Introduction to Image Processing
Awais M. Lodhi
One picture is worth more than ten thousand words
About the Course
Theory Textbook
R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. woods, “Digital Image
Processing”, 4th edition, Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Slides
Lab Textbook
R. C. Gonzalez, R. E. woods and Steven Eddins,
“Digital Image Processing using Matlab”, 2nd
edition, Pearson Education, Inc., 2004
Software
Python
About the Course
Tentative Workload and Marks Distribution
Quiz + Assignment + Project : 35 - 40
Midterm Exam : 20 - 25
Final Exam : 40
Other Course Details
Softcopies of all lecture slides, home works, software tools, results and
attendance will be uploaded on the portal. Please see the course portal
frequently for such material and be aware of any assignment uploaded to it
Plagiarism: Do not copy material, unless until you refer the original work.
Code should never be copied from any class fellow or web. Submitted work will
be check through turnitin. Zero credit for both on first attempt.
Introduction
Awais M. Lodhi
Image Processing: A Brief History
Early 1920s: One of the first applications of
digital imaging was in the news-
paper industry
The Bartlane cable picture
Early digital image
transmission service
Images were transferred by submarine cable
between London and New York
Pictures were coded for cable transfer and
reconstructed at the receiving end on a telegraph
printer
Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the Bartlane
system resulted in higher quality images
New reproduction
processes based
on photographic
techniques
Increased number
of tones in Improved
digital image Early 15 tone digital
reproduced images image
1960s: Improvements in computing technology and
the onset of the space race led to a surge of work in
digital image processing
1964: Computers used to
improve the quality of
images of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
Such techniques were used
in other space missions A picture of the moon taken
including the Apollo landings by the Ranger 7 probe
minutes before landing
1970s: Digital image processing begins to be used
in medical applications
1979: Sir Godfrey N.
Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel
Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography,
the technology behind
Computerised Axial Typical head slice CAT
image
Tomography (CAT) scans
1980s - Today: The use of digital image processing
techniques has exploded and they are now used for
all kinds of tasks in all kinds of areas
Image enhancement/restoration
Artistic effects
Medical visualisation
Industrial inspection
Law enforcement
Human computer interfaces
Image Enhancement
Improve Quality
Remove Noise
Hubble Telescope
Launched in 1990 the Hubble
telescope can take images of
very distant objects
However, an incorrect mirror
made many of Hubble’s
images useless
Image processing
techniques were
used to fix this
Artistic Effects
Artistic effects are used to
make images more visually
appealing, to add special
effects and to make
composite images
Medicine
Take slice from MRI scan of canine heart, and find
boundaries between types of tissue
Image with gray levels representing tissue density
Use a suitable filter to highlight edges
Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image
GIS
Geographic Information Systems
Digital image processing techniques are used
extensively to manipulate satellite imagery
Terrain classification
Meteorology
GIS
Night-Time Lights of the World
data set
Global inventory of human
settlement
Not hard to imagine the kind of
analysis that might be done
using this data
Industrial Inspection
Human operators are
expensive, slow and
unreliable
Make machines do the
job instead
Industrial vision systems
are used in all kinds of
industries
Can we trust them?
PCB Inspection
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
Machine inspection is used to determine that all components are present
and that all solder joints are acceptable
Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging are used
Law Enforcement
Image processing
techniques are used
extensively by law enforcers
Number plate recognition for
speed cameras/automated
toll systems
Fingerprint recognition
Enhancement of CCTV
images
HCI
Try to make human computer
interfaces more natural
Face recognition
Gesture recognition
Does anyone remember the
user interface from “Minority
Report”?
These tasks can be extremely
difficult
Image Restoration
Damaged Image Restored Image
Photo Colorization
Original B/W Image colorized Image Original Image Colorized Image
Color Photo Enhancement
Noise Reduction
Medical Imaging
Face Detection
Face Tracking
Fingerprint Identification
DIP & CV
Low-level process: (DIP)
– Primitive operations where inputs and outputs are images.
– Major functions: image pre-processing like noise reduction, contrast
enhancement, image sharpening, etc.
– Generally operates in 2D
Mid-level process (DIP and Computer Vision)
– Inputs are images, outputs are attributes (e.g., edges)
– Major functions: segmentation, description, classification / recognition of
objects
-- Generally operates in 2D
High-level process (Computer Vision)
– make sense of an ensemble of recognized objects; perform the cognitive
functions normally associated with vision
-- Generally operates in 3D
Image Processing Steps
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
DIP Course
Digital image fundamentals and image acquisition (briefly)
Image enhancement in spatial domain
pixel operations
histogram processing
Filtering
Image enhancement in frequency domain
Transformation and reverse transformation
Frequency domain filters
Homomorphic filtering
Image restoration
Noise reduction techniques
Geometric transformations
DIP Course
Color image processing
Color models
Pseudo color image processing
Color transformations and color segmentation expansion
Wavelet transforms, etc.
Image compression
Image compression models
Error free compression
Lossy compression, etc
DIP Course
Image segmentation
Edge, point and boundary detection
Thresholding
Region based segmentation, etc
Morphological image processing
Dilation and erosion
Opening and closing
Hit or miss transformation
Basic morphological algorithms
