REVIEW IN REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN concrete stage, (2) the concrete cracked–elastic

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P. GARCIA, RCE,SO2 stresses stage, and (3) the cracking stage.

TOPIC 1: WORKING STRESS DESIGN Crack Stages of Concrete Beams

The concept of working stress design is based on 1.Uncracked Stage – Moment Actual < Cracking
Elastic Theory. Hooke’s Law will be obey in this Moment
concept where in the design principle is : 2.Crackcing Stage – Moment Actual = Cracking
Actual Stress ≤ Allowable Stress Moment

The Elastic Flexural stress is computed by: 3.Cracked Stage – Moment Actual > Cracking
Moment
𝑴𝒄
𝒇= Cracked Stage
𝑰
Basis:

A.NSCP 2001

Load Combination

U = 1.4DL + 1.7LL

B.NSCP 2015
Procedure in Analyzing and Solving using
Load Combination
WSD/ASD. (If cracked stage is not mentioned
U = 1.2DL + 1.6LL always assume Cracked Stage) (Singly and
Doubly)
Maximum Elastic Stresses (2001/2010/2015)
1.First Determine the modular ratio to transform
fc = 0.45f’c
the material into a homogeneous section.
fs = 0.5fy

fs = 140 MPa – Grade 280

fs = 170 MPa – Grade 420

fc – allowable stress of concrete

f’c – strength of concrete

fy – yield strength of steel

fs – allowable stress of concrete

It is assumed that a small transverse load is placed

on a concrete beam with tensile reinforcing and
that the load is gradually increased in magnitude Young’s Modulus (E):
until the beam fails. As this takes place, the beam
will go through three distinct stages before For Steel :
collapse occurs. These are: (1) the uncracked
Es = 200000 MPa

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

For Concrete: For Uncracked Stage:

Area Moment, Q

𝒃𝒙𝟐 𝒃(𝒉 − 𝒙)𝟐

= + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨𝒔(𝒅 − 𝒙)
𝟐 𝟐
Transformed Moment of Inertia

𝒃𝒙𝟑 𝒃(𝒉 − 𝒙)𝟑

𝑰𝒕𝒓 = + + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨𝒔(𝒅 − 𝒙)𝟐
𝟑 𝟑

2.Equate the Area Moment of the top fiber to the

Area Moment of the bottom fiber.

Q = Ac ӯ
Qt = Qb
For Sinlgy Rectangular Section For Cracking Stage:

𝒃𝒙𝟐 𝒇𝒓 𝑰
= 𝒏𝑨𝒔(𝒅 − 𝒙) 𝑴𝒄𝒓 =
𝟐 𝒚
For Doubly Rectangular Section Where in :
𝒃𝒙𝟐 Mcr – Cracking Moment
+ (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝑨′ 𝒔)(𝒙 − 𝒅′ ) = 𝒏𝑨𝒔(𝒅 − 𝒙)
𝟐
fr – Modulus of Rupture
3.Get the transformed Moment of Inertia

Singly:
I – Gross moment of inertia

𝒃𝒙𝟑 y – distance from N.A. to the extreme tension fiber.

𝑰𝒕𝒓 = + 𝒏𝑨𝒔(𝒅 − 𝒙)𝟐
𝟑
Based on :
Doubly:
NSCP 2001
𝒃𝒙𝟑
𝑰𝒕𝒓 = 𝟑
+ (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨′𝒔(𝒙 − 𝒅′)𝟐 + 𝒏𝑨𝒔(𝒅 − 𝒙)𝟐
𝑓𝑟 = 0.7√𝑓′𝑐

NSCP 2010/2015
4. Use the Flexure Formula to get the Allowable Stress
of Concrete and Allowable Stress of Steel. 𝑓𝑟 = 0.62λ√𝑓′𝑐 Where in λ – Modification Factor
𝑀𝑥
𝑓𝑐 =
𝐼𝑡𝑟
𝑛𝑀(𝑑−𝑥) 2𝑛𝑀(𝑥−𝑑′)
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓′𝑠 =
𝐼𝑡𝑟 𝐼𝑡𝑟

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

TOPIC 2: ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN (USD) / 0.003(𝑑 − 𝑐)(200000)
𝑓𝑠 =
LOAD RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) 𝑐
600(𝑑 − 𝑐)
A.) Singly Reinforced Beams 𝑓𝑠 =
𝑐
Above is the arbitrary figure used in analysis and
design of a singly reinforced beams. Take note of
the following symbols used in the figure wherein: STEPS FOR SOLVING ANALYSIS OF SINGLY
REINFORCED BEAMS
1.Assume that steel yields. Therefore fs = fy

2. A).Use equilibrium equation of all forces

• The maximum strain at the most compressed fiber /

extreme compression fiber is 0.003 based on NSCP
Provision
• 0.85f’c is the equivalent compressive stress of
concrete and was introduced by Charles Whitney acting horizontally.
• a – depth of compression block
• c – distance from the most compressed fiber / 𝐶=𝑇
extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
• d – is the effective depth of the concrete
• fs – the actual steel stress (USD)

ACTUAL STEEL STRESS B).If the steel does not yield meaning fs < fy use :
From the figure above given the strain diagram, we can 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠
relate the strain of concrete and strain of steel by using
similar triangles. 3. Compute the depth of compression block “a”
base on Area of concrete
𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑠
= 𝑑−𝑐
𝑐 4. Compute the distance of the extreme
0.003 ∈𝑠 compression fiber “c” to the neutral axis using :
=
𝑐 𝑑−𝑐
𝑎
0.003(𝑑 − 𝑐) 𝑐=
∈𝑠= 𝛽
𝑐
5. Check if the steel yields if yield continue step 6.
From Hooke’s Law we all know that stress is directly
proportional to stra’in within the proportional limit and
If the steel does not yield Redo Step 2B then
Es = 200000 MPa (𝜎𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠) compute “c” then “a” then proceed to step 6

𝜎𝑠 = 𝐸𝑠𝜀𝑠 = 200000𝜀𝑠 6. Compute the nominal/service Moment of the

beam ∑M=0

𝑀𝑛 = (𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑇)(𝑑 − 𝑦)
𝑓𝑠 0.003(𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝜀𝑠 = =
200000 𝑐

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

 7. If needed, to obtain the ultimate moment of the THE MINIMUM FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT
beam, multiply the nominal moment by reduction AREA.
factor (∅) A. Two way bending (Beams, Column
Footings and Two way slab)
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛

VALUE OF 𝛽 𝟏. 𝟒
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝒇𝒚
NSCP 2001
0.05 ′ √𝒇′𝒄
𝛽 = 0.85 − (𝑓 𝑐 − 30) 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
7 𝟒𝒇𝒚
NSCP 2010/2015
Use whichever is larger
0.05 ′
𝛽 = 0.85 − (𝑓 𝑐 − 28)
7
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒅
Note:

0.65 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 0.85 B. One way bending (One way slab and

wall footing)
REDUCTION FACTOR, ∅

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝒌𝒃𝒉

Value of k

NSCP 2010

For transition controlled we can also use the Fy (MPa) K ≥0.0014

280 0.002
formula:
415 0.0018
>415 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖(𝟒𝟏𝟓)
𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦 𝒇𝒚
∅ = 0.65 + 0.25( )
1000 − 𝑓𝑦
NSCP 2015
But during designing phase, structural engineers Fy(MPa) k
are conservative and design singly-reinforced <420 0.002
beams in tension-controlled section because the ≥420 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖(𝟒𝟐𝟎)
reduction factor is constant at 0.90. 𝒇𝒚
NOTE : In board exam problems, this situation is 0.0014
always considered but to make sure of that, always
check the given choices if the problem considered
using reduction factor at transition controlled.

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

THE MAXIMUM FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT 𝑓𝑠 = 200000(0.005) = 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎
AREA.
600(𝑑 − 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥)
1000 =
NSCP 2001 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥

0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽(600) Simplifying the equation gives us

𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
3𝑑
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
8
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽(600)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75( )
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
Note: We use this in Designing singly
reinforced and doubly reinforced beams.
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑 Given : Mu, Asked: As.

For balance condition (fs = fy) then:

NSCP 2010 / 2015 600(𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏𝑎𝑙)

𝑓𝑦 =
𝑐𝑏𝑎𝑙
There are two maximum flexural reinforcements
600𝑑
area Asmax that can be referred : 𝑐𝑏𝑎𝑙 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦
1. When strain of steel use is ∈ 𝑠 = 0.004 is at
maximum condition therefore :
DETERMINING IF A REINFORCED BEAM IS
SINGLY OR DOUBLY REINFORCED
600(𝑑 − 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥)
𝑓𝑠 max = 800 =
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥
Simplifying the equation gives us

3𝑑
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
7

Note: We use this in analysis and investigation of

beams. Given : As, Asked: Mu.
We can also use this when designing beams if we
are not conservative to use the most economical
design.
2. When designing singly reinforced and
doubly reinforced beams. For singly
reinforced beams that considers the most
IF WE CONDSIDER THE MOST ECONOMICAL
economical design we set strain of steel as
DESIGN
∈ 𝑠 = 0.005 giving us the value of reduction
factor of 0.90 (tension controlled). TOPIC 3: ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN (USD) /
LOAD RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD)

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

 B). Doubly Reinforced Beams Reference Diagram:

Procedure on Investigating Doubly Reinforced

Beams: (Based on NSCP 2015)
1. Check if the beam is design as doubly reinforced.
Check if the given Tension reinforcement As is
greater than Asmax. Use

Actual Compression steel stress:

600(𝑐 − 𝑑′)
𝑓′𝑠 =
If Asmax < As, Therefore the design is doubly 𝑐
reinforce beam.

2. Assume that the compression bar will yield first If the Compression steel does not yield recompute the
f’s = fy. If compression bar yields, compute for the value of depth of compression block and the distance
nominal moment capacity using the formula: of the neutral axis from the extreme compression fiber.

Mn = Mn1 + Mn2 3. Compute the reduction factor and the ultimate

moment capacity of beam.

Mn1 = [Cc or T1] (d-ybar)

𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦
Mn2 = [Cs or T2] (d-d’) ∅ = 0.65 + 0.25( )
1000 − 𝑓𝑦
Cc = 0.85f’cAc

Cs = A’sf’s Note : For 2001 NSCP do the same procedure using

T1= As1fy the 2001 NSCP provision.

T2= As2fy Procedure on Designing Doubly Reinforced

Beams: (Based on NSCP 2015)
Working Equation :
1. Determine if the beam is doubly reinforced
Cc + Cs = T beam. Assume singly reinforced beam to check if
or Asmax > As. Use

T1 + T2 = T

2.Use the working Equation :

Cc = T1

As1 = Asmax

As = As1 + As2

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

3. Check if the compression steel yield, (f’s = fy)
If compression steel does not yield use the actual
Determination of Effective flange width of T
value of compression steel stress f’s. Compute for
beams : Based on NSCP 2015
A’s.

A’sf’s = As2fy

4. Determine the number of design Tension and

Compression Reinforcement Bars.

Note : For 2001 NSCP do the same procedure using

the 2001 NSCP provision.

C). T - Beams

In T-beams construction, the flange and web shall

be constructed or placed monothically.

To summarize the following codes above in the

determination of Effective Flange Width of T
beams:

Determination of Effective flange width of T For NSCP 2001/2010

beams : Based on NSCP 2001 and 2010

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

For 2015 NSCP

Flexural Reinforcement Area, As b = 1000 mm

Bending Moments of T – beams

D). One-way Slab

Minimum Thickness of Non-Prestressed One

Way Slab Assumption : Base width = 1m strip

Given the factored Moment, Mu:

Coefficient of Resistance
𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 =
∅𝑏𝑑 2

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= (√1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑

Note : The computed flexural reinforcement area

must be compared to given Asmin

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

One way bending (One way slab and wall footing)

Maximum and Minimum spacing of flexural

reinforcement for One Way Slab
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝒌𝒃𝒉

Value of k

NSCP 2010

Fy (MPa) K ≥0.0014
280 0.002
415 0.0018
>415 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖(𝟒𝟏𝟓)
𝒇𝒚

NSCP 2015

Fy(MPa) k
<420 0.002
≥420 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖(𝟒𝟐𝟎)
𝒇𝒚
0.0014

Spacing of Flexural Reinforcement for One Way

Slab “s”
𝑨𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑵=
𝑨𝒃 Temperature and Shrinkage Bar

The design of this reinforcement is also the same

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 as well as the design for flexural reinforcement
𝒔=
𝑵 except that the width of the slab is the length of
short span instead of assuming 1m strip span.

N – number of bars per 1m or 1000mm strip Comparison: Spacing of Main Flexural Bars and
Temperature and Shrinkage Bars
As – Total flexural reinforcement area

Ab – Area of one bar

S – spacing of flexural reinforcement

Note : : If “N” is required, round up. If “s” is

required, do not round up the value of “N”

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

TOPIC 4 : SHEAR DESIGN IN REINFORCED
CONRETE STRUCTURE

A) Approximate Shear and Bending moment

in Continuous beam and One way Slab

Refer to the table below given by the NSCP 2015

Provision. The following is the approximate
bending moment based on support conditions of NOTE : Ln for Positive Moment is the clear span
non-prestressed beams and one way slab. based on location stated while for Negative
Moment, Ln is the average of the adjacent clear
spans.

For the approximate Shears for Non-Prestressed

beams and One-Way Slab :

NOTE : Ln for Shear is the clear span based on

location stated

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

B) Shear in Beams

Design Requirements for the Shear Capacity of

Reinforced Concrete Beams

1. If Vu < 0.5∅Vc – NO NEED FOR

REINFORCEMENT
2. If 0.5∅Vc < Vu < ∅Vc – PROVIDE MINIMUM
NUMBER OF STIRRUPS

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

3a. Vu > ∅Vc and Vs ≤ 0.33√𝒇′ 𝒄 bwd

3c. Vu > ∅Vc and Vs > 0.67√𝒇′ 𝒄 bwd – INCREASE

THE BEAM SIZE

C) USD of Axially Loaded Columns

3b. Vu > ∅Vc and 0.33√𝒇′ 𝒄 bwd ≤ Vs ≤

0.67√𝒇′ 𝒄 bwd

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

Refer to the diagram above, Analyzing the Spacing of Lateral Ties
equilibrium of forces acting on vertical direction,

∑𝐹𝑣 = 0

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛 + 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄(𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔) + 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚

Nominal and Ultimate Axial Force of Tied

Column

𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝑷

𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎[𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄(𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔) + 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚]

𝑷𝒖 = ∅𝑷𝒏

𝑷𝒖 = ∅(𝟎. 𝟖𝟎[𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄(𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔) + 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚])

Value of ∅ for Axially Loaded Columns

Clear Spacing
NSCP 2001 : ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎

NSCP 2010/2015 : ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓
Spiral Column ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓

Minimum and Maximum Area of

Longitudinal/Main Reinforcement

Center to Center Spacing

𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝑨𝒈 ≤ 𝑨𝒔 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝑨𝒈

Since,
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝐴𝑔

𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝑨𝒈

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

SEISMIC PROVISION FOR TRANSVERSE /
REINFORCEMENT OF COLUMNS
𝟑𝟓𝟎 − 𝒉𝒙
𝑺𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + ( )
𝟑

ASH – total cross-sectional area of transverse

reinforcement, including crossties, within
spacing S and perpendicular to the dimension bc
mm2.

bc – cross sectional dimension of member core

Topic 5: ULTIMATE STREGNTH DESIGN OF
measured to the outside edges of the transverse
FOUNDATIONS
reinforcement composing area ASH, mm.
Effective Soil Bearing Pressure

qe = qall – qsurcharge -qsoil – qconcrete

qe – effective soil bearing pressure

qall – allowable soil bearing pressure

qsurcharge – surcharge pressure at the ground

qsoil – pressure due to weight of soil above the

foundation

qcocnrete – pressure due to weight of foundation

Aftg

Area of foundation computed using the effective

soil bearing pressure
𝑃
qe =
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔

where in P – unfactored axial load from above the

footing
Aftg – Area of the footing

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

ULTIMATE SOIL BEARING PRESSURE IS USED IN
ANALYZING FOUNDATIONS (SHEAR, MOMENT,
ETC) AND IS COMPUTED BY:
𝑃𝑢
qu =
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔

where in Pu – factored axial load from above the

footing
Aftg – Area of the footing

NOTE: THIS IS ASSUMING THAT NO THERE IS NO

MOMENT IN THE SUPPORTED MEMBER OF THE
FOUNDATION. ELSE, IT IS UNIFORMLY VARYING.

ONE WAY SHEAR STRENGTH OF FOUNDATION

Actual One Way Shear stress / Actual Wide

Beam Shear
𝑉
𝜏=
𝐴
𝑉𝑢
∅
𝜏=
𝑏𝑤𝑑
𝑉𝑢
𝜏=
∅𝑏𝑤𝑑

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

ONE WAY SHEAR TWO WAY SHEAR STRENGTH OF FOUNDATION

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF FOUNDATION

STEPS IN ANALYZING FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF

FOUNDATIONS
Actual Two Way Shear stress / Actual Punching 1. DETERMINE THE CRITICAL SECTION IN THE
Shear FOUNDATION FOR MOMENT
𝑉
𝜏=
𝐴
𝑉𝑢
∅
𝜏=
𝑏𝑜𝑑
𝑉𝑢
𝜏=
∅𝑏𝑜𝑑

Where

Vu = qu (BL -xy)

bo – perimeter of the critical section for two way

shear.

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

2. CALCULATE THE ULTIMATE MOMENT Mu AT
THE CRITICAL SECTION

3. COMPUTE FOR As
𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 =
∅𝑏𝑑2

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= (√1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
Note: Computed value of As is to be
compared to As,min given by the code
4. COMPARE As to As,min DEPENDING ON
THE TYPE OF MEMBER (ONE-WAY OR TWO-
WAY)

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |

5. COMPUTE THE NUMBER OF AND SPACING
OF MAIN / FLEXURAL BARS ANDNUMBER
AND SPACING OF SHRINKAGE AND
TEMPERATURE BARS IFNEEDED.

ENGR. NEIL GRAHAM BHEL P.GARCIA,RCE,SO2 |