Computer Basics Notes
1. Introduction to Computers
A computer is an electronic device that processes data and
performs tasks according to a set of instructions (software).
It consists of hardware (physical components) and software
(programs and operating systems).
2. Basic Components of a Computer
Input Devices: Devices used to enter data into the computer (e.g.,
keyboard, mouse, scanner).
Output Devices: Devices that display results (e.g., monitor,
printer, speakers).
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The "brain" of the computer that
processes instructions.
Memory (RAM & ROM):
RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary memory that stores
active processes.
ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent memory that contains
startup instructions.
Storage Devices: Used to store data permanently (e.g., Hard
Drive, SSD, USB, CD/DVD).
3. Types of Computers
Supercomputers: High-performance machines used for complex
calculations.
Mainframe Computers: Large computers used in industries for
handling vast amounts of data.
Personal Computers (PCs): Used for general purposes (home,
office work).
Laptops & Tablets: Portable computers with similar functionality to
desktops.
4. Software Basics
System Software: Includes Operating Systems (Windows, macOS,
Linux) that manage hardware and software.
Application Software: Programs that perform specific tasks (e.g.,
MS Word, Excel, Photoshop).
Programming Languages: Used to write software (e.g., Python,
Java, C++).
5. Operating System Functions
Manages hardware resources.
Provides a user interface.
Runs applications.
Manages files and security.
6. Computer Networks
LAN (Local Area Network): Connects computers in a small area
(home, office).
WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers large geographical areas (e.g.,
the Internet).
7. Internet Basics
Web Browsers: Software used to access the internet (Chrome,
Firefox).
Search Engines: Google, Bing, Yahoo help find information online.
Email: Electronic mail communication (Gmail, Outlook).
Cloud Computing: Storing and accessing data over the internet
(Google Drive, Dropbox).
8. Computer Security
Antivirus Software: Protects against viruses and malware.
Firewalls: Prevent unauthorized access.
Passwords & Encryption: Secure data from cyber threats.
