NCMB 311 Week 1 -"a scientific process that validates and

refines existing knowledge and generates

INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH new knowledge that directly and indirectly
ORIGIN OF RESEARCH: influences clinical nursing practice.

•French term "RECHERCHER" which means Nursing Research (Waltz And Bausell,
"to seek out" or "to search closely." 2001):

•The term evolved into "RESEARCH" in -a formal, rigorous and intensive process
English used for solutions to nursing problems or to
discover and interpret new facts and trends in
•Reflecting the emphasis on systematic clinical practice, nursing education, nursing
inquiry and the pursuit of knowledge administration or informatics.

RE – again Nursing research (houser, 2008):

SEARCH - seek; examine -”rigorous guidelines to produce unbiased,

trustworthy answers to questions about
Research (boswell & cannon, 2007)
nursing practice”.
- is a methodic examination that uses
Treece and treece(1973): is an attempt to
regimented techniques to solve problems or
gain solutions to problems. It is the collection
decipher dilemmas.
of data in a rigorously controlled situation for
(Schmidt & Brown, 2009) the purpose of prediction or explanation.

-underscored the importance of the National Center For Nursing Research

systematic approach and replicability. (Ncnr):

(Polit & Beck, 2008) "the testing of knowledge that can be used to
guide nursing practice.”
-is a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined
methods to answer question or solve Philippine Nurses Association (1963):
problems. The ultimate goal of research is to
-"research is an honest, scientific
develop, refine and expand the body of
investigation undertaken for the purpose of
knowledge
discovering new facts which will contribute to
Nursing research: the present body of knowledge and can lead
to an effective solution of existing problems. It
-is defined as a formal, systematic, rigorous involves careful or critical thinking to revise or
and intensive process used for solutions to revalidate accepted conclusions and
nursing problems or to discover and interpret previously held concepts or to establish
new facts and trends in clinical practice, generalizations or principles."
nursing education, nursing administration or
informatics. NURSING RESEARCH CONTINUUM :

Nursing Research (Nieswiadomy, 2008):  Problem or issues

 Testing of solution or intervention
-systematic, objective process of analyzing  Refinement theory
phenomena of importance to nursing.
New knowledge derived from the conduct of
Burns And Grove (2007): research study.
 REASONS OF LACK OF CLINICAL
RESEARCH :
Clinical nursing research
1. Unless the importance of research is felt
• "research designed to generate knowledge and recognized, nurses may not be able to
to guide nursing practice and to improve the identify researchable problems.
health and quality of life of nurses' clients"
(Polit & Beck, 2008). 2. Many nurses do not have the academic
training needed to feel confident in doing
• It is research that is undertaken to produce clinical research.
knowledge that will affect the conduct of
nursing practice (Nieswiadomy, 2008). 3. Unless administrators are research
oriented, the nursing staff feels futility of
REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING CLINICAL support for nursing research. Thus, no
RESEARCH : motivation to pursue any form of research.
1. Nursing problems and issues which are 4. Research takes time and time costs
integral to the work situation. money. Without sufficient fund research may
2. Personal satisfaction derived from finding not be conducted due to lack of resources..
better ways of providing nursing care. NURSING RESEARCH VERSUS
3. No one has greater access to the client RESEARCH IN NURSING: "NURSING
than the nurse. So who else will do research RESEARCH
in nursing? It could be therapeutic and -refers to research done on addressing the
enjoyable for health concerns of client and the application
4. the client to participate in clinical research. of research on their care.”
Clinical research is a practical way for a RESEARCH IN NURSING
nurse to help improve the health care of the
sick and well individuals. -refers to studies on the particular concerns
of nurses themselves.”
REASONS OF LACK OF CLINICAL
RESEARCH : 1. An exploratory study of mothering for teens
with Attention Deficit Disorder. ➔ Nursing
1. Nurses tend to feel they are “too busy
Research
taking care of their patients.”
2. Leadership and management styles of
2. Unless the nurse has the academic training
nurse leaders in selected Metro Manila
in theoretical conceptualization, research may
hospitals. ➔ Research in Nursing
not seem important.
3. Disengagement behaviors of adult children
3. The ethical requirements of research are
toward their elderly parents. ➔ Nursing in
difficult to comply with and tend to scare
Research
would-be researchers. The requirement to
obtain administrative-patient-relative 4. Development of a nursometric (nursing
research. approval for research may deter measurement) instrument for use in
some researchers. Fear of harming patient is quantifying diet change patterns among
also a hindrance to some researchers. women in their 40s ➔ Nursing in Research

5. Job satisfaction and acculturation of

Filipino nurses in Australia. ➔ Research in
Nursing
6. Performance of nursing graduates from 12. Develops considerable degree of
Manila and other regions in the licensure confidence.
exams in 2009-2011. ➔ Research in Nursing
PURPOSE OF NURSING RESEARCH:
GOALS OF NURSING RESEARCH:
IDENTIFICATION
1. Provide Efficient and Effective Nursing
DESCRIPTION
Care
EXPLORATION
2. Promote the Worth and Value of the
Nursing Profession to Society EXPLANATION
3. Identify, Implement and Evaluate Effective PREDICT & CONTROL
Health Care Modalities
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:
4. Utilize Clinical Nursing Research as
evidence based data to provide Quality Care CONTROL
to Clients
ORDERLY AND SYSTEMATIC
1. Gathers data or information on nursing
GENERALIZATION
situations or conditions about which little
knowledge is available. INTENSIVE
2. Provides scientific knowledge base from CLASSIFICATION OF NURSING
which nursing theories emerge and develop. RESEARCH:
3. Helps correct, clarify, validate and expand  Approach
perceptions.  Measurement & Data Analysis
 Time Frame
4. Provides theoretical and scientific basis for
 Motive or Objective
nursing practice.
 Research Environment
5. Defines parameters of nursing and
Approach
identifies its boundaries.
 Experimental
6. Documents the social relevance and
 Non Experimental
efficacy of nursing practice to people and
 Quasi Experimental
health care providers.
 Combined
7. Describes the characteristics of the nursing
Measurement & Data Analysis
situation about which little is known.
 Quantitative
8. Predicts probable outcomes of nursing
 Qualitative
decisions in relation to client care.
 Combined
9. Provides knowledge for purposes of
problem solving and decision making.
Time Frame
10. Develops and evaluates nursing theories
and concepts and practices these for clarity  Longitudinal
and validity of nursing actions.  Cross Sectional
 Retrospective
11. Prevents undesirable client reactions.
Motive or Objective
  Basic Research Three types of knowledge
 Applied Research
 Historical 1. Propositional knowledge - it includes
the knowledge of theories, facts and
Research Environment laws. For example, when we say we
know each chord on a guitar denotes a
 Field Research musical note we are speaking of
 Laboratory Research propositional knowledge
 Clinical Research 2. Procedural knowledge or the
ROLE OF NURSES IN RESEARCH: knowledge of how to do something
- this type of knowledge can be
 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR developed through doing
 MEMBER OF THE RESEARCH TEAM 3. Personal knowledge or personal
 EVALUATOR OF THE RESEARCH knowing - in this type of knowledge
FINDINGS for us to know, we must experience
 CONSUMER OF THE RESEARCH personally experience it.
FINDINGS
 CLIENT ADVOCATES IN RESEARCH RESEARCH PROCESS
STUDY Steps in the Research Process ( Cronin,
 SUBJECT OF RESEARCH STUDY Coughlan and Smith, 2015)
STEPS OF RESEARCH PROCESS: Developing a Researchable Topic
Developing a Researchable Topic Identifying the research problem/topic of
interest
1. Identifying the research problem/topic of
interest 1. Reviewing the literature

2. Reviewing the literature 2. Devising a research question/Hypothesis

3. Devising a research question/Hypothesis Organizing your Research

Organizing your Research 1. Selecting a methodology

1. Selecting a methodology 2. Identifying the population and selecting a

sample
2. Identifying the population and selecting a
sample 3. Planning the method of data collection

3. Planning the method of data collection 4. Respecting ethical principles

4. Respecting ethical principles 5. Demonstrating rigour/trustworthiness

5. Demonstrating rigor/trustworthiness

Gathering and Analyzing information Gathering and Analyzing information

1. Gathering data 1. Gathering data

2. Analyzing data 2. Analyzing data

3. Discussing and interpreting the result and 3. Discussing and interpreting the result and
implication for practice implication for practice

4. Disseminating the results 4. Disseminating the results

Activities in Qualitative Study (Polit and
beck, 2010)

Planning the study

 Identifying the research problem

 Doing a literature review
 Developing an overall approach
 Selecting and gaining entrée into
research sites
 Developing methods to safeguard
participants

Disseminating findings

 Communicating findings
 Utilizing (or making recommendations
for utilizing) findings in practice and
future research

Developing data collection strategies

 Deciding what type of data to gather

and how to gather them
 Deciding from whom to collect the data
 Deciding how to enhance
trustworthiness Activities in a
Qualitative study (Polit & Beck, 2010)

Gathering and analyzing data

 Collecting data
 Organizing and analyzing data
 Evaluating data: making modifications
to data collection strategies, if
necessary
 Evaluating data: determining if
saturation has been achieved