• Italy with its Capital Rome and Vatican City is the smallest country in the world.
• Adriatic sea- west coast is Italy.
• Karst topography- the entire coast along the Adriatic Sea.
• Bosnia, Albania, Montenegro, Slovenia, Croatia.
• Greece, Turkey.
• Black Sea countries- BURGeR-T.
• Bulgaria, Ukraine, Turkey, Russia, Romania, Georgia.
• Sea of Azov, Crimean Peninsula.
• Odesa, Kherson, Donetsk are in news.
• Isthmus of Perekop.
• Malta in Med Sea.

LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES OF EUROPE: (2:10 PM):

• Moldova is a landlocked country.

• Belarus, Andorra, Slovakia, Hungary, Austria, Czech Republic.
• Vienna- Vienna Convention on Ozone layer, Montreal Protocol.
• Switzerland- Bern, Basel (Norms and Basel Convention).
• Liechtenstein- a doubly landlocked country.
• Serbia, Kosovo, Macedonia.
• Luxemburg is also a landlocked country.
• Schengen is a province in Luxemburg.
• The lowest point of Europe is the Caspian Sea.

AFRICA: (2:21 PM):

• Mozambique Channel, Gulf of Guinea.

• All 3- tropic of Cancer, tropic of Capricorn, and equator also pass.
• Africa is also called the dark continent.
• 5 countries with Med Sea- MATLE.
• Morroco, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, and Tunisia.
• Atlas mountains in Morocco.

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• Marrakesh treaty.
• Algeria- Proper Sahara.
• Tunisia- Arab Spring- Jasmine Revolution.
• Libya- The Capital is Tripoli.
• Al Aziziyah is the world's hottest place in Libya.
• Egypt- a land of hermits.
• Capital- Cairo, Pyramid of Giza.
• Red Sea countries- Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Egypt.
• Lake Assal- The lowest point of Africa.
• Horn of Africa- SEED.
• Djibouti code of conduct due to Somali piracy.
• Ethiopia is landlocked, coffee cultivation.
• The Tigray region is disturbed.
• Countries with Indian Ocean region:
• South Africa, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar, and Mozambique.
• Kenya- Nairobi- HQ of UNEP, Nairobi conference of 1982.
• Tanzania and Kenya both are known for safaris.
• The highest point of Africa- Kilimanjaro.
• Swaziland and Lesotho.
• Madagascar- rich in biodiversity, 90 percent of species found here are not found
anywhere in the world.
• Namib desert- highest sand dunes in the world.

AMERICAS: (3:08 PM):

• Colombus, Amerigo Vespucci- America named after him.

• 2 continents- North America and South America.
• Latin America- Except for the USA and Canada.
• Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, Hudson Bay.
• Canada:
• Canada is the second largest country in the world.
• West Coast- Good economic activities.
• Alaska was bought by the USA from Russia.
• Canada- Land of Lillies.
• 49-degree North Parallel between Canada and USA.
• USA;

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• Large Natural resources.

• The capital here is Washington DC.
• New York- economic activity.
• Mt Mackinley is the highest point in N America.
• Denali in Alaska range.
• The lowest point is Death Valley.
• Mexico:
• Gulf of Mexico- huge petroleum reserves.
• Yucatan Peninsula and Florida Peninsula.
• Yucatan peninsula- related to the mass extinction, Mayan Civilization.
• Central America:
• 7 countries.
• Belize, El Salvador, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, etc.
• Belize has a coast in the Caribbean Sea.
• Northern Triangle- Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador.
• Nicaragua canal has been planned.
• Caribbean islands:
• Antilles- Greater Antilles and Smaller Antilles.
• Bermuda Triangle, Puerto Rico- belongs to the USA.
• South America:
• One of the most diverse physical features.
• Andes mountains-
• The Drake Passage separates South America from Antarctica.
• Brazil- Amazon Rainforests.
• Guyana highlands- high elevated plateau lands.
• Angel Falls- One of the highest waterfalls.
• Finally joins the Orinoco River.
• French Guyana- Courou- for launching rockets.
• Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela.
• Ecuador- Rich in diversity.
• Peru.
• Atacama desert- Driest desert.
• Argentina:
• Good reserves of silver.
• The Southernmost inhabited location is Ushuaia, the isl
and of Tierra Del Fuego.

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• Uruguay- Uruguay rounds, Paraguay is landlocked.

• Bolivia is also landlocked, capital- La Paz.
• The highest peak of Andes- Aconcagua.
• Lithium reserves- Bolivia, Argentina and Chile

OCEANIA: (3:54 PM):

• Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.

• Micronesia- Challenger Deep.
• Melanesia- Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands.
• Polynesia- Hawaii- Honolulu, Newzealand, Tonga- volcano eruption,
• Great Barrier Reef, Great dividing range.
• Mt Wilhelm- Highest peak of Oceania.
• Lowest point - Lake Eyre.
• New Zealand- Capital- Wellington, Southerm most capital of the world.
• Tasmania- Tasmanian tigers.
• Brisbane, Sydney, Canberra, Adelaide, Perth and Darwin.

The topic for the next class is World Mapping (Continued).

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Map Class 03
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PREVIOUS CLASS (1:13 PM)

POLAR REGIONS (1:16 PM)

• Arctic:
• Arctic Council: Russia, Canada, USA, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and
Finland.
• Himadri is the station of India on Svalbard island.
• Antarctica:
• The first country to reach Antarctica was Russia.
• Coldest, windiest and driest continent
• It is also called as 'white continent' because less than 2% of it has land and the
rest is covered with Ice.
• It has a 4 km thick ice sheet.
• This region is devoid is mainly devoid of life except for Emperor Penguin.
• The Antarctic Treaty System (1960) declared Antarctica as a scientific preserve
and banned all military activities.
• Three stations in India:
• First station - Dakshin Gangotri
• Second station - Maithri
• Third - Bharti
• Vinson Massif is the highest point in Antarctica.
• Ice shelf:
• Weddell sea ice shelf
• Amundsen sea ice shelf
• Ross sea ice shelf
• Poles:
• The south magnetic pole is at Dumont d'Urville (France)
• The south pole is at Amundsen Scott
• The north magnetic pole is at Elizabeth island

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• Tropic of Cancer: Mexico, Bahamas, Mauritania, Mali, Algeria, Niger, Libya,

Egypt, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar
(Burma), People's Republic of China, Taiwan, and Southern Ryukyu Islands of
Japan.
• Tropic of Capricorn: Argentina, Australia, Botswana, Brazil, Chile, Eswatini,
Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, New Zealand, Paraguay,
South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
• Equator: Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, São Tomé and Príncipe, Gabon, Republic
of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, and
Indonesia.

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE WORLD (2:10 PM)

IMPORTANT MOUNTAINS OF THE WORLD

• Pre-Cambrian Mountains:
• These are the oldest mountain
• Example - Laurentian Mountains.
• Caledonian Mountains:
• For example - the Appalachian Mountains, the Aravalis Mountains, and the
Great Dividing Range (highest point - Mt Kosciusko).
• Appalachian Mountain is rich in Iron and coal, It extends from the USA to
Canada.
• Hercynian Mountains:
• This mountain formed between 300 to 250 million years ago.
• This resulted in the formation of Block Mountain.
• Carboniferous period.
• Block mountains: For example - Vindhya and Satpura, Black Forest, Vosges
(Rhine flow between black forest and Vosges), Ural (the boundary between Asia
and Europe), Altai and Tian Shan.
• Alpine Mountains: It is a tertiary mountain.
• Tertiary mountain:
• Mountains of Asia:
• For example- the Himalayas, Pamir Knot, Armenian Knot, Karakoram range,
Kunlun Shan, Hindukush, Suleiman, Kirtar range, Arakan Yoma, and Pegu
Yoma, Elburz mountains, Zagros, Caucasus, Tauras, etc.

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• Plateaus:
• Anatolia Plateau
• Plateau of Tibet:
• It is the cold as the roof of the world.
• The average plateau height is about 4500m
• It is the highest and largest plateau because of the partial subduction of the
continental plate.
• Steppes plains: Saiga deer
• Loess are found in this plateau
• Yellow River flows through this plateau.
• Manchurian Plain - Amu River flows through here.
• Europe:
• Alps: Highest peak- Mount Blanc.
• Matterhorn Peak- located between Italy and Switzerland)
• Jura Mountain (not tertiary)
• Africa:
• Atlas Mountains
• Mt. Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Africa. It is not part of any mountain range
and it has snow throughout the year.
• Mt Kenya is located on the equator.
• Regions in Africa:
• The Sahara desert in the north
• Congo Basin near the equator
• East African Valley in the east,
• Sudan grassland
• The Sahel between Sudan and the Sahara
• The southern part is rich in Minerals
• Plateaus in Africa:
• Katanga Plateau- Copper and Diamond.
• Drakensberg in South Africa.
• Ethiopian Highlands--coffee.
• North America:
• Rocky Mountains, Cascade Mountains, Coast Range, Sierra Nevada, Sierra
Madre.
• Alaska Range-- Highest peak is the Rocky Mountains
.

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• Great plains
• Intermontane plateau: Columbai and Colarado plateau
• Canadian Shield - Hudson Bay is part of this.
• South America:
• Andes, Cordillera, Mt Acouncagua.
• Andes- Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile Bolivia, Argentina.
• Plateau:
• Brazilian highlands-- Coffee Production.
• Bolivian Plateau--- Alti Plano.
• Pantanal- World's largest tropical wetland.
• Selvas- tropical rainforests of Amazon.
• Llanos- venezuela, Mato Grasso- Brazil.
• Gran Chaco, Pampas.
• Pampas- ranching.
• Alfa Alfa grass in Pampas.
• Australia:
• Plateau - Kimberly
• Darling Range
• Darlings Downs (temperate grassland known for ship rearing) - Murray and
Darling River.
• Uluru rocks (the world's largest monolith)

DESERT (4:00 PM)

• Africa:
• Sahara Desert- Erg, Hamada, Libyan desert, Nubian desert, Eastern desert,
Sahel desert.
• Namib Desert
• Kalahari Desert
• Bushmen tribe live in the Kalahari tribes.
• Okwango Swamp is a part of the Kalahari desert.
• Asia:
• Rub-Al-Khali.
• Dasht-e-Kavir (largest salt pans).
• Dasht-e-Lut.
• Thar desert.

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• Takla Makan-cold desert, formed because of continentality.

• Gobi desert- the cold desert.
• Australia:
• Great Victoria desert.
• Gibson desert.
• Great sandy desert.
• The Tanami Desert.
• Simpson Desert.
• North America:
• Mojave Desert
• Sonoran Desert
• South America:
• Atacama desert- Copper mines and nitrates; Driest desert in the world.
• Arica is the driest place on earth.
• Patagonian desert

The topic for the next class: Rivers, lakes and economic aspects.

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Map Class 04
A BRIEF REVISION OF THE PREVIOUS CLASS (01:15 PM):

• Petermann Glacier - Greenland.

PHYSICAL FEATURES (CONTINUATION FROM THE PREVIOUS CLASS) (01:31

PM):

• Volcanoes:
• North America:
• Mt Saint Helens - Active.
• (World's largest recorded landslide).
• Mauna Loa - Active, Shield Volcano, last erupted in 2022, the World's largest
volcano by area.
• Mauna Kea - Dormant.
• Kilauea - Active Shield Volcano
• South America:
• Ojos del Salado - World's highest active volcano (Strato volcano).
• Cotopaxi - Active.
• Chimborazo - Active.
• Africa:
• Mt Kilimanjaro.
• Mt Kenya - Located on the equator.
• Mt Nyiragongo - Highly active, known for extremely fluid lava.
• Europe:
• Mt Vesuvius (Italy) - Active, it has multiple smaller vents.
• Mt Etna (Sicily island) - Tallest active volcano in Europe.
• Stromboli - Between Italy and Sicily, known for explosive violent eruption.
• Asia:
• Barren volcano - Only active volcano in South Asia.
• Narcondum volcano - Dormant.
• Mud volcano - Baratang island.

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• Krakatoa - Active, most violent eruption happened in 1883

• Mt Merapi - Active (Java island), known for pyroclastic flow. Erupted in 2024.
• Mt Sinabung - Indonesia's most active volcano.
• Taal volcano - Ash and Cindercone (Philippines).
• Mt Fuji - Japan's highest volcano, active volcano.
• New Zealand:
• Whakaari/White Island - Active.
• Recently erupted volcanoes (02:12 pm):
• Mt Fuego - Guatemala (2024).
• La Soufriere volcano - Carribean island (2021).
• Popocatepetl - Mexico (2022).
• Nyamuragira - Democratic Republic of Congo (April 2024).
• La Palma - Spain (2021).
• Mt Semeru - Indonesia (April 2024).
• Mt Lewotolo - Indonesia (April 2024)
• Aira - Japan (April 2024)
• Hunga Tonga - Underwater volcano (2022), the largest volcanic eruption of the
21st century.
• Rivers and lakes (02:23 pm):
• North America:
• Yukon River in Alaska - Drains into Bering Sea, known for gold placer deposits.
• Mackenzie River - Canada's longest river, drains into the Arctic Ocean.
• Mississippi River - USA, Shows dendritic pattern, drains into the Gulf of Mexico,
forms bird foot delta.
• Colorado River - Flows through the Colorado plateau, and drains into the Gulf of
California, creating the Grand Canyon.
• Colombia River - Drains into the Pacific Ocean.
• St Lawrence River - Drains into the Atlantic Ocean, known for Niagra waterfall,
forms the boundary between USA and Canada.
• Hudson River - Drains into the Atlantic Ocean near New York.
• Rio Grande River - Forms the boundary between USA and Mexico.
• Lakes:
• North America:
• Great lakes - Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake
Ontario.

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• (Code: Superman helps every one)

• Between Superior and Huron - Soo Canal.
• Between Erie and Ontario - Welland Canal.
• Between Erie and Hudson - Erie Canal.
• Lake Superior - Largest freshwater lake on the surface of the earth.
• Lake Michigan - Completely located inside the USA (Rest four are between the
USA and Canada).
• Great Bear (Arctic Circle passes through it) and Great Slave Lake - Canada.
• Lake Tahoe - USA, Freshwater lake (water level is decreasing rapidly).
• Great Salt Lake - Saltiest waterbody of North America.
• South America:
• Orinoco River - Drains into the Atlantic Ocean.
• Amazon River - The largest (by water volume) river on the surface of the earth,
also the 2nd longest river, originates from the Andes and drains into the
Atlantic Ocean, the World's widest river. (2nd widest - Bramhaputra River), its
basin covers half of South America and has 50% of the rainforest.
• Parana River - Comes from Brazil and drains into Rio De La Plata.
• Paraguay and Uruguay River - Tributaries of Parana River.
• Iguacu waterfall - Largest cascading waterfall in the world.
• Lakes:
• Lake Titicaca - Largest freshwater lake of South America, located on the Andes,
the World's highest commercially navigable lake, it is shrinking due to climate
change.
• Lake Maracaibo - The largest lake of South America, known for very high
deposits of Petroleum and gas.
• Africa (03:23 pm):
• Nile River - Longest river on the surface of the earth (6600 Km), it passes
through Khartoum (capital of Sudan)
• White Nile - Comes from Lake Victoria.
• Blue Nile - Comes from Lake Tana.
• Congo River - It cuts the equator twice, its basin is bigger than India itself, known
for Stanley Waterfall.
• Niger River - Drains into the Gulf of Guinea, the lifeline of the Sahel and Savana
region.
• Zambezi River - Known for Victoria Waterfall.

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• Limpopo River - Crosses the Tropic of Capricorn twice.

• Lakes:
• Lake Assal - The lowest point of Africa (Djibouti).
• Lake Tana.
• Lake Turkana
• Lake Victoria - 3rd largest lake on the Earth, The Equator passes through it, it is
located in three countries - Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya.
• Lake Tanganyika - 2nd longest lake, 2nd deepest lake, 2nd largest lake by
water volume.
• Lake Nyasa/Malawi
• Europe (03:43 pm):
• Thames River - Drains into the North Sea.
• Rhine River - Originates from the Alps, and flows through six countries
(Germany, France, Switzerland, Netherlands, Austria, and Liechtenstein )
• Tagus River - Originates from Spain, Lisbon city is located on this river.
• Seine River - Paris is located on this river.
• Rhone River - Drains into the Mediterranean Sea.
• Tiber River - Rome is located on this river (Cuspade delta).
• Danube River - Originates from the Black Forest and drains into the Black Sea.
• Dneister River.
• Dneiper River - Ukraine, Pripyat tributary flows through Chornobyl.
• Don River - Comes from Russia and drains into the Sea of Azov.
• Volga River - Drains into the Caspian Sea, Europe's longest river.
• Ural River - Forms boundary between Europe and Asia.
• Lakes:
• Lake Geneva - Switzerland.
• Asia (03:57 pm):
• Amur Darya and Sir Darya - Drains into the Aral Sea.
• Lina River.
• Ob River.
• Tigris River.
• Euphrates River.
• Amur River - Forms the border between China and Russia, and drains into the
Sea of Okhotsk.

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• Yellow River/ Hwang Ho River - Drains into the Yellow Sea, called Sorrow of
China.
• Yangtze River - The longest river of Asia, 3rd longest river of the world, drains
into the East China Sea.
• Chu Kiang River - Drains into the South China Sea, known as the Pearl River.
• Irrawaddy River - Myanmar.
• Salween River.
• Chao Phraya River - Thailand, Bangkok is located on the bank of this river.
• Mekong - Flows all the countries of Indo-China, and drains into the South China
Sea.
• Jordon River - Originates from Golan Heights and passes through the Sea of
Galilee (the lowest freshwater lake on the surface of the earth).
• Lake:
• Lake Baikal - Siberia, Largest lake by volume, deepest lake (average depth 800-
1000 m), longest freshwater lake, it carries 23% of the surface freshwater, it is
oldest and clearest lake.
• Lake Balkhash
• Aral Sea
• Caspian Sea - Five times bigger than the second-largest lake.
• Dead Sea - Second highest saline water body on the surface of the earth.
• Lop Nur Lake - Was a nuclear testing site of China.
• Tonie Sap - Cambodia, UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.
• Lake Toba - Caldera Lake
• Kawan Ijen - World's largest acidic lake.
• Lake Kajin Sara - Nepal, it is the world's highest lake.
• Australia (04:09 pm):
• Darling River.
• Murray River.
• Lake Eyre - The lowest point of Australia.

TOPICS FOR THE NEXT CLASS: Indian Geography Mapping.

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Map Class 05
THE CLASS STARTED WITH A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS CLASS: (05:15
PM):

• Ulawun Volcano: In Papua New Guinea.

ISTHMUS, STRAIT, CHANNEL: (05:20 PM):

• The channel is always navigable.

• Gulf: This is the elongated water body.
• Bay: It is the part of the land.
• Isthmus of Panama: Connects N. America and S. America.
• Isthmus of Suez:
• Isthmus of Kra:
• Isthmus of Parakop: Between Crimea and Ukraine.
• Peninsula: Land covered by after from 3 sides.
• Alaska Peninsula.
• Mexico Peninsula.
• Baja Peninsula.
• Yucatan Peninsula: Famous for Karst topography.
• Valdes Peninsula.
• Iberain Penisula.
• Jutland Peninsula: Near Denmark.
• Korean Penisula.
• Cape York Penisula: Famous for Bauxite reserves, Weipa
• Darian Gap:
• Cape: It is the edge of a land.
• Cape Horn: Southernmost tip of South America in Tierra del Fuego.
• Cape Canaveral: Southernmost point of n. America, John F Kennedy Space
Center is located here.
• Cape Verde.
• Cape Agulhas.

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• Cape of Good Hope.

• Cape York.
• Islands:
• Greenland is the biggest island.
• New Guinea.
• Bornea.
• Madagascar.
• Buffin Island in Canada.
• Grand Banks in Newfoundland are famous for their fishing grounds.
• Long Island: New York is situated on this island.
• Galapagos Islands.
• Ushuaia.
• Falkland Island: Belong to Argentina but controlled by the UK.
• Mediterranean Island:
• Balearic Islands.
• Sardinia Island.
• Corsica Islands.
• Sicily Islands.
• Malta Island.
• Crete Islands.
• Cyprus Islands.
• Islands in the Indian Ocean:
• Socotra Island.
• Maldives Islands.
• Seychelles Islands.
• Comoros Islands.
• Mauritius Islands: Agalega Islands
• Reunion Islands (part of France).
• Assumption Islands.
• Diego Garcia.
• Cocos Islands.
• Paracel Islands, Spratly Island, and Scarborough Shoal.
• Senkaku Island: Diputed between China and Japan, controlled by Japan.
• Kuril Islands.
• Gulf of Tongking: Gulf between Vietnam and China
.

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• Bay of Fundy (USA): Known for the highest tidal range in the world.

STRAITS: (06:00 PM):

• Important Straits:
• Magellan Strait: Connects Pacific & Atlantic oceans.
• Strait of Gibraltar: The strait lies in the territorial waters of Morocco, and Spain.
• Strait of Dardanelles: Sea of Marmara & Sea of Aegean.
• Start of Bosphorus: Connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara.
• Kerch Strait: Connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Azov.
• Dover Strait connects the English Channel with the North Sea.
• Bab-el-Mandeb.
• Strait of Hormuz.
• Palk Strait.
• Strait of Malacca: It connects the Andaman with the South China Sea.
• Strait of Johor: Separates Singapore & Malaysia.
• Sunda Strait: Separates Java & Sumatra.
• Taiwan/Formosa Strait: Separates Taiwan & China.
• Korea Strait: Between Japan & South Korea.

ECONOMIC LOCATIONS: (06:24 PM):

• 1) Important Transportation Networks:

• Highways:
• 1.1)Pan-American Highway: From Prudhoe Bay to Ushuaia it connects North
and South America.
• 1.2) Pan African Highway Network.
• 1.3) Asian Highway Network: From Tokyo to Istanbul, the project is supported by
the ADB and UNESCAP.
• The longest is Asian Highway 1.
• 1.4) INSTC (International North-South Transport Corridor): Primarily aims for
goods transportation.
• 1.5) One Belt One Road (OBOR).
• Global Gateway Initiatives.
• 2) Trans-Siberian Railways: From St. Petersburg to Vladivostok.
• Important Canals:
• Suez Canal.

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• Panama Canal: Connects the Pacific Ocean with the Caribbean Ocean.

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY MAPPING: (07:08 PM):

• Political:
• Durand Line: Separates Afghanistan & Pakistan. Also, it separates Afghanistan
& India.
• Radcliffe Line: Between India & Pakistan. Also, between India & Bangladesh.
• Macmahon Line: Between Tibet & India.
• Aksai Chin is surrounded between two lines:
• Johnson Line: India recognizes this line.
• Macdonald Lline: China recognizes this line.
• Indira Col: India's northernmost point.
• Indira Point: Southernmost point of India.
• Cape Comorin: Southernmost point of mainland India.
• Kibitu Town: Easternmost point of India.
• Sir Creek: Westernmost point of India.
• Northernmost union territory: Ladakh.
• Mt. Godwin Austin (K2): highest point of India.
• The lowest point in India is Kuttanad in Kerala known for farming rice in saline
water.
• Latitudes of Different Indian Cities:
• Ahmadabad, Jodhpur, Mumbai and Islamabad lie on the same longitude.
• Srinagar, Jammu, Amritsar, Ajmer, Belgam & Mangalore.
• Manali, Shimla, New Delhi, Bhopal, Bangalore, and Kanyakumari lie on the
same Longitude.
• Kanpur and Chennai are on the same longitude.
• Lucknow & Vijayawada are on the same longitude.
• Varanasi & Vishakapatnam on same longitude.
• Gangtok, Kolkata & Dispur, Shillong, Aizwal & Port Blair are on the same
longitudes.
• The Tropic of Cancer passes through these 8 states in India: Gujarat, Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.

TOPICS OF THE NEXT CLASS: Continuation of India Mapping, etc.

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Map Class 06
BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE PREVIOUS CLASS (09:16 AM)

• India Political
• Cities located on the same latitude and longitude.

UNION TERRITORIES IN INDIA (09:19 AM)

• Puducherry
• It was under French control.
• After the Anglo-French war, the agreement was made that the French would
remain in 4 locations.
• Karaikal - north of Kaveri delta.
• Kerala - Mahe, along the coast.
• Yanam is in Godavari Delta Andhra Pradesh
• Administrative Capital -Puducherry
• It has a legislature.
• Kept it separately because of its distinctive culture.

Diu Daman Dadara Nagar Haveli

• Four locations
• Diu - an island in Gujrat.
• Daman in Gujrat.
• Nagar Haveli is located between Maharashtra and Gujrat.
• Dadara enclave.
• They were under Portuguese along with Goa.
• River Daman Ganga
• Pinjole River
• Projects to interlink these two rivers, Daman Ganga -Pinjole Interlinking project.
• For Mumbai water supply.
• Part of the National Interlinking project.

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National Capital Territory of Delhi ((09:29 AM)

• 11 districts.
• Comes under the Delhi assembly.
• Yamuna is on the eastern side.
• Historically called Indraprasth.

Chandigarh

• Surrounded by Punjab and Haryana.

• Capital of Haryana and Punjab.

Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh (09:33 AM)

• 3 regions under India

• 1. Jammu region
• Located along the foothills, part of Shiwalik.
• Vaishno Devi temple.
• Hindu Majority
• 2. Valley of Kashmir
• HQ- Srinagar
• Muslim Majority
• 3. Ladakh
• Ladakh's capital is Leh.
• It is a Buddhist majority.

The area which is not under India's control

• 1. Western PoK
• Called Azad Kashmir.
• 2. Northern POK
• Earlier called Northern areas.
• Now called as Gilgit Baltistan.
• 3. Aksai chin-land of white river
• Largely inhabited.

Boundary lines:

• Johnson line & Macmohan line

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• The Johnson's line shows Aksai Chin in erstwhile Jammu and Kashmir (now
Ladakh) i.e. under India's control whereas the McDonald Line places it under
China's control.
• LAC (Line of actual control)
• That separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory. Aksai
Chin was illegally occupied by China.
• LOC (Line of control)
• The Line of Control (LOC) is the line that marks where the region of Kashmir is
divided.

Shaksgam valley

• The Silk Route passed through this area.

• It is under the control of China now.

Siachen glacier

• Second largest non-polar glacier in the world.

• NJ9842 is the southernmost point.
• Karakoram pass- easternmost part.
• Indira Col- The northernmost point of India.

Operation Meghdoot 1984

• When the Indian Army and Indian Air Force (IAF) advanced to the Siachen
glacier to secure the heights dominating the Northern Ladakh region.
• World's highest and coldest battleground.

Daulat beg Oldie

• Near Karakoram pass.

• Plateau is located at 16000 feet.
• Daulat beg Oldie Road connects Leh to Karakoram by Border Roads
Organization (BRO).

Galwan River (10:00 AM)

• Tributary of Shyok River

• The actual position of LAC is not clearly demarcated.

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• Pangong Tso/lake
• Transboundary lake.
• From Pangong tso China can take adnavtahge of Chushul valley.
• Chushul Valley
• The strategic location gives visibility to 2 km.
• Demchok Village
• The village next to LAC.
• Indus River enters to India Near Demchok.

Kalapani Dispute: Issues with Nepal-

• Between India and Nepal.

• Treaty of Suagauli 1860
• The treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal was signed between the
East India Company and Guru Gajraj Mishra following the Anglo-Nepalese War.
• Kali River - a tributary of Ghagra.
• Kali River will be the borderline as per the treaty.
• Lipulekh
• Trijunction of India, China, and Nepal.
• Limpiyadhura
• Nepal claims that the origin of Kalapani is from Limpiyadhura.

Chumbi Valley: Bhutan

• It is a valley in the Himalayas that projects southwards from the Tibetan plateau,
intervening between Sikkim and Bhutan.
• It has plateau next to it i.e. Doklam Plateau.
• Recently China has started to construct a road in the Doklam plateau.
• Undemarcated part between China and Bhutan.

Sir Creek: Pakistan

• It is a strip of water disputed between India and Pakistan in the Rann of Kutch
marshlands.
• The westernmost point of India.
• Formen boundary between India and Pakistan.
• Thalweg principle

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• Thalweg Principle states that river boundaries between two Countries may
be divided by the mid-channel if the water body is navigable.

Kachachatheevu Island (10:22 AM)

• Uninhabited island
• Unsettled between India and Sri Lanka.
• Breeding ground for fishing, pearl fishing.

INDIA PHYSICAL (10:27 AM)

• Four important physical features

• Mountains, Plateaus, islands
• Northern Mountains - Mountains located to the Northern of the peninsula.
• 3 different parts
• Trans-Himalayas -
• The Himalayas
• Purvanchal hills
• Transhimalays
• Located in Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Tibet(Kailash Range).
• Kailash range,Mansarovar Yatra
• Characters of trans-Himalayas
• Volcanic evidence is visible here.
• Coral reefs Fossils are found here.
• Important Mountain ranges
• Karakoram - extends from Pamir to Tibet approximately end point Pangong tso.
• The tallest mountain range, the second highest peak in the world K2 also known
as Mount Godwin-Austen.
• In ancient times known as Krishnagiri.
• Siachene glacire is located here.
• Lahaul and Spiti valleys are located here.
• Cold desert biosphere reserve here, Pin Valley National Park (Milky Way can be
sighted here).

2.Ladkah Mountain range

• Capital Leh is located in the Ladakh range.

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• Filled with sand dunes.

• Found a double-humped camel in this region.
• Hemis National Park and Monastery is located here.
• Khardung la is in this range.
• Peak Rakaposhi is a very steep peak.
• Nubra valley
• Mount Kailash is located here.
• Soda and Depsang plain

Hanle

• Dark Sky Reserves of India

• It is the location for star gazing.
• recently Aurora sighted here.

Chungthung Plateau

• South of Ladakh.
• Tribe - Changapa tribe
• Changthangi goat is rared by the tribe.
• It provides pashmina wool.
• It is the finest Cashmere.

3. Zaskar Mountain

• It means Land of white copper.

• Tso Moriri-Ramsar site
• The breeding ground of the Black-necked crane.
• India's largest national park Hemis is located between Zaskar and Ladakh.

Great Himalayas (11:13 AM)

• The tallest of all the ranges.

• All 3 ranges are folded mountains.
• The oldest is the great Himalayas.
• Also called Himadri.
• Highest range in the world.
• Extend from Nanga Parvat to Namcha Barva.

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• It passes through countries Pakistan, India, China, Nepal and Bhutan.

• It passes through the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim,
and Uttarakhand.
• Snow covered all over the year.

Important peaks

• Mount Everest peak.

• Westernmost is Nanga Parvat and easternmost is Namcha Barva.
• Nanga parvat is in PoK.
• Kangchenjunga.
• Makalu is near to east of Mount Everest.
• Manasala, Annapurna, Nandadevi, and Kamet peaks are located here.

Middle Himalaya

• It is made up of Multiple ranges.

• Pir Panjar Range.
• Mahabharat range is the middle Himalayas of Nepal.
• It extends to the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and
Uttarakhand.
• The average height is height 4000 meters.
• Bugyals (high-altitude grasslands)are visible here.
• Jhelum towards the north of the middle Himalayas and Beas to the south.
• Pir Panjal and the great Himalayas, Kashmir valley is here.
• Srinagar is located in Jhelum.
• Filled with lake deposits. These deposits are known as Karewa deposits.
• It is good for the cultivation of saffron and it is called zaffran.

Dhauladhar

• It is part of the lesser Himalayas.

• Mainly in Himachal Pradesh extending to Jammu Kasmir also.
• Hills stations like Dharamshala and Maclodganj are located here.
• Kullu Valley is located between the great Himalayas and Dhauladhar.
• Kangra Valley is located between Dhauldahar and Shivalik.
• Mussorie range is located here.

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• Nagatibba range
• Longitudinal valleys/flat valleys are found here. Flat plains are called Dunes.
• Example - Dehradun
• Chardham is on the great Himalayas.
• Shiwalik
• Shiwalik is also called the outer Himalayas, sub Himalayas.
• The average height is 1000 meters of Shivalik.
• Shiwalik in Jammu is called Jammu Hills, Vaishnav Devi is located here.
• Dachigam National Park is located here.
• Nandadevi,Joshimath is located here.
• Kamet is above Badrinath.
• Nainital

Arunachal Pradesh

• In Arunachal Pradesh, the lesser Himalayas and Shivalk merged here.

• Tawang is in the great Himalayas.
• Four different mountains are Dafla, Abor, Mishmi Miri hills in Arunachal
Pradesh,
• Betwren Abor and Mishmi hills Brahmputar river enters.
• Dihang Dibang Biosphere Reserve.
• Dibru saikhova biosphere resreve.
• Along foothills, unconsolidated sediment Duar formations are found here. It is
good for tea cultivation

Purvanchal range (11:49 AM)

• Patkai range is part of the Purvanchal region.

• Dehing Patkai Range national park.
• Naga hills
• Namdapha National Park - is known for its tropical evergreen forest.

Manipur

• Loktak lake
• Keibul Lamjao National Park is the world's only floating national park is located
here.

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• It is a wetland ecosystem known for patches and rings of biomass called

phumdis.
• Manipur hills

Mizoram

• Mizo Hills or Lushai Hills are located here.

• Molasses basin unconsolidated sediments are found here.

Tripura

• Made up of ridges.
• Tripura hills
• Barak rises in the Manipur hills and enters Bangladesh.

Meghalaya

• Meghalaya Plateau
• Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills are found here.
• In Garo, Nokrek biosphere reserves are located.
• The Barail range separates the Brahmaputra plain from the Barak range.
• Mikir range is in Assam
• Kaziranga National Park is above the Mikir range.

GLACIERS (11:59 AM)

• Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh

• Except in the Karakoram range, all the glaciers are melting.
• Karakoram anomaly - It means the stability or growth of glaciers in the central
Karakoram.
• The world's largest non-polar glacier is the Fedchenko Glacier(Tajikistan).
• Siachin Glacier is the Second largest
• Other glaciers in the Karakoram: Nubra glacier Baltoro glacier, and Hispar
Glacier which is the longest non-polar glacier in the world.
• North to south: Nubra, Siachin, Baltoro, Hispar
• Parkachik glacier is located in Ladakh, its melting led to the formation of 3 lakes.

Himachal Pradesh

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• Sonapani glacier is in Lahul Spiti valley.It is near Rohtang Pass.

• Bara Shikri and Chota Shikri.
• Bara Shikri is the source of the Chandra River and it is the largest in Himachal
Pradesh.

Uttarakhand

• Gangotri - Bhagirathi originates here.

• Banderpunch Glacier is above Yamunotri.
• Banderpunch is the source of Yamuna.
• The glacier above Kedarnath is Chora Bari Glacier. Mandakini originates here.
• Satpanth Glacier is above Badrinath. Alaknanda originates here.
• Milang, Pindari glacier is near to Nandadevi.

Sikkim

• Zemo glcaier is base of Kanchenjunga.

• Tista River originates from Zemo Glacier.
• Kanchenjunga glacier
• Lonak Glacier resulted in the formation of South Lonak Lake. Its burst led to
floods in Sikkim.

TOPICS OF THE NEXT CLASS ARE PHYSIOGRAPHY, RIVERS AND WETLANDS.

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Map Class 07
THE CLASS STARTED (IN CONTINUATION) AT: (09:15 AM):

PASSES IN INDIA: (09:18 AM):

• A pass is a gap between two mountains.

• Passes are used to build tunnels.
• Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh:
• Karakoram Pass: The highest pass in India (6500 mts).
• Khardunga La: Connects Leh with the Nubra Valley.
• Umling La: Highest motorable road.
• Zoji La: Connects Srinagar to Leh and is located in the Zaskar mountains (Zoji
La tunnel is being built, providing connectivity between Sonmarg and Drass).
• Burzil La: Connects Srinagar to Gilgit.
• Pir Panjal Pass: Over the Pir Panjal Ranges.
• Banihal Pass: Connects Jammu and Kashmir (Banihal-Qaziqund Tunnel is being
built).
• Chenani Nashari Tunnel: Connects Jammu and Kashmir length is 9.8 km and is
the longest tunnel in India.
• Rezang La: Near Line of Actual Control.
• Himachal Pradesh:
• Rohtang Pass: Above Manali, Atal Tunnel is located at this pass.
• Bara Lacha La: Connects Himachal and Ladakh.
• Shipki La: Located on the border of India and China, Satluj enters India through
this pass.
• Shinkun La (Shingo La).
• Uttarakhand:
• Thaga Pass (Northernmost pass of Uttarakhand).
• Mana Pass.
• Niti Pass.
• Darma Pass.
• Lipulekh Pass.

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• Lampiya Dhura Pass.

• Sikkim:
• Sikkim to Chumbi Valley connected through Jelep La.
• Naku La: It also connects Sikkim with the Chumbi valley.
• Nathu La.
• Arunachal Pradesh:
• Bum La.
• Sela La: Provides connectivity to Tawang (Sela tunnel).
• Tunga Pass.
• Diphu Pass: It is located at the tri-junction of India, Myanmar, and China.

PENINSULAR INDIA: (09:56 AM):

• Aravallis:
• It belongs to the Caledonian group and is an example of old fold mountains.
• Mt. Guru Shikhar is the highest point of the Aravallis (Mt. Abu)
• The region between Aravallis and that is known as Rajasthan Bagar.
• Vindhayas Range:
• Starts from Gujrat.
• Performs water divide between the Himalayan and Peninsular Rivers.
• Satpuras:
• The Narmada flows between the Satpuras and Vindhyas.
• Betul Plateau is located in the Satpura mountains.
• Between Vindhayas and Aravallis, the Malwa Plateau is located (River Chambal
flows from both Bundelkhand and Malwa Plateau).
• Bundelkhand Plateau is known for its Badland Topography (ravines).
• Kuno Palpur is part of the Bundelkhand Plateau.
• Ken-Betwa River Linkage Project will provide water to the Bundelkhand region.
• Buxwaha: Region of diamond mining.
• Dhala Crater is lcoated in Budelkhand Plalteau.
• Bhander Plateau: The Southern extent is known as Kaimur Hills.
• Mahadeo Hills are the extension of Satpuras.
• Maikala Range: Between the MP and Chattisgarh border.
• Chotanagpur Plateau:
• It is known as Ruhr of India.
• Rajmahal Hills: Malda Gap is located here.

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• Hazaribagh, Dandkaranya.

WESTERN/EASTERN GHTAS: (10:25 AM):

• Western Ghats:
• Starts from Tapi and ends at Kanyakumari.
• Known as Sahayadri in Gujrat and Maharasthra.
• The highest peak is Kalsubai located in Maharashtra.
• Salher is another peak in the Western Ghats.
• Mahabaleshwar Krishna Rivers originates from here.
• Mulaingiri is the highest peak in Karnataka.
• Pushpagiri is the second-highest peak in Karnataka.
• Kudremukh mountain.
• Agumbe is known as Cherapunji of South India.
• Coorg Hills: Origin of Kaveri rivers.
• Nilgiri Hills: At the tri-junction of Karnataka, Tamilnadu, and Kerala.
• Bandipur National Park (Tiger Reserves).
• The highest peak of Nilgiri is known as Dodabetta.
• South of the Nilgiri is known as Annamalai (Anaimudi is the highest peak in this
region).
• Palghat connects the Nilgiri and Annamalai mountains.
• Palani Hills.
• Kodainala Hills.
• Cardamom Hills.
• Thalghat connects Mumbai to Nagpur.
• Bhorghat connects Pune and Mumbai.
• Ajanta Range, Balaghat Range, Harishchandra Range and Atmala Range.
• Vidharbha region is the Nagpur region.
• Malnad and Maidan are the parts of Karnataka. region.
• Rayalseema region: Karnool is located here.
• Eastern Ghat:
• It extends from the Mahandi (Northernmost) to Nilgiri (Southernmost).
• Jindagada and Mahendragiri are the highest peak.
• Nallamala Hills, Erramala hills.
• Velikonda and south of it is Palkonda.
• Papikonda near the Godavari River basin.

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• Seshachalam Hills are part of Palkonda (Tirupati is located in Palkonda).

• Jawadi, Shevroy (Yercaud hill station).

COASTAL PLAINS: (11:17 AM):

• Eastern Side:
• Utkal Coast: India's largest lake Chilka Lake is located here.
• Chandipur Beach is located on the Utkal coast.
• Andhra Coast: It is divided into 2 parts:
• Northern Circar.
• Coromandel Coast: From KG delta to Rameshwaram.
• Pulicat Lake is located on the Coromandel coast.
• The Eastern coast is emergent and characterized by depositional activities.
• Western Coast:
• Kathiwar coast extends from Kactch to Daman,
• From Daman to Goa is known as the Konkan coast.
• From Goa to Kanyakumari is known as Malabar Coast.
• Malabar is an emergent coast.
• Karnataka part of the Malabar coast is known as Canara Coast.
• Kayals: Backwater lakes in Kerala (Vemband Lake is the longest lake in India is
a Kayal).
• Minchipadavu was in the news due to the dumping of chemicals.

ISLANDS: (11:31 AM):

• Andaman:
• Barren (active) and Narcondam (inactive) Hills house the volcanoes.
• The northernmost islands are the Landfall Islands, North Andaman, Middle,
South, and Little Andaman.
• The highest peak i.e. the Saddle Peak is located in North Andaman.
• The largest island is the Middle Andaman.
• Port Blair is located in the South Andaman.
• Havelock Island is the place where Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose hoisted the
Indian Flag in 1944 (Swaraj Island).
• Neil Island was renamed Shaheed Island.
• Ross Island is renamed as Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Island.
• Mt. Harriet has recently been renamed Manipur.

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• Nicobar Island:
• It is also made up of islands the northernmost are Car Nicobar, Little Nicobar,
and Great Nicobar.
• Galathea Bay National Park is located in the Nicobar Islands.
• Campbell Bay National Park.
• Lakshwadeep Islands:
• These islands are of Coral origins.
• The Northern Islands are Amandivi and Cannanore Islands (Kawaratti is located
here).
• Minicoy is the southernmost island of this group.
• Other Islands:
• New Moore Island: Located between the border of India and Bangladesh.
• Sagar Island: Located in the Hooghly Delta (famous for the annual fair organized
at Makar Sankranti).
• Wheeler Islands: Renamed Abdul Kalam Island located in the Mahandi Delta.
• Pamban Island: Ramweswaram is above this island. The easternmost tip is
called Dhanushkodi.
• Vertical Lift Railway bridge is under construction in the Pamban islands.
• Willingdon Island: Located inside Kochi.
• St. Mary Islands: It is a UNESCO Geological Site and is famous for its Column
Basaltic structure.
• Important Water Bodies:
• 10 Degree Channel: Separates the Andaman and Nicobar.
• Coco Channel: Between Coco and Landfall Islands.
• Duncan Passage: Separates South and Little Andaman.
• Great Channel: Between Sumatra and Great Nicobar (6 Degree Channel).
• 9 Degree Channel: Separates the Minicoy and Lakshadweep.
• 8 Degrees separate India and Maldives.
• Between Cauvery Delta: Palk Strait is located.

TOPICS OF THE NEXT CLASS: Rivers, etc.

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Map Class 08
RIVERS OF INDIA (1:22 PM)

• Himalayan Rivers:
• 1. Indus:
• Originates near Mansarovar.
• It drains into the Arabian Sea.
• Indus enters India near Demchok.
• It passes through the region between Ladakh and Zaskar.
• Tso Moriri is a Ramsar Site.
• Tso Kar is also a Ramsar Site.
• Black-Necked Crane is found in the Tso Kar region.
• Hemis National Park is located here.
• Zaskar River is one of the earliest left-bank tributaries of the Indus.
• Shyok River originated from the Rimo glacier near Siachin.
• Gilgit River joins the Indus in POK.
• The Kabul River comes from Afghanistan and joins the Indus in Pakistan.
• Five major tributaries of the Indus:

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•
• i. Jhelum:
• It originates from Verinag in Jammu and Kashmir.
• Wular Lake is located on Jhelum.
• Wular is a Ramsar site.
• ii. Chenab:
• It originates from Himachal Pradesh.
• It merges with Jhelum in Pakistan.
• Chenab is made of two rivers named Chandra and Bhaga.
• Chandra originates from the Chandratal and Chandratal takes its water from
Barashigri.
• Chandratal is a Ramsar site.
• Bhaga originates from Surajtal.
• Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve is located in Himachal Pradesh.
• Pin Valley National Park is also located in this Biosphere Reserve.
• Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary is also located here.
• Dachigaham National Park is known for Hangul and is located in Srinagar
region.
• Kishanganga Project is a run-on river project and is on the Nliam River (one of
the tributaries of Jhelum).

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• River water projects:

• a. Pakkal Dul on a tributary of Chenab
• b. Kwar on Chenab
• c. Ratle on Chenab
• d. Baglihar on Chenab
• iii. Ravi:
• It originates from Kullu hills in Himachal.
• it flows between the Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar ranges.
• iv. Beas:
• It originates from the Rohtang Pass.
• Pong Dam is constructed on the Beas River.
• Pong Reservoir is a Ramsar site.
• The entire stretch of the Beas River in the Punjab plains is a conservation site
and is a Ramsar site.
• v. Satluj:
• It originates in Tibet from the Rakshas Tal.
• Nangal Reservoir is a Ramsar site.
• Satluj flows at first west-northwest for about 260 km to the Shipki La pass,
entering India in Himachal Pradesh state.
• The Satluj River sand is said to have Tantalum mineral in it.
• Tantalum mineral is used in the electronics industry.
• Harrike Barrage is a Ramsar site.
• Renuka Wetland is in Himachal Pradesh and it is the smallest Ramsar Site in
India.
• 2. Ganga:
• It originates from the Gangotri glacier
• Dhauli Ganga comes from the Niti pass.
• Alaknanda originates from the Sartopanth glacier.
• Rishi Ganga comes from the Nanda Devi glacier and the region around it is the
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve.
• Valley of Flowers National Park is in this Biosphere Reserve.
• Dhauli Ganga confluence with Alaknanda at Vishnu Prayag.
• Joshi Math is located around Vishnu Prayag.
• Nandakini merges with Alknanda at Nanda Prayag.

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• Pindar Ganga originates from the Pindari glacier and merges with Alaknanda at
Karna Prayag.
• Mandikini merges with Alaknanda at Rudra Prayag.
• Bhagirathi merges with the Alaknanda at Deva Prayag.
• Ganga's name is given to this river from Deva Prayag.
• Gangotri National Park is around the Gangotri region.
• Rajaji National Park is around the region of Rishikesh and Haridwar.
• Ganga flows majorly from 5 states namely Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand,
and West Bengal.
• The upper stretch of the Ganga River is a Ramsar site.
• Sunderban is the largest Ramsar Site in India.
• Important tributaries:

•
• Left-bank tributaries of Ganga:
• a. Ram Ganga:
• It comes from Uttarakhand from Pauri Garhwal.
• It passes from India's first national park Jim Corbett.
• It joins Ganga near Kannauj.
• b. Gomti:
• It comes from Pilibhit.
• Pilibhit Tiger Reserve is located here in this region.
• c. Ghaghra:
• It is an antecedent river that comes from Tibet.
• It merges with Ganga just after entering Bihar.
• Yankti Kuti is the tributary of the Kali River.
• Sarda as well as Rabti merges with Ganga in UP only
.

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• Ayodhya is located on the banks of Ghagra (known as Saryu in Ayodhya as

Ghagra has a tributary named Saryu).
• d. Gandak:
• It merges with the Ganga in Bihar.
• it is also known as the Narayni River in Nepal, from where it originates.
• Between Gandak and Budhi Gandak is a Kanwar Lake.
• e. Kosi:
• It is also an antecedent river coming from Tibet.
• it is also known as Sapta Kosi.
• It has 7 tributaries: Indrawati, Sun Koshi, Tama Koshi, Likhu, Dudh Koshi,
Arun Koshi, and Tamor Koshi.
• It is also known as the sorrow of Bihar.
• Bagmati River is a transboundary river between India and Nepal which
originates in Nepal.
• f. Mahananda:
• It originates in Darjeeling Hills, passes through the Siliguri corridor, and merges
with Ganga in Bangladesh.
• Right-bank tributaries of Ganga:
• a. Yamuna:
• Asan barrage is a Ramsar site.
• Tribuaties of Yamuna: Tons, Chambal, Ken, Betwa, Rihand, etc.
• Chambal originates in Mhow.
• Shipra River originates in Ujjain and is a tributary of Chambal.
• Other important tributaries of Chambal are Banas, Kali Sindh, and Parbati.
• Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary is located at the border of MP and UP, and
the second batch of cheetahs is to be brought into this region.
• Ajay and Damodar are the tribuatires of Hooghly.
• Damodar is known as the sorrow of Bengal.
• Four dams on Damodar: Tilaiya, Maithon, Konar, and Panchet Hill.
• Bhoj Wetland is in MP.
• Parbati Arga is an old oxbow lake of Ghagra and it is a Ramsar site.
• Kanwar Lake is also known as Kabar Tal.
• Sultanpur Wetland and Dhanori Wetland.
• Vikranshila Dolphin Sanctuary is India's first dolphin sanctuary on the Ganga
River in Bihar.

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• Bihar's Tiger Reserve is the only Bihar's tiger reserve on the Gandak River.
• Sariks Tiger Reserve and Ranthambore Tiger Reserve are located in Rajasthan.
• Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserve.
• 3. Brahmaputra:
• It originates from Chemyang dung and Angsi near Mt. Kailash.
• This river takes a U-turn at Namcha Barwa.
• It is known as Tsangpo in China.
• It enters Assam at Sadiya, and it is called the Brahmaputra.
• From Sadiya to Dhubri it is national waterway 2.
• It is called as Jamuna in Bangladesh.
• Brhamputra + Ganga = Padma.
• Padme merged with a few other rivers and is called as Meghna in the lower
stretch of Bangladesh.
• One of the important rivers that merge with Padma is Surma (known as Barak in
India) which is called Meghna.

•
• Right-bank tribuatires of Brahmaputra:
• Arunachal: Subarnasiri and Kaming.
• Subarnasiri has a small tributary is Ranganadi.
• At the confluence of Brahmaputra, Subarnasiri and Ranganadi is the world's
largest riverine island Majuli.
• Kaming is known as Jia Bareli in Assam.
• Bhutan: Manas and Sankosh.
• Tista comes from Zemu Glacier Tso Lhamo.
• Left-bank tributaries of Brahmaputra:
• Burhi Dihing and Dhansari (South), Dibang or Sikang and Lohit.
• Lohit + Dihang = Brahmaputra.

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• The longest riverine bridge is located on the Lohit River named Bhupen
Hazarika Bridge.
• Barak comes from Manipur and is called Surma or Kushyara.
• The Brahmaputra is the 5th largest river of the World.
• National Parks/Wildlife Sanctuaries/Biosphere Reserves:
• Pakke National Park.
• Orang Tiger Reserve.
• Manas Biosphere Reserve.
• Dihang-Dibang Biospehre Reserve.
• Dibru-Saikhowa Biospehre Reserve.
• Keibul Lamjao National Park (Imphal river in news).
• Gomati, Tripura's longest river joins Meghna.
• Dhubri-Phulbari Bridge is the longest riverine bridge in India still under
construction.
• Rudrasagar is a Ramsar site of Tripura.

•
• Pala wetland is the largest natural wetland of Mizoram
.

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• Buxa National Park.

• Raimona National Park.
• Nameri National Park.
• Talle Wildlife Sanctuary.
• Mouling National Park.
• Namdapha National Park.
• Manas National Park.
• Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary.
• Kanchenjunga National Park.
• Nokrek National Park.
• Dampa National Park.
• Peninsular River System: (3:58 PM)

•
• Subarnarekha, Mahanadi, Bairtarni, Brahmani, Vamsadhara
• Sukapaika is one of the distributaries of Mahanadi which was earlier blocked due
to flood.
• Vamsadhara:
• It flows between Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
• Vamshadhara_Nagavalli interlinking project by the Andhra Pradesh.
• It passes through the northern Circar.
• Satakosia is a gorge through which the Mahanadi flows and is a Ramsar Site
and also has Satkosia Tiger Reserve.
• The Simplipal Biosphere Reserve of Odisha is a UNESCO-recognised
biosphere reserve.
• Chilika Lake.
• Bhitarkanika.
• Gahirmatha Wildlife Sanctuary is well known for the Olive Ridley turtle.

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• Rushikulya Delta is also known for the Olive Ridley turtle.

• Hirakud Dam is declared as a Ramsar Site.
• 1. Godavari: Nasik.
• It has only one important right-bank tributary named Manjra.
• It has 3 left-bank tributaries: Pen Ganga, Wen Ganga, and Wardha.
• All the three merge to form Pranhita.
• Nandur Madhukeshwar is a Ramsar site on Godavari.
• Kalleshwaram is a lift-irrigation project.
• Indravati is known for Chitrakoot Waterfall.
• 2. Krishna: Mahabaleshwar.
• 3. Tungabhadra:
• Right-bank tributaries: The Ghatprabha, the Malprabha, and the Tungabhadra.
• Left-bank tributaries: The Bhima, the Musi, and the Munneru.
• The major Hydro Power stations in the basin are Koyna, Tungabhadara,
SriSailam, Nagarjuna Sagar, Almatti, Naryanpur, and Bhadra.
• Srisailam Tiger Reserve is the largest tiger Reserve in India.
• Mandovi River has a Dudhsagar waterfall.
• Mandovi River has Kadasa and Banduri as its tributaries.
• Cardamom Hills: Vaigai.
• 4. Kaveri:
• The Kaveri rises in the Brahmagiri hills of the Kogadu district in Karnataka.
• In Karnataka the river bifurcates twice, forming the sacred islands
of Srirangapatnam (last Anglo-Mysore war was fought here)
and Sivasamudram.
• Hogennekkal Falls is found here.
• Srirangam Island is also formed by this river.
• On the Kaveri branch lies the Grand Anicut said to have been constructed by a
Chola King in 1st Century A.D.
• Silent Valley National Park is found here.
• Tributaries: Arkavathy, Shimsha, Hemavati, Kapila, Shimsha, Honnuhole,
Amaravati, Lakshmana Kabini, Lokapavani, Bhavani, Noyyal, and Tirtha.
• Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve is located in this region.
• Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve.
• 5. Luni:
• It flows from Sambhar Lake, a Ramsar site.

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• It drains into Kutch.

• The Great Rann of Kutch is the largest Biosphere Reserve in India.
• 6. Sabarmati:
• Thol Lake is declared a Ramsar Site.
• 7. Narmada:
• It originates in Amarkantak.
• Wadhavan Wetland is a recently declared Ramsar site.
• India's largest reservoir Indra Sagar is on this river.
• 8. Tapi:
• It originates in Beitul.
• The entire region is a biosphere reserve named Panchmarhi Biosphere
Reserve.
• Locations in News at World level: (4:45 PM)
• Netzarim Corridor:
• It is made by Israel to pass through the Gaza Strip.
• It is also known as Route 749.
• Rafah Crossing: It is a crossing from Gaza to Egypt.
• Erez: It is also in Gaza.
• Dagestan: Russia
• Karakalpakstan.
• North Macedonia.
• Vale dp Javari (Amazon Forest)
• Nicaragua
• Paraguay
• Poyang Lake
• Bosnia
• Croatia
• Oder River

NOTE: The Map syllabus concluded.

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