Calculus
23MAT107
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Functions and their
Graphs
Sections 1.3 and 1.5
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Objectives
➢ Function
➢ Motivation
➢ Domain
➢ Range
➢ Transformations of graphs
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What is a Function?
A Unique Mapping Like a Machine Predictable Relationships
Functions model
A function is a rule you feed in a value, predictable
that assigns exactly and the function relationships, allowing
one output to each gives one specific us to understand how
input. result. one quantity depends
on another.
Motivation
Predicting Student Exam Scores
Predicting student exam scores based on their
study hours using a simple linear model.
The Function:
f(hours) = 5 × hours + 40
• Input (Domain): Number of hours studied ( 0 to 10 hours).
• Output (Range): Predicted exam score (40 to 90 marks).
If a student studies for 4 hours, the predicted
score is: f(4) = (5 × 4) + 40 = 20 + 40 = 60 marks
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Visualizing Domain and Range on a Graph Motivation
Graph Showing Anomalies Motivation
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Motivation
Why Graphs Matter:
Spotting Anomalies in Data
Graphs are powerful tools for identifying anomalies or outliers—
Anomalies: Data points that deviate significantly from the
expected pattern.
Causes: Data entry errors, Missed data etc.
Performance Gaps: Points consistently below the expected
trend might indicate an efficiency improvement or misconfiguration.
Quick Detection: Visual inspection allows for rapid
detection of these discrepancies, which might be missed in raw data.
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Motivation
House Price Prediction as
a Function
Predicting house prices can be regarded as a function.
• Input: Distinct features of a house :- total area in square
feet, number of bedrooms, balcony and age.
• Output: Predicted market price of that house
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Motivation
Why Functions, Domain, Range, Graphs Matters
To build robust and efficient systems.
Functions as Models Domain & Range Clarity Anomaly Detection
Domain ensures that your model Spotting anomalies is crucial for
Functions allow us to precisely
only processes valid inputs, refining models, identifying data
model and predict real-world
preventing errors and nonsensical quality issues, and understanding
phenomena
results. exceptional cases in your datasets.
Range helps you set clear
expectations for the outputs of
your function, helps in system
design and error handling.
Graph Transformations: Seeing How
Functions Change
Translations (Horizontal/ Vertical Shift)
Dilations (Stretches or shrinks)
Reflections (About x-axis or y-axis)
Practical Example:
❑ In computer graphics
and game development
❑ Augmented reality and
Image processing
GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS
1) Identity function f(x) = x
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is all real numbers.
• Increases from (−∞, ∞).
• Symmetric about the origin.
GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS
• 2) Absolute value function
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is [0, ∞).
• Decreasing on (−∞, 0) and
increasing on (0, ∞).
• Symmetric over the y-axis
GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS
3) Quadratic function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is only nonnegative real
numbers, [0, ∞).
• Decreasing over (−∞, 0) and
increasing on (0, ∞).
• Symmetric over the y-axis.
GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS
4) Cubic function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is all real numbers.
• Increasing on (−∞, ∞).
• Symmetric about the origin.
GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS
1
5) Reciprocal function 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥
• Domain is all real numbers
except 0, {x | x ≠ 0}.
• Range is all real numbers except
0, {y | y ≠ 0}.
• Decreasing on (−∞, 0) and (0,
∞).
• Symmetric about the origin and
over the lines y = x and y = −x.
GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS
6) Square root function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
• Domain is 0 or greater, [0, ∞).
• Range is 0 or greater, [0, ∞).
• Increasing on (0, ∞).
• No symmetry.
GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS
7) cube root function 𝑓 𝑥 = 3
𝑥
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is all real numbers.
• Increasing over (−∞, ∞).
• Symmetric about the origin.
Function or Not a function?
To determine whether or not a graph is a function, you can use the vertical line test.
Vertical Line Test: If any vertical line intersects a graph more than once, then that
graph is NOT a function.
a) Not a Function, vertical line test fails (b) Function, pass vertical line test
Function or Not a function?
Problems:
1. A relation is ANY set of ordered pairs. State the domain and range of each relation,
then tell whether or not the relation is a function.
Function or Not? Function or Not?
Domain: Domain:
Range: Range:
Function or Not a function?
Problems:
1. A relation is ANY set of ordered pairs. State the domain and range of each relation,
then tell whether or not the relation is a function.
Function or Not? Yes Function or Not? No
Two different outputs when x = 4
Domain: {-3, 4, 2} Domain: {4, 9, -9}
Range: {0, 2, -6} Range: {-2, 2, -3}
Function or Not a function?
Function or Not? Function or Not?
Domain: Domain:
Range: Range:
Function or Not a function?
Function or Not? Function or Not?
No, vertical line test fails Yes
Domain: [-5, 5] Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: [-5, 5] Range: (−∞, 5]
Domain Restricions
Find the Domain and Range of the following Functions
𝒚= 𝟒−𝒙
Domain:
[−∞, 𝟒)
Range:
[𝟎, ∞)
Find the Domain and Range of the following Functions
𝒚= 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
Domain:
[−𝟏, 𝟏]
Range:
[𝟎, 𝟏]
Transformations:
A transformation is a stretch/shrink, a reflection, or simple movement of a
parent function horizontally or vertically
Vertical Shift
Parent graph
Shift 4 units up
Shift 4 units down
Remark: For vertical shift, x remains the
same but y changes.
Remark: For vertical shift, x remains the same but y changes.
Horizontal Shift
Parent graph
Shift 4 units right
Shift 4 units left
Remark: For Horizontal shift, x changes
but y remains the same.
Remark: For Horizontal shift, x changes but y remains the same.
Vertical Stretches or compressions
𝐅𝐨𝐫, 𝒄>𝟏
1) 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒇(𝒙)
Stetches the graph of 𝒇 vertically by a factor of 𝒄
𝟏
2) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒄
Compresses the graph of 𝒇 vertically by a factor of 𝒄
Vertical Stretch
Parent graph
Vertical stretch by a
factor of 4 units
Vertical stretch by a
factor of 9 units
Remark: For vertical stretch, x remains
the same but y changes
Remark: For vertical stretch, x remains the same but y changes
Vertical Compression
Parent graph
Vertical compression
by a factor of 4 units
Vertical compression
by a factor of 9 units
Remark: For vertical compression, x
remains the same but y changes
Remark: For vertical compression, x remains the same but y changes
𝐅𝐨𝐫, 𝒄>𝟏
1) 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒇(𝒙)
Stetches the graph of 𝒇 vertically by a factor of 𝒄
𝟏
2) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒄
Compresses the graph of 𝒇 vertically by a factor of 𝒄
Horizontal Stretches or compressions
𝐅𝐨𝐫, 𝒄>𝟏
3) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒄𝒙)
Compresses the graph of 𝒇 horizontally by a factor of 𝒄
𝒙
4) 𝒚 = 𝒇
𝒄
Stretches the graph of 𝒇 horizontally by a factor of 𝒄
Horizontal Stretch
Parent graph
Horizontal stretch by a
factor of 4 units
Same effect as vertical
compression by a factor of
16 units
Horizontal stretch by a
factor of 9 units
Same effect as vertical
compression by a factor of 81
units
Remark: For Horizontal stretch, x changes but y remains the same
Remark: For Horizontal stretch, x changes but y remains the same
Horizontal Compression
Parent graph
Horizontal compression by a
factor of 2 units
Same effect as vertical stretch
by a factor of 4 units
Horizontal compression by
a factor of 3 units
Same effect as vertical stretch
by a factor of 9 units
Remark: For Horizontal compression, x changes but y remains the same
Remark: For Horizontal compression, x changes but y remains the same
𝐅𝐨𝐫, 𝒄>𝟏
3) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒄𝒙)
Compresses the graph of 𝒇 horizontally by a factor of 𝒄
𝒙
4) 𝒚 = 𝒇
𝒄
Stretches the graph of 𝒇 horizontally by a factor of 𝒄
Reflection across the x-axis or y-axis
𝐅𝐨𝐫, 𝒄 = −𝟏
5) 𝒚 = −𝒇(𝒙)
Reflects the graph of 𝒇 across the x-axis
6) 𝒚 = 𝒇(−𝒙)
Reflects the graph of 𝒇 across the y-axis
Reflection about x-axis and y-axis
Parent graph
Reflection across x axis
Reflection across y axis
Remark: For Reflection about x axis, x remains the same but y changes
Remark: For Reflection about y axis, x changes but y remains the same.
Summary
Summary
Summary
Extra Problems
7. 8. 9.
Extra Problems
Extra Problems
Extra Problems
Ans:
𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥+4 −5 Ans:
𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 − 2 + 3
2
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥+4 −5 2
𝑔 𝑥 =− 𝑥−2 +3
Ans:
𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥−2 −3 Ans:
3 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 −𝑥 − 1
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥−2 −3
3
𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑥 −1
Extra Problems
Ans: Ans:
𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥+3 +6 𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 + 3
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥+3 +6 𝑔 𝑥 =− 𝑥+3
Ans:
𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 − 7 Ans:
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 −𝑥 + 4
𝑔 𝑥 =− 𝑥−7
𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑥 + 4
