Computer Organization
• Computer:
It is a fast electronic calculating machine which
accepts the digitized input, process the data with the help
of stored programs in memory and sends the results to
the output devices or units.
• Organization:
Implementation of the architectural specifications.
( defined later again)
WORLD AS A VILLAGE
Mechatronics Applications
Syllabus in detail
CHAPTER -1
• Introduction :
1. Functional blocks of a Computer
2. Generations/ History of Computers
3. Basic operations of a CPU
4. Top level structure of a computer
• Use of Data representation
• Memory types and their importance
• Communication between components of a computer
> System Bus & bus structures
> Basic interfacing components
• Memory Read/Write Sequence
• Memory related problems & Memory allocation
• CHAPTER -2
• Important Registers of a CPU & their uses
• Performance of a CPU
• Important Control signals & Interrupts
• CHAPTER -3
• Languages and their types
• Instruction Format
• Instruction Set Architecture(ISA)
• Addressing modes
• Instruction encoding
• Types of Instructions
• Performance of CPU w.r.t cycles
• CHAPTER -4
• ALU & Datapath & Control Unit
• Amdahl’s Law
• CHAPTER -5
• Parallelism in Instructions– Instruction Pipelining Concepts
• Register Windows
Intel i9
Initial processors by Intel
• Intel 4004—4 bit µp
• Intel 8008---8 bit µp
• Intel 8080—8 bit µp
• Intel 8085--- 8 bit µp
• Intel 8086--- 16 bit µp
8088,80186,80286,80386(32 bit µp)
Pentium,…..Dual core,….i3(Dual core)
i5, i7(64 bit µp)---Quad core i.e 4 CPU’s in a
single chip or IC
• Depending on how data is stored in the
memory , there are two types of architectures
1. Von-Neumann or Princeton architecture
2. Harvard architecture
Computer Architecture Vs Organization
• Computer Architecture:
It refers to the attributes of a system that are visible
to the programmer and has direct impact on the program
execution. In other words, it is the structure and behavior
of the computer when a programmer works at the
assembly level. It includes --- Instruction set, data formats
& addressing modes as well as general design of CPU,
main memory & I/O subsystems
• Computer Organization:
It refers to the implementation of the computer like
logical and physical design techniques or It refers to the
operational units and their interconnections that realize the
architectural specifications
• Implementation includes---
1. Organization
a. Memory systems
b. Memory interconnections &
c. Design of CPU as per the requirement.
2. Hardware: Specification of a computer like detailed logic
design and Packaging technology
Memory classification
• 1. Primary memory:
Which can be directly accessed by the CPU.
Ex: RAM, ROM
• 2. Secondary memory:
Which can not be directly accessed by the CPU.
Ex: CD, DVD, Hard Disk
Secondary memory
Magnetic FD HD CD DVD BRD
tape
RAM- Random Access Memory
• Also known as Read /write or temporary or volatile memory
• Data is present 0nly with the supply of power
SRAM DRAM
Data storage Flip flops are used, bit is Data is stored as Charge
between GATE to substrate of
stored as voltage
a MOS Transistor. As the
charge may leak off, it must
be refreshed frequently.
Each Memory cell 3 - 6 transistors one transistor
has
Density or storage less More
capacity
Speed Faster than DRAM, I.e low Slow in operation
access time
Cost and power More Less
consumption
• Cache Memory:
LEVEL 2 CACHE
LEVEL 1 CACHE
Main
SDFHH
4KB memory
• Used to store frequently used data and instructions.
• Used between Processor and main memory
• LEVEL 1 CACHE--- < 64KB
• LEVEL 2 CACHE -- < 2MB
• Memory Hierarchy:
• Speed & Cost Capacity
Register
Memory
CACHE MEMORY
PRIMARY MEMORY
SECONDARY MEMORY
Definitions regarding memory
• Memory Word: Smallest unit of information that can be accessed from
memory. Ex: 8 bits/16 bits/32 bits.
• Memory access time: It is the time elapsed between initiation of an
operation and completion of that operation.
• Memory cycle time: It is the minimum time delay between initiation of
two successive memory operations.
Ex: between two read or two operations.
• Memory Allocation:
• Word addressable memory: Successive memory addresses indicate
memory words ( irrespective of the word length).
• Byte addressable memory: Every byte of memory word is given a
unique address.
Types: 1. Little endian assignment Lower address to lower byte
2. Big endian assignment Lower address to higher byte
