Alexandre Sarmento Guilundo

Clark Zacarias Manhique

Frimildo António Chilaule

Isaquiel Eugénio

Bachelor's Degree in Physics Education

1st Year Group A

GENERAL PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE

THEME:

Research techniques

OBSERVATION GUIDE

(FROM SCHOOL)

(Research Instruments)

Pedagogical University of Maputo

Maputo November 4, 2021

 Alexandre Sarmento Guilundo

Clark Zacarias Manhique

Frimildo António Chilaule

Isaquiel Eugénio

Bachelor's Degree in Physics Education

1st Year Group A

GENERAL PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE

THEME:

OBSERVATION GUIDE

(School Physics)
The present work in the practices chair
Pedagogical activities were conducted in a group for

evaluation effects,

By the teacher:

Dr. Albino Timóteo

Pedagogical University of Maputo

Maputo, November 4, 2021

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CLASS OBSERVATION GUIDE

INDEX
1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................4

2 THEORETICAL SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................5

2.1 What is Observation?

2.2 Advantages

2.3 Disadvantages...........................................................................................................................5

2.4 Type of observations according to the circumstances: .............................................6

Types of Observation

3 OBSERVATION SCRIPT.........................................................................................................7

3.1 Considerations on the observation guide ...........................................................................7

4 PHYSICAL OBSERVATION GUIDELINES FOR THE SCHOOL....................................................................9

4.1 (SCRIPT MODEL).........................................................................................................9

4.2 BASIC CONDITIONS/ SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURES.........................................9

4.3 THE STRUCTURE OF THE SCHOOL

4.4 B. SCHOOL ORGANIZATION .....................................................................................10

4.5 C. SCHOOL SANITATION .......................................................................................11

4.6 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

5 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12

6 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES .........................................................................................13

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LESSON OBSERVATION GUIDE

1 INTRODUCTION
The present work aims to succinctly show some aspects related to the technique.
from observation, from its concept to the instrument used in an observation, in this case
an observation of a school, with an observer being a student from the pedagogical university and the
observed object at school, observation is a data collection technique of research type
quantitative and needs to be applied with mastery in order to achieve more qualitative results, it is
often used in various areas of knowledge.

Initially, we started the work by providing the theoretical summary about the highlighted subject, giving
a brief synthesis of the basic concepts of observation as well as bringing the advantages and disadvantages of
use this research technique.

The completion of this work was based on the objectives of providing a synthesis on the topic of the technique of
observation and also bring a model of the instrument that is used in the observation.

Before presenting the observation model, we reference some considerations to be taken into account
implementation and application of the observation guide. We did not forget to discuss the procedures of the
observation, the steps and how to proceed in each situation described in the procedures.

In the Observation Guide Model presented to us, it was simplified for better understanding of
subject discussed bringing only the essential points and the key points that should not be missing in
a note from a school.

For the completion of this work, we based it on and received assistance from several bibliographic works.

namely:

OBSERVATION SCRIPT (teaching and learning laboratory)

THE OBSERVATION TECHNIQUE IN MANAGEMENT STUDIES (Luciene Braz Ferreira,

Nara Torrecilha, Samara Haddad Simões Machado

Data collection techniques and research instruments

SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY: a manual for conducting research in administration (Prof.

Maxwell Ferreira de Oliveira

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CLASS OBSERVATION SCRIPT

2 THEORETICAL SUMMARY
2.1 What is Observation?

Naturalistic or ethnographic study call in which the researcher frequents the places where the
phenomena occur naturally. (Fiorentini and Lorenzato)

Observation uses the senses to obtain certain aspects of reality. It consists of seeing,
"to hear and examine facts or phenomena" (Marconi & Lakatos, 1999:90)

Data collection technique, which does not consist solely of seeing or hearing, but in examining facts or
phenomena that are desired to be studied, basic element of scientific investigation, used in research
field as a qualitative approach, which can be used in research combined with other techniques
or exclusively.

Assists the researcher in identifying and obtaining evidence regarding objectives concerning which
individuals are not aware, but that guide their behavior, subjects the researcher to a
more direct contact with reality.

The degree of the observer's participation is very relevant, as well as the duration of the observations.
it is essential to plan what and how to observe.

2.2 Advantages

Enables elements for problem delimitation;

It favors the construction of hypotheses;
It approaches the perspectives of the subjects;
Useful for discovering new aspects of a problem;
Obtaining data without interfering with the studied group.
Allows data collection in impossible communication situations;
It presents a direct and satisfactory means to study a wide variety of phenomena;
Demands less from the observer than other techniques;
It depends less on introspection or reflection;
It allows for evidence of data not included in the interview scripts or questionnaires.

2.3 Disadvantages

The presence of the researcher can provoke changes in the behavior of those being observed,
destroying their spontaneity and producing unreliable results, due to power
provoke changes in the behavior of the observed group;

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LESSON OBSERVATION SCRIPT

The observed tends to create favorable or unfavorable impressions on the researcher, favoring
personal interpretation - value judgment;
A distorted view can be generated by involvement leading to a partial representation.
from reality;
Unforeseen factors can interfere with the researcher's task;
The duration of events is variable, making data collection difficult;
Several aspects of everyday life, in particular, may not be accessible to the researcher.
If not well organized, the records may depend only on the observer's memory.
to be rescued, leading to a significant subjective or partial interpretation of the phenomenon
studied.

2.4 Modality of observations according to the circumstances:

According to the means used

Unstructured observation (Assystematic, spontaneous, informal, ordinary, simple, free,

occasional, accidental): it consists of collecting and recording facts from reality without the researcher
use special technical means;
Structured observation (Systematic, planned, controlled): uses instruments for data collection
of data or observed phenomena. The observer knows what they are looking for and what is lacking in
importance.

According to the observer's participation

Non-participant observation: the observer does not integrate into the observed community;
Participant observation: The observer incorporates into the group, blending with it.

According to the number of observations

Individual observation
Team observation

According to the place where it takes place

Observation carried out in real life (fieldwork)

Observation made in the laboratory

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LESSON OBSERVATION SCRIPT

Types of Observations:

Documentary observation
Asystematic observation
Extensive direct observation (shows, questionnaire, survey)
Intensive direct observation (interview, attitude test,
Participant observation
Team observation
Laboratory observation
Individual observation
Observation in real life
Non-participant observation
Systematic observation

According to Lakatos & Marconi (1992), intensive direct observation is a type of observation that "[...]
uses the senses to obtain certain aspects of reality. It is not just about seeing and
to listen, but also to examine facts or phenomena that one wishes to study.

Types of observation according to the participation of the observer

Participant: consists of the actual participation of the researcher with the community or

group. Generally, two forms are pointed out:

A Natural - the observer belongs to the same community or group that investigates.

The Artificial - the observer integrates into the group in order to obtain information.

Non-participant: the observer becomes acquainted with the community, group, or reality being studied, but
without integrating into it -remains outside

3 OBSERVATION GUIDELINE
(from school)

3.1 Considerations about the observation guide

1. Includes descriptors for each of the categories that guide observation and about
from which it requests that those who observe make a qualitative judgment about its importance for
characterize the observed school. Thus, observers are invited to include others

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CLASS OBSERVATION SCRIPT

descriptors that are most appropriate to describe the observed class, in each one
the 5 dimensions considered, namely:

School structure,
Basic sanitation;
security
recreational space
etc...
Judgment translates into a scale from weak to strong that aims only to identify the importance.
which is attributed to those descriptors in that school,

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CLASS OBSERVATION GUIDE

4 PHYSICAL OBSERVATION GUIDELINES OF THE SCHOOL

4.1 (SCRIPT MODEL)

This school observation guide is part of the study and evaluation of the physical conditions of a
general secondary school (GSS) in Maputo

It aims to collect data that, by cross-referencing with others, allows understanding of how it is.
physically structured of the Secondary school of the village of Namaacha.

4.2 BASIC CONDITIONS/ SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURES

Existing yes/no Observations/comments

Light/Electricity
Piped water
Sanitary installations for
students
sanitary facilities for
teachers
Services
administrative/management
Library
Classrooms (no.)
sufficient wallets for the number of students

Blackboard and chalk in classrooms

Teaching materials (e.g. maps,
planisphere, dictionaries, ...
Laboratories of sciences
equipped
Recreation/social space
students
Teachers' lounge
canteen

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LESSON OBSERVATION GUIDE

4.3 THE STRUCTURE OF THE SCHOOL

Importance (from 1 weak to 5 strong) comments

Is there a fence?
How is this wall?
How many classrooms are there in the school?

How many bathrooms are there in the

school?
How many bathrooms are for the
students?
How many bathrooms are for the
teachers?
Is there a cafeteria?
Is there a recreation area?
Is there a teachers' room?
Does the school have a library?
Another relevant descriptor in the category

4.4 B. ORGANIZATION OF THE SCHOOL

Importance (from 1 weak to 5 strong) comments

How are the rooms finding themselves?

classes?
How are the houses of
bath?

The classrooms are sufficient

for the students?

How is the cafeteria of

school

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CLASS OBSERVATION GUIDE

How is the condition of the

school lighting
How is the supply of
didactic materials
Another relevant descriptor in
category:

4.5 C. SCHOOL SANITATION

(from 1 weak to 5 strong) comments

Is there a water supply?

Are the bathrooms clean?
How often are they cleaned?
rooms?
There is an appropriate number of
cleaning staff?
Outro descriptor relevant na
category:

4.6 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

GUIDING QUESTIONS:
What particularly attracts my attention at school?
What similarities or differences do I find between the observed practice and my own practice? I have
any suggestions to make?

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CLASS OBSERVATION SCRIPT

5 CONCLUSION
During the execution of this work, we can conclude based on the observation model that
we elaborate that observation as a form of scientific research is very different from observation
vulgar, for it is an organized and systematized process despite appearing simple, accessible, and easy.
application thanks to its low level of complexity in terms of the preparation of the script
from observation to its application in any field one wishes to research and has
chosen the observation technique to proceed with our research, thus having data
quantitative and to obtain more qualitative data we can make gentle use of other techniques
to help us obtain more qualitative data.

We aim to clarify the need for a correct use of observation for obtaining
more qualitative results, as well as pointing out the steps and techniques needed for its
use, for this purpose we list some advantages and disadvantages of using this technique for
scientific research.

Still focusing on observation, this work was carried out with the objectives of showing
the summarized form or summary of observation, which is a technique widely used in scientific work, and
also show a simple observation guide.

the observation technique, The observation technique has been used in various areas of
knowledge, since it allows the researcher to extract information from groups and situations
which with other techniques would become more complex or even impossible

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LESSON OBSERVATION SCRIPT

6 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
ALVES, Rubem. Philosophy of Science: Introduction to the game and its rules. São Paulo: Loyola Publishing.
2002.

BRAZILIAN ASSOCIATION OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS. NBR 6023: information and

documentation: references: preparation. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT, 2002.

CANO, D.S; SAMPAIO I.T.A. The observation method in psychology: Considerations on the
scientific production. Interaction in Psychology, v.11, p. 199-210, 2007.

MARTINS, H. H. T. D. S. Qualitative research methodology. Education and Research, v. 30, n. 2, p.

289-300, May/August 2004.

Silveira RMH. The interview in education research: an arena of meanings. In: Costa MCV
(org.).

Investigative Paths II: other ways of thinking and doing research in education. Rio de Janeiro:
DP&A; 2002.

Benjamin A. The Help Interview. São Paulo: Martins Fontes; 1994.

Gil AC. Methods and techniques of social research. São Paulo: Atlas; 1999.

Consulted sites:

what is research.

What is observation?

types of observation as a research technique

chrome

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