Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

Ministry of Popular Power for Education.

U.E 'Rafael María Baralt'

Cabimas, Zulia.

June 25, 2021.

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

UNIT I.

Amber Oviedo
C.I: 27.511.895
Section: 33111
 Scientific method.

What is methodology?

As a methodology, it refers to the series of methods and techniques of scientific rigor.

that are systematically applied during a research process to
achieve a theoretically valid result. In this sense, the methodology
it serves as the conceptual support that governs the way we apply the
procedures in an investigation.

We can find methodology in various areas of study, such as

the teaching methodology in Education, or the legal one in Law, in the same way
As for the solution of specific problems, we can apply a series of
specific steps that, in sum, work as a methodology.

What is a method?

Method is a way, manner, or form of doing something systematically.

organized and/or structured. It refers to a technique or set of
tasks to develop a task.

What is science?

Science is referred to as all knowledge or understanding established through the

observation and the systematic and reasoned study of nature, society and the
thought.

The objective of science is to discover the laws that govern the phenomena of
reality, to understand them and explain them. From this, it follows that the function of science
is to describe, explain and predict such phenomena in order to improve human life.

Science produces scientific knowledge. This is defined as all knowledge that has
obtained through the scientific method, that is, through observation and
the systematic analysis. Consequently, scientific knowledge offers
reasoned and valid conclusions that can be tested.
What is scientific?

The adjective scientific refers to a person who has studied a science; in

particularly, a person who actively participates in a particular field of
research.

What is the scientific method?

According to Kerlinger (1981), the scientific method is described as: 'The way
systematic approach in which thinking is applied to research, and it is of a reflective nature.
When it refers to systematic, it is because it follows an ordered set of
norms and processes that man applies step by step in his reflective thinking
at the time of investigating.

The scientific method, according to Lases-Robles (2008), is a process of

experimentation that is used to explore observations and respond
questions. In this way, they are developed, tested, and either proven or refuted.
hypothesis. Although the scientific method is developed in a series of steps,
We must take into account that they can be repeated at any time.
During the process. This action of backing up and repeating is called an iterative process.

The scientific method is a research method based on observation, the

experimentation, measurement, formulation, analysis and refutation of hypotheses and the
establishment of conclusions that can give rise to theories and/or laws. It is
used in the field of science to expand and verify knowledge about a
subject.

According to Ferrater (1975), in 1874, the British economist Stanley Jevons

(1835-1882) commented in his work Principles of Science, 'Physicists speak
familiarly with the scientific method, but they could not easily describe what
they mean with that expression". Half a century later, the sociologist Stuart Rice
(1889–1969) attempted an 'inductive examination' of the definitions of the method
scientific offered in the social scientific literature. Finally, he complained about his
futility. "The number of elements in such an enumeration," he wrote, "would be
infinitely large.

The great variation in possible meanings has made the scientific method a
valuable rhetorical resource. In this regard, the scientific method has played three
functions: it has been a working tool, a bridge between the scientific world
and the secular and a brand that represents science itself. In 1928, George Gallup
(1901–1984), the founder of the Gallup consultancy, delivered a dissertation at the
University of Iowa on 'An objective method to determine interest of
"reader". Two years later, he presented an article called "A scientific method
to determine the reader's interest.
The development of a scientific method is usually divided into several stages and uses
different strategies such as analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction.

Steps of the scientific method.

The steps of the scientific method are a series of activities that are carried out
to approach a scientific research in a general way. They represent a
guide to understand how the knowledge acquisition process flows
scientific.

The steps of the scientific method may seem, at first glance, like a list of
themes that must be followed in order and in one direction. As such, there is no method
universal scientist closely followed by all researchers.

ObservationThrough sensory activity, man accounts for

phenomena that present themselves. In this first step, they are observed and
they record the phenomena of therealityIt is important to keep in mind the
objective facts and set aside subjective or personal opinions.
2. Induction and questions. The phenomena that have been observed will be able to
to have a regularity or a particularity that unites them. This observation
It awakens questions and inquiries about a fact or phenomenon.
3. HypothesisOnce the question is asked, the hypothesis is the possible.
Explanation of the question posed. This hypothesis must be able to be
empirically verified.
4.ExperimentationThe hypothesis is tested a sufficient amount of
times like to establish a regularity.
5. Demonstration. With the previous two steps, it can be determined if the
the proposed hypothesis was true, false, or irregular. In the case that the
a hypothesis that cannot be proven can formulate a new one.
6.ThesisIf the hypothesis is not refuted, as it is proven in all the
cases are elaboratedconclusionsto dictate laws and scientific theories.

Depending on the area of study, the process of the scientific method may vary.
alterations or even having sub-phases that depend on other main phases.
However, the previously presented stages still retain their
universality and application in current science.

4 simple scientific methods

Deductive method
In this system, general conclusions are drawn for particular explanations.
This method begins with the analysis of theorems, laws, postulates and
principles of universal application and proven validity, to apply them to
solutions or specific facts.

Inductive method
This journey uses reasoning to arrive at conclusions, starting from
facts previously accepted as valid. Until reaching those conclusions,
whose application is of a general nature, begins with an individual study of the
facts are established and universal conclusions are formulated that are posited as laws,
principles or foundations of a theory.

Analytical method
Through a cognitive process, a subject of study is deconstructed.
separating each of the parts of the whole to study them separately.

Synthetic method
Unlike the analytical approach, it consists of integrating the dispersed components of a
object to study them together in their entirety.

4 mixed scientific methods

Deductive - inductive method

With the integration of these two systems, a procedure is achieved that starts from
some statements as hypotheses and seeks to refute or falsify them
hypotheses, deducing from them conclusions that must be confronted with the
facts.

Analytical - synthetic method

Merge both methods. Analyze the facts of the subject of study separately.
in each of its parts (analytical) and then repeat the same process, but of
joint form (synthetic). Thus, these parts are integrated to study them.
holistic and comprehensive manner.

Hypothetical-deductive method
In this mixed method, hypotheses are posited to be refuted or
to falsify such hypotheses, deducing conclusions from them that must be confronted
with the facts.

Historical-comparative method
As its name suggests, it is a research procedure of
cultural phenomena that consist of establishing the similarity of sayings
phenomena among themselves, inferring a conclusion about their genetic relationship,
that is to say, from their common origin.

Characteristics of the scientific method.

1. Rigid. The researcher must follow the order of all the steps of
method, without altering any of them.
ObjectiveIt is based on concrete and verifiable facts, and not on
wishes,beliefsAnd opinions. It is the scientist's responsibility.
researcher to keep their subjective vision aside from theresearch.
3.Progressive. Theknowledgewhat is obtained is cumulative. They can
reaffirm or complement the research and discoveries already
existing ones, or even correct them.
4.Rational. It uses reason to make deductions and is based on thelogicy
not in opinions or beliefs.
5. Verifiable. The proposed hypothesis must be applicable and testable.
empirically through experimentation.

Perez-Cidoncha, M. (2018).

Another contribution.

The scientific method is one of the most powerful systems that humanity has created.
human to find answers to almost any question. A method that has been
profiling, adapting, and improving for centuries and has been a key piece in the
advancement of knowledge. We wouldn't be where we are without it. But also, I believe
firmly that it can also contribute to our lives much more than what we
we can imagine.

Science and the scientific method not only provide knowledge. They give us tools.
very valuable. They show us a different way of looking at the world that
surround. Realizing that we are making progress, that we are capable of solving
problems, that we find answers to our questions in daily life.
Bibliography.

History of the scientific methodWikipedia.

What are the phases of the scientific method?International University of

Valencia

Cohen M, Nagel E. Introduction to Logic and the Scientific Method. Buenos

Aires, Amorrortu Publishing, 1973.