Programming with C++
Lecturer:
Dr. Emmanuel Freeman. PhD, MSc, BSc.
Graduate Assistant:
Wonder Kwaku Susuassey (MSc.,BSc.)
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Objectives
In this week you will:
• Learn Functions, Function Declarations and
Definitions
• Learn Argument passing, default arguments,
value return, and Function Names
• Understand Function Overload and Pointer
Functions
• Learn User-Defined Functions
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Functions
• Functions in C++ are blocks of code
designed to perform specific tasks. They are
fundamental for organizing code, promoting
reusability, and making programs easier to
manage.
Types of Functions
• User-Defined Functions:
Created by programmers to perform specific
tasks.
• Standard Library Functions:
Pre-defined functions available in C++ libraries
(e.g., std::cout, std::sqrt).
Types of Functions
• Virtual Functions:
Functions in base classes that can be
overridden in derived classes, enabling
polymorphism.
• Inline Functions:
Functions where the compiler replaces the
function call with the function's code, potentially
improving performance for small functions.
Benefits of Functions
• Modularity: Break down complex programs
into smaller, manageable units.
• Reusability: Write code once and use it
multiple times.
Benefits of Functions
• Abstraction: Hide implementation details,
focusing on what the function does rather
than how it does it.
• Improved readability: Makes code easier to
understand and maintain.
Function Declaration
• Also known as a function prototype, it declares
the function's name, return type, and parameters
before the function is defined.
• It allows the compiler to verify correct function
calls.
• Syntax:
Function Declaration
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
cout << findsum(1, 2)<< endl;
return 0;
}
Function Definition
• A function definition is a function declaration in
which the body of the function is presented.
• Structure: A function definition includes a
return type, a name, a parameter list (optional),
and a body enclosed in curly braces.
Functions Definition - Structure
returnType functionName(parameter1, parameter2,
...) {
// Function body
// Statements to perform a task
return value; // Optional return statement
}
Function Definition - Keywords
• Return Type: Specifies the data type of the
value the function will return. Use if the
function doesn't return a value.
• Function Name: An identifier that uniquely
names the function.
Function Definition - Keywords
• Parameters: Input values passed to the
function, declared with their and .
• Function Body: Contains the code that
executes when the function is called.
• Return Statement: Used to send a value back
to the caller ( ).
Function Definition - Code
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
return 0;
}
Parameters
• Variables in the function definition that receive
the arguments.
• Syntax:
return_type name( ){
// Function body
return value;
}
Arguments
• Actual values passed to a function when it's
called.
• Syntax:
function_name( );
Example:
addNum(1, 2, 3);
Arguments
Other Arguments:
• References as Arguments
• Pointers as Arguments
• Arrays as Arguments
Default Arguments
• Actual values assigned to parameters during
function definition or declaration;
• Syntax:
• return_type function_name(type1
name1, type2 name2 = value)
Default Argument
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Function with default arguments
int getSum(int x, int y = 20) {
return x+y;
.....
Default Argument
.....
int main() {
cout << getSum(5) << endl;
cout << getSum(5, 15);
return 0;
}
Function Calling
• To execute a function, you call it by its name,
followed by parentheses and any required
arguments.
• Syntax:
Function Overloading
• Defining multiple functions with the same
name but different parameters.
• Used in cases where there is a need for one
function name but differences in parameters.
Function Overloading
A function in C++ can be overloaded in three
different ways:
• By having different number of parameters.
• By having different types of parameters.
• By having both different number and types of
parameters.
Function Overloading - Case 1
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
int add( ) {
return a + b + c;
}
int main(){
return 0;
}
Function Overloading - Case 2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
double add( a, b) {
return a + b;
}
int main(){
return 0;
}
Function Overloading - Case 3
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add(int a, double b) {
return a + b;
}
double add( ) {
return a + b + c;
}
int main(){
return 0;
}
Week Seven Task
1. Rewrite given assignment on GPA calculator
to use functions.
2. Will be sent to the class rep for
communication.
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