ECE362 ELECTRICAL MACHINES II
Units: 3
1. Schedule and Contact Information
Instructor: Dr. Olalekan OGUNBIYI
Office Hours: Monday (12:00–01:00 PM) & Thursday (12:00–2:00 PM)
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 07030305327
Lectures: Once a week, 2 hours on Monday, 10:00 AM–12:00 PM @ FETLR
Tutorials: Once a week, 1 hour on Thursday, 2:00–3:00 PM @ LR 6
2. Introduction
Electrical Machines II builds upon the fundamental concepts introduced in Electrical
Machines I, with a more advanced focus on rotating alternating current (AC)
machines—specifically, synchronous and induction machines. This course provides
a thorough exploration of the principles that govern the operation of these machines,
including electromagnetic induction, torque production, and magnetic field
interactions. Students will engage in detailed modelling and analysis of machine
behaviours under various loads and operational conditions, gaining a strong
theoretical foundation essential for understanding machine dynamics. The course
also examines performance characteristics, efficiency, and control strategies,
highlighting how rotating machines function in real-world applications. By the end of
the course, students will have acquired both the analytical skills and practical
knowledge needed for advanced studies, research, or professional work in electrical
engineering and related fields.
3. Objectives
By the end of this course, students will be able to:
i. Understand the operating principles of synchronous and induction
machines.
ii. Analyze the performance and characteristics of rotating AC machines.
iii. Explain the starting methods and speed control of AC motors.
iv. Integrate AC machines with electronic drive systems.
v. Solve real-world engineering problems involving rotating electrical machines
and drives.
4. Course Teaching Methods
i. Lectures: Theoretical foundation and technical details
ii. Tutorials: Guided problem-solving and clarifications
iii. Laboratory Sessions: Practical exposure to AC machines and drives
iv. Assignments: Independent study and technical analysis
v. Group Projects: Collaborative application of concepts
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5. Course Outline
1. Synchronous Machines I
✓ Review of magnetic circuits and transformer concepts
✓ Classification of AC machines
✓ Comparison between synchronous and asynchronous machines
✓ Construction and working principle
✓ EMF equation
✓ Phasor diagrams and operation under load
2. Synchronous Machines II
✓ Voltage regulation and testing
✓ Parallel operation of alternators
✓ Applications and power factor control
3. Induction Machines I
✓ Construction and principle of operation
✓ Types: squirrel cage and wound rotor
✓ Equivalent circuit and phasor diagram
4. Induction Machines II
✓ Torque-speed characteristics
✓ Starting methods and efficiency
✓ Applications of induction motors
5. Electric Drives I
✓ Introduction to electric drives
✓ Components and types of drive systems
✓ Speed control of induction motors (V/f control, pole changing)
6. Electric Drives II
✓ Synchronous motor drives
✓ Drive selection and application scenarios
✓ Regenerative braking and energy saving
7. Special Topics and Review
✓ Industrial applications and case studies
✓ Review for final exam
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6. Instructional Materials
Textbooks:
✓ Electric Machinery Fundamentals by Stephen J. Chapman
✓ Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems by Theodore Wildi
✓ Electric Machinery and Transformers by Bhag S. Guru and Huseyin R.
Hiziroglu
✓ Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems by Paul C. Krause, Oleg
Wasynczuk, and Scott D. Sudhoff
✓ Control of Electrical Drives by Werner Leonhard
Additional Materials:
• Lecture slides and notes
• Laboratory manuals
• Multimedia resources and technical articles
7. Evaluation
Continuous Assessment (30%)
• Assignments: 10%
• Quizzes: 5%
• Tests: 15%
Final Examination (70%)
• Comprehensive coverage of course material
8. Additional Notes
• Attendance is mandatory for lectures, tutorials, and labs.
• Late submission of assignments will attract penalties.
• Active class participation is highly encouraged.
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ELECTRICAL MACHINE II
Definition:
According to IEEE, an electrical machine is defined as a device that converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy, or electrical energy to mechanical
energy, through the interaction of magnetic fields and electric currents. Electrical
machines operate on the principle of electromagnetic induction, where either a
magnetic field or an electric current is used to induce the other form of energy.
These machines include generators, which convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy, and motors, which convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
Electrical machines play a critical role in various applications, including power
generation, industrial machinery, transportation systems, and consumer
electronics.
An electrical machine is an electromechanical device that facilitates the
conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy or vice versa through the
interaction of magnetic fields and electric currents.
Unlike simple electrical components such as transformers or relays, which
primarily manipulate electrical signals or act as switches, electrical machines
involve dynamic mechanical motion. This motion is induced by the forces
generated through electromagnetic principles, enabling work to be done (e.g.,
rotation or movement).
Electrical machines include motors (which convert electrical energy to
mechanical energy) and generators (which convert mechanical energy to
electrical energy). The fundamental components of these machines—such as the
stator, rotor, and sometimes a commutator—work in conjunction to facilitate
energy transformation, playing a crucial role in applications ranging from
industrial drives, power generation, and transportation to consumer electronics
(Krause, P.C., Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems, 2002; Hughes,
A., Electrical and Electronic Technology, 2013).
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CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
A: Generators
DC Generators
1. Separately Excited DC Generator
Example: ABB DMI DC Generator
Description: High-performance DC generator suitable for industrial
applications. ([PDF] SALIENT POLE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE MODELLING
IN AN ...)
2. Shunt DC Generator
Example: Genteq 5KCP39PG
Description: Commonly used in HVAC systems and other applications
requiring stable voltage.
3. Series DC Generator
Example: Leroy-Somer LSK Series
Description: Designed for applications requiring high starting torque.
(Stepper Motors Basics: Types, Uses, and Working Principles)
4. Compound DC Generator
Example: Siemens 1GG6 Series
Description: Combines features of shunt and series generators for improved
performance. (DC Motor - Definition, Working, Types, and FAQs - BYJU'S)
AC Generators (Alternators)
1. Salient Pole Alternator
Example: GE Renewable Energy 60Hz Hydro Generators
Description: Suitable for low-speed applications like hydroelectric power
plants.
2. Non-salient (Cylindrical) Pole Alternator
Example: Siemens SGen-100A Series
Description: Designed for high-speed applications such as steam and gas
turbines.
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B: Motors
DC Motors
1. Separately Excited DC Motor
Example: Baldor CDP3440
Description: Offers precise speed control, ideal for industrial machinery.
2. Shunt DC Motor
Example: Leeson 108009.00
Description: Provides constant speed under varying loads, used in conveyors
and fans.
3. Series DC Motor
Example: Dayton 2M145
Description: High starting torque motor, commonly used in cranes and
hoists.
4.Compound DC Motor
Example: WEG W22 Series
Description: Combines advantages of shunt and series motors, suitable for
elevators and presses. (DC Motor - Definition, Working, Types, and FAQs -
BYJU'S)
AC Motors
1. Synchronous Motors
i. Non-salient Pole Motor
Example: ABB AMS Series
Description: Used in high-speed applications like compressors and
fans.
ii. Salient Pole Motor
Example: GE 5BYA Series
Description: Suitable for low-speed, high-torque applications such as
pumps and mills.
2. Asynchronous (Induction) Motors
i. Single-phase Induction Motor
Example: Oriental Motor KII Series
Description: Commonly used in household appliances and small
machinery.
ii. Three-phase Induction Motor
Example: Siemens SIMOTICS GP
Description: Widely used in industrial applications for their
robustness and efficiency.
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C: Other Special Types of Electrical Machines
1. Stepper Motor
Example: NEMA 17 Stepper Motor by Adafruit
Description: Used in 3D printers, CNC machines, and robotics for precise
positional control without feedback.
2. Brushless DC Motor (BLDC)
Example: Maxon EC-i 40 BLDC Motor
Description: High-efficiency and reliable motor commonly used in drones,
electric vehicles, and industrial equipment.
3. Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM)
Example: Nidec SR Motor Technology Overview
Description: Robust and simple design, widely used in industrial drives and
automotive electric vehicle powertrains.
4. Linear Motor
Example: Hiwin LMX1 Series Linear Motor
Description: Provides direct linear motion without mechanical
transmission; used in semiconductor, robotics, and precision automation
machinery.
5. Servo Motor
Example: Yaskawa Sigma-7 Servo Motors
Description: High-precision motor with fast response time, widely used in
robotics, CNC machines, and automation systems.
6. Hysteresis Motor
Example: Hurst Hysteresis Synchronous Motors
Description: Provides smooth, silent, constant-speed operation; ideal for
audio turntables, scientific instruments, and precision clocks.
7. Universal Motor
Example: Bosch GWS 600 Angle Grinder (Amazon)
Description: Series motor that operates on both AC and DC; used in
handheld tools like grinders, drills, and portable appliances.
8. Traction Motor
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Example: Siemens ELFA3 Traction Motor System
Description: Heavy-duty electric motor used for propulsion in electric
trains, metros, and electric buses.
9. Solid State Transformer (SST)
Example: ABB Power Electronics Solid-State Transformer
Description: Advanced transformer allowing voltage conversion, integration
with smart grids, and high-efficiency renewable systems.
10. Induction Generator (Asynchronous Generator)
Example: WEG HGF Series Induction Generators
Description: Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy without
external excitation; commonly used in wind turbines.
11. Electronic Transformer (for Electronics Circuits)
Example: Mean Well ELP-75 Series Power Supply (220V to 12V)
Description: Compact, solid-state transformer used to step down voltage
for low-power electronic devices.
12. Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
Example: Siemens Gamesa DFIG Wind Turbines
Description: Special induction generator enabling variable-speed wind
turbine operation via rotor control.
13. Axial Flux Motor
Example: YASA P400 Series Motor
Description: Compact, lightweight motor with high torque density, ideal for
electric cars, motorcycles, and aviation.
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D: Other Electrical Devices
There are several electrical devices that, although they operate based on
electromagnetic principles and may involve some mechanical action. While these
devices may perform vital electrical functions (e.g., signal control, power regulation,
protection), they do not convert energy between mechanical and electrical forms,
and thus cannot be classified as electrical machines according to the IEEE definition.
Here is a list of some such devices:
1. Transformers:
Transformers transfer electrical energy between circuits through electromagnetic
induction by changing voltage levels (up or down) without involving mechanical
motion. It does not perform any mechanical work or involve any mechanical
movement; it is a static device that only manipulates electrical signals.
Types of Transformers
a. Power Transformer
Example: ABB Power Transformers
Description: Used in transmission networks to step-up or step-down voltage
levels.
b. Distribution Transformer
Example: Siemens Distribution Transformers
Description: Supplies power to residential and commercial areas.
c. Instrument Transformers
i. Current Transformer (CT)
Example: GE ITI Current Transformers
Description: Measures high currents by producing a reduced current
proportional to the current in the circuit.
ii. Potential Transformer (PT)
Example: Siemens Voltage Transformers
Description: Steps down high voltages to lower levels for metering and
protection.
2. Relays:
Relays are used for switching electrical circuits on or off through an
electromagnetic coil that activates mechanical contacts. While a relay uses
electromagnetic forces to operate a mechanical switch, it does not convert
electrical energy to mechanical energy for doing useful work (like moving a load).
It is simply a control device.
3. Capacitors:
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Capacitors store electrical energy in an electric field and release it when needed,
helping with power factor correction or filtering in electrical systems. It does not
involve mechanical motion; it stores and releases electrical energy, but does not
convert it into mechanical energy.
4. Inductors:
Inductors store energy in a magnetic field when electrical current flows through
them, used mainly in filtering and inductive reactance in circuits. It only
influences the behavior of electrical signals by providing inductive reactance and
does not convert energy between electrical and mechanical forms.
5. Circuit Breakers:
Circuit breakers automatically interrupt electrical circuits to prevent overloads or
short circuits by using mechanical motion controlled by an electromagnet. Like
relays, they use mechanical action to interrupt circuits, but they do not convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy or vice versa; they are protection
devices.
6. Fuses:
Fuses are designed to protect circuits by breaking the electrical connection if
excessive current flows through them, typically by melting a wire. A fuse is a one-
time protection device that does not involve mechanical energy conversion; it
merely protects against overloads by breaking the circuit.
7. Magnetic Contactors:
Magnetic contactors are electromechanical devices used for switching electrical
circuits on and off, often used in motor control. Though they control motors, they
do not convert energy from one form to another. They merely switch circuits,
using a mechanical relay to open or close contacts.
8. Solid-State Devices (e.g., Thyristors, Diodes, MOSFETs):
These are semiconductor devices that control the flow of electrical current in
circuits. These devices do not involve mechanical motion; they control electrical
energy without converting it into mechanical work.
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POLYPHASE MACHINES
Polyphase machines are electrical devices including motors, generators, and
transformers that operate using polyphase power, typically three-phase alternating
current (AC). These machines are designed to work with multiple AC voltages that are
out of phase with each other by a fixed angle, most commonly 120 degrees in three-
phase systems. Polyphase machines are widely used in industrial and commercial
applications because they offer advantages such as smoother operation, higher
efficiency, and better torque characteristics compared to single-phase machines.
Electricity for polyphase machines is generated at power stations using alternators,
also known as synchronous generators. These alternators are constructed with
three sets of stator windings placed 120 degrees apart around the stator core. As the
rotor spins — driven by a prime mover such as a steam turbine, gas turbine, or water
turbine — alternating voltages are induced in each of the stator windings. The
voltages produced are equal in magnitude but separated by a 120-degree phase
difference, resulting in a balanced three-phase system.
This three-phase output is then directly supplied to polyphase machines such as
induction motors, synchronous motors, and power transformers. These
machines are specifically designed to utilize the characteristics of polyphase power
for efficient and reliable performance, making them critical components in modern
electric power systems.
Advantages of Polyphase Machines to a Single-Phase Machines
S/N Feature Polyphase Machines Single-phase Machines
o.
1 Starting Self-starting (no special Not self-starting (needs extra
mechanism needed) start-up aid like capacitors or
auxiliary windings)
2 Torque Produces constant torque Torque pulsates (vibrates) and
can cause noise
3 Efficiency Higher efficiency (less energy Lower efficiency (higher losses)
loss)
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4 Power Output Higher power output for the Limited power output for the
same size of machine same size
5 Vibration and Runs more smoothly and More vibration and noise due to
Noise quietly torque pulsation
6 Size and More compact for the same Larger and heavier for the same
Weight power rating output
7 Maintenance Usually lower maintenance May require more frequent
needs maintenance
8 Application Suitable for industrial heavy- Mostly for household, small
Range duty applications (fans, machinery (fans, mixers,
pumps, compressors, large washing machines)
motors)
9 Cost Initially higher installation Cheaper for small loads
cost (needs 3-phase supply)
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