DRRR (Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction) - Grade 11/12
STUDENT’S NAME GRADE/SECTION
_____________________________________ ______________________________
TEACHER DATE SUBMITTED
_______________________________________ ______________________________
I. Introductory Concept
Geologic hazards occur irregularly in time and space and can cause damaging effect
on man and the environment. The Philippines is prone to geological hazards due to its
location and geographical characteristics, such as the presence of mountains and hills as
well as volcanoes.
Analyzing the cause of geological hazards and recognizing its signs are very
important measures so that appropriate and immediate actions can be implemented to
lessen its adverse effects.
II. Learning Competencies
Discuss the different geological hazards (DRR11/12-IIa-b-27)
Analyze causes of geological hazards (DRR11/12-IIa-b-28)
Recognize signs of impending geological hazards (DRRR11/12-2a-b-29)
III. Activities
Lesson 1. Different Geological Hazards
A. Directions: Examine the pictures below and identify what kind of geological
hazard occurred by arranging the jumbled letters given. Write your answer in your
answer sheet.
1.
S R I E D B V A A N L A C E H
Pin on Environmental Disasters. (n.d.).
Retrieved September 16, 2020, from
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/63099659
7 762458630/
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RO_DRRR_Grade 11/12_Q2_LP1
2.
D M U L O F W
Bautista, R. (2018, January 27).
Philippines warns of volcanic mudflows
from heavy rains. Retrieved
September 15, 2020, from
https://www.reuters.com/article/us
idUSKBN1FG0GS?utm_campaign=tru
eAnthem%3A+Trending+Content
3. K S I N L H O E
Admin. (n.d.). 5 mysterious sinkholes
in the Philippines you might not know.
Retrieved September 16, 2020, from
https://www.thesummitexpress.com/20
15/04/in-photos-5-places-philippines-
with-mysterious-sinkholes.html
4.
K O C R L F A L
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B. Directions: Group the four geological hazards you have identified based on the
movement of the materials. Write your answer in the table below.
Downslope Movement Vertical Movement
Mass movement of surface materials is a geological hazard which is caused
by different factors such as heavy rainfall and earthquakes with the presence of
gravity. Mass movement can be a downslope movement such as landslides or a
vertical movement such as ground subsidence or collapse.
LANDSLIDES
One of the many hazards that the Philippines experience is the downslope
movement of land materials known as a landslide. There are several landslides that
occur in our country, some are:
1. November 1991 – Ormoc, Leyte (6000 people killed)
2. September 2003 Mining Village in Southern Philippines (22 miners dead)
3. December 2003 – Panaoan Island in Southern Leyte (at least 160 people
dead)
4. February 2006 – Guinsaugon, Leyte (139 dead and 973
missing)
5. September 2018 – Naga, Cebu (134 dead)
September 2018 – Naga, Cebu (134 people killed)
The mining-induced Sept 2018 Naga landslide, which killed
134 people. (2019, July 02). Retrieved September 16, 2020,
from https://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2019/07/02/naga-
landslide/
As we can see from the data of the previous landslides that occurred, we can
say that landslides are dangerous and deadly.
Landslides can also be categorized into several types according to its
composition and manner of movement. These types are the rockfalls, flows, debris
avalanche, slumps and creep.
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Rockfalls
Rockfalls occur when fragment
of large masses of rocks break and fall
from a steep slope. Rockfalls can be
triggered by an earthquake, slope
undercutting and blasting in doing
mining works.
Shown in the picture is an
example of rockslide that occurred in
https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/DPWH/news/12553
Samar province due to a heavy rainfall.
Flows
When water saturates the
ground, the materials become heavier
which results to a debris flow or mud
flow. This type of landslide involves the
movement of material in a liquid form. In
communities near volcanoes, this is
known as a lahar flow.
In the picture is an example of a Philippines warns of volcanic mudflows from heavy rains
lahar or mud flow in Guinobatan, Albay Pictures. (2018, January 27). Retrieved September 16, 2020, from
https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/philippines-warns-of-volcanic-
last January 2018. mudflows-f-idUSKBN1FG0GS
Debris Avalanche
Debris avalanches are an
extremely rapid movement of rocks and
soil. They are very dangerous because
they flow at a speed of 100 to 300 km/hr.
and may contain boulders or large rocks.
In the Philippines, the example of
debris avalanche that occurred is during
the catastrophic landslide in
Guinsaugon, Leyte on February 2006.
Scientists estimated that the velocity of
the landslide is between 120 to 130 m/s.
in just a span of five minutes, 139 Asio, V. (1970, January 01). The causes of the Guinsaugon landslide.
deaths were reported and 980 were Retrieved September 16, 2020, from http://soil-
environment.blogspot.com/2009/08/causes-of-guinsaugon-
missing. landslide.html
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Creep
Creep is relatively less
dangerous mass movement which
involves the slow downslope
movement of soil and weak rocks on
the surface. This movement can tilt
fences, power lines and trees. Creep is
an indication that the slope is unstable.
Aside from a landslide, ground
subsidence and collapse are also
examples of geological or mass
movement hazard. Unlike the Tree trunk was deformed because of a creep
Alden, A. (n.d.). Landslides. Retrieved September 15, 2020, from
downslope movement of a landslide, a https://www.thoughtco.com/pictures-of-landslides-4122955
subsidence and collapse move
vertically.
Subsidence is a slow lowering of land surface while collapse is a fast opening
of the land surface and movement of surface materials. When the underlying ground
collapses, the result is a sinkhole.
Sinkhole can be formed through three common types of processes:
1. Dissolution – happens when the soil cover is thin and highly permeable so that
acidic groundwater can seep easily through it and dissolve the underlying limestone
bedrock.
2. Cover subsidence – forms when sandy, permeable sediment sits on the top of a
limestone bedrock. The soil slowly fills expanding fractures and cavities in the
limestone. This may result to numerous sinkholes.
3. Cover collapse – occurs suddenly and without warning. This is the deadliest
among the three.
In the Philippines, there are five
sinkhole-prone areas that have been
identified by the Mines and
Geosciences Bureau. These are:
a. Bantayan Island and Badian
in Cebu
b. Kabankalan City, Negros
DBest. (2013, October 26). Sinkhole Found in Cambailan,Catigbian Bohol -
Occidental Very Big. Retrieved September 15, 2020, from
https://www.beautyofcebu.com/2013/10/sinkhole-found-in-cambilan-
c. Baguio City catigbian.html
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d. Bohol
e. Dadiangas in General Santos City
After the magnitude 7.2 earthquake that shook the province of Bohol in
October 2013, hundreds of sinkholes appear. The National Capital Region has a
very low risk for sinkholes as it sits on adobe rock unlike the five provinces
mentioned above that sit on limestone.
Now, that you are already familiar with the different geological hazards, it is
equally important to determine its causes to enable us to do appropriate measures to
lessen its impact.
Lesson 2. Causes of Geological Hazards
As previously discussed, Philippines is prone to different geological hazards,
such as landslides, ground collapse and subsidence. How do these different
geological hazards occur? What causes them?
In this lesson, you will learn about the causes of geological hazards that may
occur in our community.
A. Directions: Identify what kind of geological hazard/s may occur in the area shown
in the pictures. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
Astley, D. (2019, December 30). Best Philippines Road Trips: Captured by: Annie Mae Zafe, September 19, 2020 at Maygnaway, San
Circumnavigation of North Luzon. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from Andres
https://www.xyzasia.com/home/best-philippines-road-trips-
circumnavigation-north-luzon
Guide Questions:
1. Is there a possibility that a huge disaster may happen in the preceding pictures
shown? Why?
2. What could be the possible cause/s of such occurrence?
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RO_DRRR_Grade 11/12_Q2_LP1
Geological hazards that may occur in our community, such as landslides and
sinkholes, are caused by different factors. There are natural and manmade factors
that cause these hazards. We know gravity is the ultimate force behind any
geological hazards or mass movements. But what pulls the trigger to set a slide in
motion?
Here are some of the causes of geological hazards:
1. Water
Heavy rainfall can cause
landslides. Water can trigger landslides
and mudslides because it alters the
pressure within the slope, which leads
to slope instability. Excessive water is
thought to be one of the most common
triggers for landslides.
Water can also cause land
subsidence that can lead to a formation
of sinkholes. Most especially if the Rainfall-induced landslide in Compostella Valley that killed
25 people on 2010
bedrock underneath is saturated with Landslides Mudslides. (2010, October 21). Retrieved September 24, 2020,
more water and the upper layer is from https://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2009/05/19/landslide-in-
campostela-valley-philippines-25-people-killed/
heavy enough to collapse.
2. Earthquakes
If the Earth's crust vibrates enough
to disturb the force of friction holding
sediments in place on an incline, a
landslide can strike. Seismic activity can
also make it easier for water to seep into
the soil, further destabilizing the slope.
Sinkholes can also be formed after
a massive earthquake.
Landslide occur at Makilala, Cotabato after a 6.3 magnitude
earthquake on October 29, 2019.
The Barangay Batolandslide cluster from the 2019 Cotabato
earthquakes. (2019, November 12). Retrieved September 24, 2020, from
https://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2019/11/12/2019-cotabato-
earthquakes-2
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RO_DRRR_Grade 11/12_Q2_LP1
Aside from these natural causes, there are also man-made causes that can trigger a
landslide.
Deforestation and Kaingin
Plants act like glue to make the soil stable. When this glue is removed, the soil
loosens, which affects their stability
and a landslide may occur.
Deforestation on a mountain
Derouin, S. (2019, November 06). Deforestation: Facts,
Causes & Effects. Retrieved September 16, 2020, from
https://www.livescience.com/27692-deforestation.html
Burning of vegetation known as kaingin
Unknown. (2017, October 25). Kaingin or burning of
trees. Retrieved September 16, 2020, from
http://3stopsandgonatureforourfuture.blogspot.com/2017/
10/kaingin-or-burning-of-trees.html
Underground mining can lead to land collapse and subsidence that can cause
sinkholes. Mining can also incur landslides just like what happened in Naga, Cebu.
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Infrastructural Construction and Industrialization
Road widening that
involved the scraping of a part
of a mountain can lead to a
landslide. Building houses in
mountains can also
destabilize the soil and can
incur tragic disaster. For
example, are the houses that
were built in the slope of
mountains in Baguio City.
Houses built in the slope of mountains in Baguio
Verin, E. (n.d.). BAGUIO CITY, PHILIPPINES -DECEMBER 1: Cluster of various
houses built on a hill in the City of Baguio, Philippines. Photo taken in December 1,
2009 in Baguio City, Philippines. RetrievedSeptember 24, 2020, from
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-
Lesson 3. Signs of Geological Hazards
Geological hazards can be devastating especially if preparations to minimize
its effects were not made. Recognizing its signs are very important so that immediate
actions can be implemented. Being aware and knowledgeable of the impending
signs of hazards are vital components in mitigating its effects.
In this lesson, you will learn about the different signs of impending geological
hazards and the measures to minimize the risks of the vulnerable population.
Task 1. Directions: Look around and assess your surroundings. Determine the
geological hazard/s that your community is prone to. Then, identify the signs of the
hazard that are present in your area with the aid of the table below. Write your
answers on your answer sheet.
House location (e.g. near Geological Signs
the mountain, near the Hazard
volcano, near the sea
shore, near the fault line, etc.)
LANDSLIDE
A landslide is a natural process that occur as a downslope mass movement of
earth’s materials such as rock, soil, and debris due to the effects of gravity. The
movement of a slope occurs when the force acting on it is greater than force present
on the earth’s materials on the slope. It can move slowly or rapidly. Susceptibility
includes the neighboring areas and those that are located at the distant part from the
hazard place (PHIVOLCS-DOST, n.d.)
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RO_DRRR_Grade 11/12_Q2_LP1
Common Signs of Impending Landslides (NDRRMC, n.d.).
• tension cracks
• fractured rocks and sediments
• sliding slope and active slides
• soil overburden
TSUNAMI
A tsunami refers to the series of an enormous ocean waves that rose for more
than 5 meters in height. It is commonly caused by earthquakes under the sea. The
said hazard can be dangerous to life and can cause damage to property. It is
sometimes mistakenly associated with storm surges. It is also mistakenly termed
tidal waves. (PHIVOLCS-DOST, n.d.).
NATURAL SIGNS OF APPROACHING TSUNAMI
(PHIVOLCS-DOST,
A felt earthquake n.d)
PHIVOLCS-DOST. (n.d.). Introduction to Tsunami. Retrieved from https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/tsunami/introduction-to-tsunami
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Volcanic eruption is one of the Earth’s geological hazards which involve the
release of gases and other debris from the volcano’s vent. This hazard may cause
adverse effects to people’s lives and properties.
*Signs were already discussed on the previous module.
Unusual Sea Level Change Rumbling Sound of Approaching Waves
IV - Assessment
Test 1. Directions: Identify what is asked or described in each item. Write the letter
of the correct answer on your answer sheet.
1. Which of the following is NOT an example of geological hazards?
A. flows C. sinkhole
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B. landslide D. typhoon
2. All of the following describe mass movement, EXCEPT:
A. It describes how things move downward due to gravity.
B. It happens when the slope angle gets steeper than the angle of repose.
C. It has a greater chance of happening in wet conditions than in dry conditions
D. It will not happen underwater because the buoyancy of water may
overcome the movement.
3. Which of the following is NOT a factor in the formation of sinkholes?
A. concentration of water flow
B. disturbance of the soil
C. water impoundments
D. All are factors.
4. The slope of soil is most likely to slide if it is _______________.
A. damp.
B. wet.
C. dry.
D. none of the above
5. Mass movements likely happen because of the following, EXCEPT:
A. earthquake C. heavy rainfall
B. deforestation D. cold temperature
6._____________ is a type of landslide that involves the downslope movement of
liquid-like materials.
A. Avalanche C. Flow
B. Creep D. Rockfall
7. From which of the following situations may a landslide occur?
i. An area near a mining site
ii. A coastal area with no mountains
iii. A mountain rich with plants and trees
iv. A community near a volcano with plenty lahar deposits
A. i and ii C. iii and iv
B. ii and iii D. i and iv
8. Which of the following is NOT a natural cause of landslides?
A. earthquake C. heavy rain
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B. gravity D. kaingin
9. Which of the following geological hazards involves the vertical movement of
materials?
A. avalanche C. flow
B. creep D. sinkhole
10. Which of the following situations may cause sinkhole?
i. Deforestation
ii. Massive earthquake
iii. Water impoundments
iv. Change in weather condition
A. i and ii C. iii and iv
B. ii and iii D. i and iv
11. The hazard that is responsible for the mass movement of rocks, soil, and debris
is called ___.
A. subsidence C. landslide
B. settlement D. liquefaction
12. The following are the signs of impending volcanic eruption, EXCEPT __.
A. unusual animal behavior C. flooding
B. ground swelling or inflation D. drying up of water wells and springs
13. Which of the following is one of the natural signs of approaching tsunami?
A. typhoon C. flooding
B. a felt earthquakes D. ground acceleration
14. Which of the following events could trigger tsunami?
A. earthquakes C. landslides
B. liquefaction D. flooding
15. Which of the following is NOT a common sign of impending landslide?
A. tension cracks C. sliding slope and active slides
B. ground fissuring D. fractured rocks and sediments
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V. Answer Key
Lesson 1
A.
1.DEBRIS AVALANCHE 4. ROCK FALL
2.MUD FLOW
3.SINKHOLE
B.
Downslope Movement Vertical Movement
debris avalanche Sinkhole
mud flow
rock fall
Lesson 2
A.
1. Landslide/rock fall/mud flow/debris avalanche
2. Rock fall/creep
Lesson 3
Answers may vary
Assessment
1. D 2. D 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. D 10. B 11. C 12. C
13. B 14. A 15. B
VI. Reflection
Congratulations for finishing the lessons! You have just had a meaningful
learning experience! Keep it up! This time, share your final insights about the
lessons by completing the following sentence prompts.
I have learned that
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.
I wish to clarify from my teacher about
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.
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VII. References
Admin. (n.d.). 5 mysterious sinkholes in the Philippines you might not know. Retrieved
September 16, 2020, from https://www.thesummitexpress.com/2015/04/in-photos-5-
places-philippines-with-mysterious-sinkholes.html
Alden, A. (n.d.). Landslides. Retrieved September 15, 2020, from
https://www.thoughtco.com/pictures-of-landslides-4122955
Asio, V. (1970, January 01). The causes of the Guinsaugon landslide. Retrieved September
16, 2020, from http://soil-environment.blogspot.com/2009/08/causes-of-guinsaugon-
landslide.html
Astley, D. (2019, December 30). Best Philippines Road Trips: Circumnavigation of North
Luzon. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from https://www.xyzasia.com/home/best-
philippines-road-trips-circumnavigation-north-luzon
Bautista, R. (2018, January 27). Philippines warns of volcanic mudflows from heavy rains.
Retrieved September 15, 2020, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-
volcano/philippines-warns-of-volcanic-mudflows-from-heavy-rains-
idUSKBN1FG0GS?utm_campaign=trueAnthem%3A+Trending+Content
Bernadette Parco, G. (2018, September 25). Naga, Cebu execs informed of landslide-prone
areas as early as 2008. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/regions/668965/naga-cebu-execs-
informed-of-landslide-prone-areas-as-early-as-2008-mgb-documents/story/
DBest. (2013, October 26). Sinkhole Found in Cambailan, Catigbian Bohol - Very Big.
Retrieved September 15, 2020, from
https://www.beautyofcebu.com/2013/10/sinkhole-found-in-cambilan-catigbian.html
Derouin, S. (2019, November 06). Deforestation: Facts, Causes & Effects. Retrieved
September 16, 2020, from
https://www.livescience.com/27692-deforestation.html
https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/DPWH/news/12553
Landslides Mudslides. (2010, October 21). Retrieved September 24, 2020, from
https://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2009/05/19/landslide-in-campostela-valley-
philippines-25-people-killed/ LGU sets demolition of 720 houses in Itogon
NDRRMC. (n.d.). NDRRMC WARNS PUBLIC TO “LEARN FROM HISTORY” AND
PREPARE FOR APPROACHING TYPHOON “KAMMURI”. Retrieved from
https://ocd.gov.ph/news/581-ndrrmc-warns-public-to-learn-from-history-andprepare-for-
approaching-typhoonkammuri.
html#:~:text=Residents%20in%20the%20identified%20areas,common%20signs%20of%20i
mpending%20landslides.
Parena, Juliano Jr. S. 2016. Exploring Life Through Science Disaster Readiness and Risk
Reduction. Phoenix Publishing House. Quezon City.pp 150-171.
Philippines warns of volcanic mudflows from heavy rains | Pictures. (2018, January 27).
Retrieved September 16, 2020, from
https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/philippines-warns-of-volcanic-mudflows-f-
idUSKBN1FG0GS
Pin on Environmental Disasters. (n.d.). Retrieved September 16, 2020, from
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/630996597762458630/
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PHIVOLCS-DOST. (n.d.). Introduction to Landslide. Retrieved from
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/landslide/introduction-to-landslide
PHIVOLCS-DOST. (n.d.). Introduction to Tsunami. Retrieved from
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/tsunami/introduction-to-tsunami
Salamat, M. (2019, April 23). Another 6.5 magnitude earthquake hits PH, causes rockslides
in Visayas. Retrieved September
15, 2020, from https://www.bulatlat.com/2019/04/23/another-6-5-magnitude-earthquake-hits-
ph-causes-rockslides-in-visayas/
September 2018 – Naga, Cebu (134 people killed) The mining-induced Sept 2018 Naga
landslide, which killed 134 people. (2019, July 02). Retrieved September 16, 2020,
from https://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2019/07/02/naga-landslide/
The Barangay Bato landslide cluster from the 2019 Cotabato earthquakes. (2019, November
12). Retrieved September 24, 2020, from
https://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2019/11/12/2019-cotabato-earthquakes-2
Unknown. (2017, October 25). Kaingin or burning of trees. Retrieved September 16, 2020,
from
http://3stopsandgonatureforourfuture.blogspot.com/2017/10/kaingin-or-burning-of-
trees.html
Verin, E. (n.d.). BAGUIO CITY, PHILIPPINES - DECEMBER 1: Cluster of various houses
built on a hill in the City of Baguio,
Philippines. Photo taken in December 1, 2009 in Baguio City, Philippines. Retrieved
September 24, 2020, from https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/baguio-city-
philippines-december-1-cluster-63970273
SDO Catanduanes Development Team
Prepared by:
HELEN S. ROMERO, Calatagan High School
ANNIE MAE T. ZAFE, Catanduanes National High School
Layout Artist:
MONALIZA V. MARQUEZ, Catanduanes National High School
Language Editors:
IMEE S. GABION, Catanduanes National High School
HAZEL GRACE T. VARGAS, Catanduanes National High School
Content Editors
JOSE ROY S. AGUILAR, Catanduanes National High School
MA. CLAUDETTE C. BORREGA, Catanduanes National High School
Consultant:
JEZRAHEL T. OMADTO, Education Program Supervisor
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