Grade =IX SUB-PHYSICS
TOPIC-MOTION(NOTES)
.
Rest: A body is said to be in a state of rest when its position does
not change with respect to a reference point.
• Motion: A body is said to be in a state of motion when its position
change continuously with reference to a point.
• Scalar quantity: It is the physical quantity having own
magnitude but no direction. Example: distance, speed.
• Vector quantity: It is the physical quantity that requires both
magnitude and direction.
Example: displacement, velocity.
Distance and Displacement
→ The actual path or length travelled by a object during its journey
from its initial position to its final position is called the distance.
→ Distance is a scalar quantity which requires only magnitude but
no direction to explain it.
Example: Ramesh travelled 65 km. (Distance is measured by
odometer in vehicles.)
→ Displacement is a vector quantity requiring both magnitude and
direction for its explanation.
Example: Ramesh travelled 65 km south-west from Clock Tower.
→ Displacement can be zero (when initial point and final point of
motion are same)
Example: circular motion.
Difference between Distance and Displacement
Distance Displacement
Length of actual path Shortest length between initial
travelled by an object. point and far point of an object.
It is scalar quantity. It is vector quantity.
It remains positive, can’t be It can be positive (+ve), negative (-
‘0’ or negative. ve) or zero.
Distance can be equal to Displacement can be equal to
displacement (in linear path). distance or its lesser than distance.
Example 1: A body travels in a semicircular path of radius 10 m
starting its motion from point ‘A’ to point ‘B’. Calculate the distance
and displacement.
Solution
Total distance travelled by body = ?
Given, π = 3.14, R = 10 m
distance = πR
= 3.14 × 10 m
= 31.4 m
Total displacement of body, D = ?
Given, R = 10 m
D = 2×R = 2×10 m = 20 m
Example 2: A body travels 4 km towards North then he turn to his
right and travels another 4 km before coming to rest. Calculate (i)
total distance travelled, (ii) total displacement.
Solution
Total distance travelled = OA + AB
= 4 km + 4 km = 8 km
Total displacement = OB
Uniform and Non-uniform Motions
Uniform Motion
→ When a body travels equal distance in equal interval of time, then
the motion is said to be uniform motion.
Non-uniform Motion
→ In this type of motion, the body will travel unequal distances in
equal intervals of time.
Two types of non-uniform-motion
(i) Accelerated Motion: When motion of a body increases with
time.fig b
(ii) De-accelerated Motion: When motion of a body decreases
with time.fig c
iii)Zero acceleration:When initial and final velocity of object remains
same with time.fig a
Speed
→ The measurement of distance travelled by a body per unit time is
called speed.
• Speed (v) = Distance Travelled//Time Taken
• SI unit = m/s (meter/second)
• Average speed = Total distance travelled//Total time taken
Velocity
→ It is the speed of a body in given direction.
• Velocity = Displacement//Time
→ Velocity is a vector quantity. Its value changes when either its
magnitude or direction changes.
→ For non-uniform motion in a given line, average velocity will be
calculated in the same way as done in average speed.
• Average velocity = Total displacement//Total time(for non uniform
motion)
Avg. Velocity (vavg) = (Initial velocity + Final velocity)/. = (u+v)/2(for
uniform motion)
where, u = initial velocity, v = final velocity
• SI unit of velocity = ms-1
• Velocity = Displacement/Time
→ It can be positive (+ve), negative (-ve) or zero.
Example 1: During first half of a journey by a body it travel with a
speed of 40 km/hr and in the next half it travels with a speed of 20
km/hr. Calculate the average speed of the whole journey.
Solution
Speed during first half (v1) = 40 km/hr
Speed during second half (v 2 ) = 20 km/hr
Average speed = (v1+v2)/2 = (40+60)/2 = 60/2 = 30
Average speed by an object (body) = 30 km/hr.
Acceleration
→ Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity with time.
• Acceleration (a) = Change in velocity/Time = (v-u)/t
where, v = final velocity, u = initial velocity
→ If v > u, then ‘a’ will be positive (+ve).
Here, v < u, ‘a’ = negative (-ve).
Graphical Representation of Equation
Distance-Time Graph (s/t graph)
(i) s/t graph for uniform motion:
(ii) s/t graph for non-uniform motion:
(iii) s/t graph for a body at rest:
Velocity-Time Graph (v/t graph)
(i) v/t graph for uniform motion:
(ii) v/t graph for uniformly accelerated motion:
iii)v t graph for constant velocity-The area covered under the
velocity time graph gives value of magnitude of displacement(ie
distance) of object.
Displacement=velocity x time
Equation of Motion (For Uniformly Accelerated Motion)
First Equation: v = u + at
Second Equation: s = ut + ½ at2
Third Equation: v2 = u2 + 2as
Uniform Circular Motion
→ If a body is moving in a circular path with uniform speed, then it is
said to be executing uniform circular motion.
→ In such a motion the speed may be same throughout the motion
but its velocity (which is tangential) is different at each and every
point of its motion. Thus, uniform circular motion is an accelerated
motion.
Velocity=displacement/time
=2πr/t
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