EARTHQUAKE GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Lecture 1: Introduction
B.K. MAHESHWARI
Professor, Dept. of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee
E-mail: [email protected]
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Importance of the Course: EGE
➢ India is seismically very active.
➢ Safety of foundations during earthquakes is utmost important.
➢ It requires knowledge of behavior of soils during earthquakes.
➢ Proposed syllabus on the subject is comprehensive and
systematic empowering attendees to deal with geotechnical
issues during EQs for design of structures and foundations.
➢ This course will go long way for students and practicing
engineers.
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Seismic
Zones of
India
(IS: 1893-
2016), BIS
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Target Audience
➢ Students pursuing BE/ B Tech (Civil Eng.), ME / MTech
or PhD in Geotechnical / Structural Engineering.
➢ Faculty members teaching these students and
practicing engineers dealing with geotechnical issues
during earthquakes.
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Pre-requisite
➢ Soil Mechanics or Geotechnical Engineering is a Pre-
requisite for this course.
➢ However, some back ground of geotechnical
engineering will be discussed so that the practicing
engineers, who have left studies long back, may not
face any difficulty.
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Course Contents
The course covers application of principles of Earthquake Engineering to Soil
Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
First, some required basic background related to Earthquake Engineering will
be taught starting from Geotechnical issues during EQs & relevant damage.
Next, some background related to Engineering Seismology will be discussed
followed by Strong Ground Motion and Wave Propagation.
Two most important topics: Dynamic Soil Properties and Liquefaction of Soils
will be covered in much detail.
The course will also cover Ground Response Analysis and Local Site Effects.
Further Slope Stability, Landslides and Retaining Walls will be taught.
Finally, Soil Improvement for Seismic Mitigation will be covered.
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Modules
M1. Introduction, Seismology, SGM, SHA, Waves
M2. Dynamic Soil Properties
M3. GRA and Local Site Effects
M4. Liquefaction of Soils
M5. Stability of Slopes and Retaining Walls
M6. Soil Improvement
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M1. Introduction, Seismology, SGM, SHA, Waves
• Geotechnical issues during EQs
• Engineering Seismology
• Strong Ground Motion (SGM)
• Seismic Hazard Analysis (SHA)
• Wave Propagation
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M2. Dynamic Soil Properties
• Stress Conditions
• Field Tests: at Low and High Strains
• Laboratory Tests: at Low and High Strains
• Stress-Strain relationship: Equivalent Linear, Cyclic
Nonlinear & Advanced Constitutive Models
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M3. GRA and Local Site Effects
• 1-D GRA
• 2-D GRA
• Soil-Structure Interaction
• Effects of Local Site Conditions on Ground Motion
• Design Parameters
• Ground Motion Time Histories
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M4. Liquefaction of Soils
• Introduction, Related Phenomena
• Liquefaction Hazard, Susceptibility Criteria
• Factors Influencing Liquefaction
• Evaluation of Initiation of Liquefaction
• Characterization of Earthquake Loading and
Liquefaction Resistance
• BIS Codal Provisions (IS 1893)
• Effects of Liquefaction
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M5. Stability of Slopes & Retaining Walls
• EQ Induced Landslides
• Static and Seismic Slope Stability Analysis
• Static and Seismic Pressure on Retaining Walls
• Dynamic Response of Retaining Walls
• Seismic Design Considerations
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M6. Soil Improvement
• Densification Techniques
• Soil Reinforcement
• Grouting and Mixing, Drainage
• Natural and Synthetic Fibers - Geosynthetics
• Mitigation of Liquefaction: Vertical Drains
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References
1. Prakash S. (1981), "Soil Dynamics", McGraw-Hill Company, New York
2. Kramer S.L. (1996), “Geotechnical-Earthquake Engineering”, Pearson
Education Pvt. Ltd., Singapore
3. Day R.W. (2001), “Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Handbook”,
McGraw-Hill Company, New York
4. Ranjan G. and Rao A.S.R. (2004), “Basic and Applied Soil Mechanics”,
New Age Int. Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Saran S. (2006), “Soil Dynamics & Machine Foundation”, Galgotia Pub.
Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
6. Towhata I. (2008), “Geotechnical-Earthquake Engineering”, Springer
Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering
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M1. Introduction, Seismology, SGM, SHA, Waves
• Geotechnical issues during EQs
• Engineering Seismology
• Strong Ground Motion
• Seismic Hazard Analysis
• Wave Propagation
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Chapter - 1
Geotechnical issues during EQs
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1. Geotechnical Issues
• Seismic Hazards
• Significant Historical Earthquakes
• Major Issues during Earthquakes
• Seismic Damages
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Introduction
In Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, the
Principles of Earthquake Engineering are applied to
Geotechnical Engineering Problems.
It is a branch of soil mechanics, which deals with
engineering properties and behaviour of soils under
dynamic stress.
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Seismic Hazards
The natural hazards cause tremendous damage
around the world each year. Hazards associated with
earthquakes are commonly referred to as seismic
hazards.
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Common Geo-Seismic Hazards
• Ground Shaking
• Liquefaction
• Landslides, Retaining Structure Failures
• Lifeline Hazards
• Tsunamis
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Significant Historical Earthquakes: USA
• 1811 New Madrid, M7.5, M7.3 & M7.8
• 1906 San Francisco, M7.9
• 1940 El-Centro, M7.1
• 1964 Niigata, M7.5
• 1964 Alaska, M9.2
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Significant Historical Earthquakes – Japan
• 1923 Kanto, M7.9
• 1964 Niigata, M7.5
• 1995 Kobe, M6.9
• 2011 Tohoku, M9.0
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Historical Earthquakes in India
• 1819 Kutch, M8.0
• 1897 Shilong, M8.7
• 1905 Kangra, M8.0
• 1934 Nepal-Bihar, M8.3
• 1950 Assam, M8.6
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Historical Earthquakes in India – Contd.
• 1967 Koyna, M6.6
• 1988 Nepal-Bihar, M6.6
• 1991 Uttarkashi, M6.5
• 1993 Latur, M6.4
• 1997 Jabalpur, M6.0
• 1999 Chamoli, M6.8
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Major Earthquakes in India in 21st Century
• 2001 Bhuj, M7.7
• 2005 Kashmir, M7.4
• 2011 Sikkim, M6.9
• 2015 Gorkha, M5.7
• 2016 Manipur, M6.7
• 2019 Punjab, M5.6
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Thank You
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