Evolution - Study of the origin and changes in

GENBIO organisms overtime.

●​ Science - Body of knowledge
Genetics - Heredity, genes, and variation in organisms.
●​ Science Process Skills (SPS) - Set of skills of
Molecular Biology - Study of molecules that make up
a scientists.
living organisms Ex. (DNA, RNA proteins)
> 5 Senses - Sight, Touch, Smell, Taste, Hear
BRANCH OF SCIENCE — (NFAS) Physiology - Study of how living organisms function.
> Natural Science - Deals with the physical world. Taxonomy - Classification and naming organisms.
Two main parts: Ex. (Scientific names)
●​ Physical Science - Study of non-living things. Embryology - Formation and development of
●​ Biological Science - Study of life/living things. organisms.
Ex. (Physics, Chemistry, Geology, & Biology.) Morphology - Forms and structures of organisms
Formal Science - Abstract systems of knowledge based Immunology - Immune system
on logic Ex. (Mathematics) Genomics - Study of the entire genetic material
Applied Science - Application of existing scientific (genome) of an organism
knowledge to develop practical solutions. Proteomics - Study of different proteins (proteome)
Ex. (Technologies & AI) found in living organisms
Social Science - Scientific study of human society and Bioinformatics - Biological data using computer
social relationships. programs
Ex. (History, Sociology, Politics, & Economics) Pharmacogenomics - How genes affect a person’s
response to drugs
L1 - BIOLOGY
●​ “Bios” - Life THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE (CABCE)
●​ “Logia/Logos” - Study of Creationism - All forms of life were created by God.
●​ Biology - Study of life Abiogenesis - Living organisms came spontaneously
●​ Biologist - Scientist who studies living organisms from any non-living matter. Known as spontaneous
(Microbiology & Marine Biology) generation.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck - He coined the term “Biology” > Energy sources such as lightning, UV rays and extreme
Aristotle - Father of Biology temperatures made these molecules.
BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY > Chemical Evolution- Earth’s environment contains
— THREE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF BIOLOGY (BMZ) simple molecules.
Botany - Study of Plants Biogenesis - Living organisms come only from other
Ex. (Growth, Reproduction, Physiology, living organisms.
Classification) Catastrophism - New forms of life were created due to
Microbiology - Study of Microorganisms geologic disturbances.
Ex. (Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa) Evolutionary Theory (Naturalistic Theory) - Life came
Zoology - Study of Animals from heaven as a result of a slow gradual process of
Ex. (Structure, Behavior, Classification) chemical evolution. (3.8b years ago)
— OTHER BRANCHES OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE — EXPERIMENTS OF SCIENTIST ABOUT ORIGIN OF
(ABCEEGMPT) LIFE (FJAL)
Anatomy - Study of structure and organization of Francesco Redi - Maggots only appeared on meat
organisms Ex. (Internal Organs) when flies could access it.
Biochemistry - Study of chemical processes and > Demonstrates that life is necessary to produce life.
substances in living things. Ex. (Digestion) John Needham - An experiment with heated gravy and
Cytology - Study of cells, their structures, and their concluded microscopic organisms that appeared were
functions. the result of spontaneous generation.
Ecology - Relationships of the organisms with their Abbe Lazzaro Spallanzani - Provided important
environment. evidence against the idea of spontaneous generation.
Supported the concept of biogenesis.
Louis Pasteur - His experiments showed that without Make an Observation - Using 5 senses or tools to
contamination, microorganisms would not develop. gather information.
> Pasteurization - Used to preserve food. Ask a Question - Identify a problem
Formulate Hypothesis - An educated guess or
prediction
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE (CMGRAMHFHO)
Make Prediction - Expect to see if the hypothesis is
1. All Living things are Composed of Cells.
correct
• Basic structural and functional unit of organism.
Test the Predictions - Observe and perform an
2. Living things are Capable of Metabolism. experiment
• Total of all chemical reactions in a living organism. Reflect on the Results - Use them to guide next step.
3. Living things Grow.
• Growth - increase in size or weight IDENTIFYING VARIABLES (IDC)
• Development - Skills & Abilities > Parts you can change, measure or control. It is the key
4. Living things Reproduce to designing a fair and accurate test.
• Reproduction - Produce offspring Independent Variable - What you change on purpose in
5. Living things Adapt experiment. The manipulated variable.
• Irritability - Perceive and respond to changes (stimuli) Dependent Variable - What you observe or measure as
a result. The responding variable.
6. Living things Move
Controlled Variable - Things you keep to the same to
• Locomotion - From one place to another.
ensure fair test.
7. Living things Maintain Homeostasis
• Maintain a constant internal balance L2: INTRODUCTION TO CELL
8. Living things have definite form and size CLASSIFICATION OF CELL
• Has definite form and size is attained. Cell - Basic and fundamental unit of life
9. Living things manifest heredity Types of Cell:
• Heredity - Transmission of traits ●​ Prokaryotic - Lack a defined nucleus
• Genes - Characteristics > Do not have a complex system of membrane and
10. Organization of life in a vertical (simple to organells. Found in bacteria and archaea.
complex) & horizontal dimension (common ●​ Eukaryotic - Have a defined nucleus
ancestors). > Encolsed by a nuclear membrane and
membrane-bound organelles.
> Complex and many organelles
THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS SKILLS (OICPMC)
Observation - Using 5 senses to gather information.
DISCOVERY OF CELL (HoBroMaTheRuLoReAn)
> Noting and recording of facts
Robert Hooke - Father of cytology
> What we see plainly.
> Coined the term cell in 1665
• Qualitative Observation - Describe what we observe
●​ Micrographia - Written by Robert Hooke
> Quality = Descriptive
> Drew a microscope
• Quantitative Observation - Measures what we
> Observed a cork and saw rooms like in a monastery
observe
and named them cells.
> Quantity = Numerical
Robert Brown - Described the cell nucleus.
Inferring - Explanation/reasons based on past
Matthias Shleiden - Cell as the basic unit of plant
experience and prior knowledge.
structure. (Botanist)
Communicating - Sharing findings or transmission of
Theodore Schwann - Cell as the basic unit of animal
information.
structure. (Zoologist)
Predicting - Educated guesses and expected result
Rudolf Virchow - Cells develop only from pre-existing
based on data or patterns.
cells. (Biogenesis)
Measuring - Tools or standard units to quantify.
Louis Pasteur - A french chemist who supplied proof for
Classifying - Sorting things into different groups.
Virchow’s theory of biogenesis.
Rene Dutrochet - Various parts of the organisms are
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
composed of cells
Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek - Father of microbiology
> A Dutch microbiologist and microscopist Cytoplasm - Jelly-like fluid enclosed by the cell
> Used single - lensed microscopes membrane.
> Contains nutrients and organelles.
CELL THEORY Ribosomes - Tiny, round structures floating in cytoplasm
Classical Cell Theory - All organisms are made of cells. or attached to rough ER.
> Proposed by Theodore Schwann > Not membrane-bound
> Cells are the basic unit of life Function:
> Cells come from pre-existing cells that have multiplied > Produce proteins for growth, repair, and function.
(Virchow in 1858) > Use instructions from DNA (via RNA).
> Omnis cellula e cellula (All cells come from cells) Endoplasmic Reticulum - Acts as a transportation
Modern Cell Theory - DNA is passed between cells system for materials.
during cell division ●​ Rough ER (RER): Covered with ribosomes,
> Same species, same cells (structurally and chemically). assists in protein production and transport.
> Ribosomes - Produce proteins
L2: CELL STRUCTURE ●​ Smooth ER (SER): Produces lipids and detoxifies
EXPLORING PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL chemicals in cells.
> Lipids - Detoxify chemicals
ORGANELLES
Golgi Apparatus - Stack of flattened, membrane- bound
Animal Cell - A type of eukaryotic cell that makes up the
sacs found in the cytoplasm.
tissues and organs of animals.
Function:
> Do not have a cell wall or chloroplasts, but they contain
> Processes, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids.
specialized structures called organelles.
> Prepares materials for use inside or outside the cell.
●​ Smaller size, Contain centrioles, Have lysosomes,
Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell.
May have flagella and cilia, Different shapes
●​ Cellular Respiration - Converts glucose (sugar)
Plant Cell - The basic structural and functional unit of
into energy (ATP) by breaking it down.
plants.
Function:
> An eukaryotic cell, has a nucleus and
> Convert Energy (Glucose + Oxygen)
membrane-bound organelles, that allows plants to grow,
> Produces ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
produce their own food, and maintain stability.
> Active cells (like muscle) contain more mitochondria.
> Green - Chlorophyll
Lysosomes - Small, membrane-bound sacs.
●​ Larger size, Have chloroplasts, Contain a cell
Function:
wall, Large central vacuole, Regular/rigid shape
> Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste (old
cell parts) and invaders (bacteria).
Cell Membrane - Plasma membrane is made of
> Act as the cell’s garbage disposal.
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
> Plays a role in cell digestion and recycle old cell parts.
Function:
Peroxisomes - Small, membrane-bound organelles in
> Controls and regulates what enters and exits the cell,
the cytoplasm of plant cells
maintaining homeostasis.
> Not formed in Golgi apparatus
> Provides protection and structural support.
Function:
> Facilitates communication between cells through
> Contains enzymes that break down fatty acids for
receptor proteins.
energy.
Cell Wall - External structure that provides rigidity, shape,
> Detoxify hydrogen peroxide (harmful byproduct of
and protection.
metabolism) into water and oxygen.
May contain:
> Assist in photorespiration (process in plant
●​ Cellulose-polysaccharide (plants, algae)
metabolism).
●​ Chitin (fungi, arthropods).
Microtubules - Long, hollow, tube-like structures made
Nucleus - Control center/brain of the cell containing DNA
of proteins
(deoxyribonucleic acid).
> Help in moving organelles, proteins, and entire cell.
Function:
Function:
> Stores and protects genetic information.
> Provide shape and structure to cell
> Directs all cell activities including growth and
> Tracks for materials inside the cell
reproduction.
> Form spindle fibers during cell division.
> Contains nucleolus, which makes ribosomes.
> Make up cilia and flagella for movement. > Ensures DNA replication is complete and checks for
Chloroplast - A green, membrane- bound organelle errors.
found in plant cells. G2 Phase – Quality Control - Cell continues to grow
> Have a double membrane and their own DNA. and synthesizes molecules needed for division.​
●​ Chlorophyl - Pigment for capturing sunlight > DNA replication, DNA damage, Cell size.
Function: M Phase - Cell Division - The cell divides to form two
> Convert sunlight into chemical energy through daughter cells.
photosynthesis. Components:
> Produce glucose and oxygen Mitosis - Nucleus divides into two identical nuclei
> Store energy needed for plant growth and survival Cytokinesis - Two separate daughter cell
Vacuole - Fluid-filled sac found inside > Not copied properly = Missing or extra genetic material.
cells. Mitosis - Shows how a cell's nucleus divides, ensures
●​ In animal cell: Small and multiple each new cell receives identical sets of chromosomes.
●​ In plant cells: Large and central Prophase (Setting the stage) – Chromosomes
Function: condense, nuclear envelope dissolves, spindle fibers
> Storage unit for water, nutrients, and waste. form.
> Helps maintain cell shape and remove harmful Metaphase (Lineup) - Chromosomes align at the
substances. equatorial place, spindle fibers attach to centromeres to
Centrioles - Small, cylindrical structures made of align chromosomes.
microtubules that playes a key role in cell division ●​ Centromere - Point of attachment
> Found in animal cells near the nucleus. ●​ Spindle Fibers - Align chromosomes
Function: Anaphase (Separation) - Sister chromosomes are
> Organize microtubules and form spindle fibers that pulled apart to opposite poles.
separates chromosomes Telophase (Reconstruction) - Chromosomes
> Assist in forming cilia and flagella. decondense into chromatin, nuclear envelope reforms
Flagella - Long, whip-like structures for movement. around two nuclei
> Found in some prokaryotic (bacteria) and eukaryotic Cytokinesis (Final Divide) – Cytoplasm divides, forming
cells (sperm cells in animals). two daughter cells.
Cilia - Short, hair-like structures on eukaryotic cells. ●​ Cleavage Furrow - Pinching process that divides
> Similar to flagella but shorter and numerous. into two new cells.
Function: Apoptosis (Cell death) - Used to get rid of body cells
> Move fluids, mucus, or cells across surfaces. that have been damage
> Help detect environmental signals. > Cellular Suicide - Prevents cancer
Excretion - Waste Removal – Cells eliminate metabolic
L3: CELL DIVISION waste using specialized structures.
UNDERSTANDING HOW CELLS GROW AND DIVIDE
The Cell Cycle - Describes how eukaryotic cells grow,
replicate DNA, and divide.
Two Main Parts:
• Interphase - Cell growth & DNA replication
• M-phase - Cell division
Interphase (Preparation) - The longest phase of the cell
cycle. The cell grows, prepares for division, and ensures
two daughter cells will form.
> Divided into G1 (first gap), S (synthesis), and G2
(second gap)
G1 Phase — Growth Phase - Cell grows in size,
producing proteins and organelles.​
> Cell size, Nutrients, Growth signals, DNA damage.
S Phase — DNA Replication - DNA is duplicated,
creating two identical sets of chromosomes.​