CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

Survey operation involves many stages. Reconnaissance is the first stage.

Different survey techniques were employed in the execution of the route survey

project. The method adopted was ground survey method and it comprises of

these following field operations.

3.1 RECONNAISSANCE

Reconnaissance is an important procedure in carrying out surveying and it is a

very important aspect which all other activities depend on. It is a preliminary

inspection of an area of land before an engineering survey is made. In other

sense, it is the movement of operation that will be carried out and to make a

rough sketch of the job.

During reconnaissance, we were able to determine the nearest control that used

for connection.

The controls are as follows: PBN 302841, PBN 30285 and PBN 330286.

Table 3.1The starting control pillar used

STATION NORTHING EASTING HEIGHT

PBN 30284 380146.018MN 162397.781ME 184.102
PBN 30285 380201.036MN 162422.178ME 182.817
PBN 30286 380243.074MN 162380.578ME 183.325

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3.2 TEST OF INSTRUMENT

Before any work is done, it is necessary to test the instrument to know if the

instruments are in good working condition. Instruments used were theodolite

and level instruments.

When theodolite was set, some temporary adjustment was performed to know if

it is in good working condition.

Level instrument was set and a length of 60m was established and marked. The

instrument was set at the middle of the line (30m) and leveling staff was set on

marked station i.e. A and B

A is back sight

B is fore sight

3.3 TEST OF THEODOLITE

Table 3.2: The result of the theodolite test

STN Sight Face Horizontal Mean True
Reading Horizontal
Reading
C L1 3340 43`45”
PBN 30286 A L2 1530 20`45” 1780 37` 00”
A R2 3330 20`35” 1780 36` 00” 1780 36` 55”
C R1 1540 43`45”
The collimation Error=178`37`00-179`37`50

Error = 00000`00” = 000 00` 05”

2

Error = 000 00`05”

It shows it is in good working condition because the collimation error falls

within allowable range. Hence the theodolite is used for the project.

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 Staff A Staff B

30m 30m

Fig. 3.1

60 M

Table 3.3: Showing Arithmetic check of FIRST PEG TEST

STN Back sight Intermediate sight Fore sight
A 1.302
B 1.328
Table showing Arithmetic check of level

∆H = ∑ B/S – ∑ F/S = (A-B) where ∆H is the difference in height.

∑ B/S = 1.302

Staff A Staff B

Fig. 3.2 45m 15m

60m

Table 3.4: Showing Arithmetic check of level test

STN Back sight Intermediate sight Fore sight

A 1.473
B 1.500

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∆H = ∑ F/S = (A-B)

∑ B/S = 1.473

∑ F/S = 1.500

∆H 1.473 – 1.500 = 0.27

(A-B) – (A-B) = (-0.026) – (-0.027)

= -0.026 + 0.027

= 0.001

3.4 CHECK ANGLE OBSERVATION

After the instrument was tested okay, observation started by setting up

theodolite on pillar YZN 361 was back and tripod on YZN 360 and forward of

YZN 362 to check if the controls are in correct orders.

Table 3.5: Control Check (INITIAL CONTROL)

STN From Sight Face Horizontal Angle Vertical
PBN 30284 L1 1730 25`25”
30285 30286 L2 310 28`50” 900 19`45”
R2 2110 28` 50” 2690 40`10”
30284 R1 3530 25` 27”
L1-L2 = 310 28` 500 – 1730 25` 25” = 2180 03` 25”

R2-R1= 2110 28` 50” – 3530 25` 27” = 2180 03` 23”

2180 03` 25” + 2180 03` 23”

= 2180 03` 24”

Computed Angle-Check Angle

2180 03` 23” – 2180 03` 24”

= 000 00` 01”

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3.5 ANGULAR OBSERVATION

Area the check angle gas been checked correctly, instrument was set on pillar

PBN 30285 and was backed on PBN30284. With temporary was performed on

the instrument. Both face left and right was observed and both horizontal and

vertical reading was booked. After then, the instrument was forwarded to peg 1

as all necessary booking and adjustment were also performed. The process

continued to the last station (Last peg) until we closed on known station.

3.6 LEVELLING

In this project, the principle guiding leveling is based on the fact that line of

sight is perfectly horizontal. The level instrument was mounted on its tripod and

first set on the first on the first on the road and backed on YZN 360 and then

forward to another point.

3.7 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Distance measurement was carried out using 50m tape, the distance

measurement during this project was measure from point to point was recorded

accordingly into the field book during traversing. Necessary caution and

adjustment were made during this process for accurate taping.

Table 3.6: Starting Control pillar used.

STN Bearing Distance ∆N ∆E Northing Easting
From
PBN 380146.018 162397.781
30284 230 54’ 51” 60.185 55.018 24.397 380201.036 162422.178
0
30285 315 18’ 00” 59.142 42.038 -41.600 380243.074 162380.578

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(3150 18` 00” – 180) – 230 54` 51”

= 1350 18` 00” – 230 54` 51”

= 1110 23` 09”

Computed Angle –check

(3150 18` 00” = 180) – 230 54` 51”

3.8 DETAILING

Detailing is very importance in route survey, it helps to identify the station,

which may have been covered by grasses or which has been removed in the

nearest future. The detail (building) were fixed by orienting the instrument to

00`00`00` as back sight to other station and rotate to the feature of a fixed

known point. Its horizontal angle, vertical angle, upper reading and middle

reading from the leveling staff and the distance is being taped with the steel

band and also recorded. The process was to be continued until all the details are

finished.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 COMPUTATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULT

Computation can be defined as the mathematical analysis of data obtained from

the field operation

4.1 FIELD BOOK REDUCTION

The main of all the angular and linear observation made deducted from the field

books. Horizontal and vertical angles were reduced by subtracting the circle

reading of the backward station from that of forward station on both faces.

4.2 ANGULAR CORRECTION

The final deducted bearing was compared with that of the control point at the

end of the computation. The difference obtained gave the misclosure of the total

numbers of stations occupied and the correction was calculated using below

Ditch adjustment method

Formula = Misclosure x Occupied station

No of stations

4.3 FORWARD COMPUTATION

The mean angle reduction from the horizontal circle reading was firstly

extracted from the field book. The coordinate of the control beacons were

entered in their appropriate column and the critical bearing was computed.

Latitude and departure were computed. The misclosure formula is 30√n where

“n” is the number of stations occupied.

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Departures were computed. The misclosure formula is 30 √𝑛 where “n” is the

number of station occupied.

Latitude = L Cos 𝜃

Departure = L Sin 𝜃

Where L = horizontal distance of each line.

The distance can be determined by applying the formula.

Distance = ∆𝑁2 + ∆E2

The bearing can be determined by applying the formula.

Where 𝜃 = tan-1

Where 𝜃 is the final corrected bearing

The accuracy of the job was determined by using the formula:

1
Accuracy = (ΔN)2 + (ΔE)2
Total length of transverse

Where: ∆N = Misclosure in Nothings

∆E = Misclosure in Eastings

4.3.1 BACK COMPUTATION

The back computation was done using adjusted co – ordinates, from which the

final latitude, departure, distance and bearing were obtained.

The computation started from the deduction of the second co – ordinate points

from the first co – ordinate point to get change in Nothing and Easting

respectively.

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The bearing and distance was derived from change in Nothing and Easting

obtained from the co – ordinates.

Formulae:

∆E = E2 – E1

∆N = N2 – N1

Distance = (∆N)2 + (∆N)2

Bearing = tan-1 ( )

Where,

∆E = departure

∆N = latitude

4.4 LEVEL REDUCTION AND ADJUSTMENT

Leveling can be reduced by any of the following methods.

i. Height of instrument method

ii. Rise and fall methods

However, the method employed for this project was rise and fall method. In this

method use, the intermediate or foresights were subtracted from new backsight

at every new instrument station to give either rise or fall.

The positive answer indicate rise, while the negative answer indicates fall.

B.S. – I.S/F.S = Rise/Fall

B.S. ± Rise/Fall = Deducted level

Where B.S. = Backsight

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 I.S. = Intermediate

F.S. = Foresight

R.L. = Reduced Level

Check ∑ B. S = ∑ F. S. = ∑ Rise − ∑ Fall = last R.L. – First R.L.

The check shows the corrections of the arithmetic sum. The permissible error

for ordinary leveling is + 24mm √

Where: K is the total distance leveled is kilometer.

4.5 PLOTTING OF PERIMETER TRANSVERSE

The co-ordinates are all positive indicating that the co – ordinates are Nothings

and Easting respectively.

The co – ordinates are reduced for accurate plotting. The reduced co – ordinate

was then plotted against each other and the distance were also scaled off and

compared with the corrected distance.

The bearing and distance of each line were written against each other with the

bearing outside and distance outside. The bearings were written to the nearest

minutes and the distances to the two decimal places.

All details were plotted with protractor and scale value for the marking of the

angle scaling out the distance respectively.

4.6 TRACKING AND PRINTING OF PLAN

This is the completion of the project when all the necessary measurements have

been taken by the departmental instructions.

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Tracing is done in a good tracing paper using appropriate drawing pen for

different thickness of the lines, showing all the details and dimension. It is then

printed out from a plan machine.

S/N Item Formula Allowable Accuracy Remarks

accuracy (0 ’ ’’) obtained
(0 ’ ’’)
1 Angular √𝑛 00 01 48 00 00 58 Acceptable
Misclosure
2 Linear 1:13000 1:10000 Acceptable
Misclosure (ΔN)2 + (ΔE)2 1:500 1:10000

Total length of
transverse

3. Leveling 0.035 0.220 Acceptable

Linear accuracy

= 1
0.15102978
1967.480

= x 1967.480
.

= 130027.098

= 1:13000

Angular accuracy

= √𝑛

= √13

Expected: 000 01’ 48”

Obtained: 000 00’ 58”

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Leveling

= ± 24mm√𝑘

= ± 24mm√𝑘

= 24√2.157

= 0.03524148m

= 0.035m

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