UNIT - 3

Database Management System using LibreOffice Base

Data: Data is the raw facts and figures collected for analysis. By itself, data does not have meaning until it is processed or
organized. Data can be numbers, text, dates, or any measurable values.

Examples:

• Marks of students: 45, 78, 62

• Names of students: Rohan, Priya, Anjali

Information: Information is the organized or processed form of data that is meaningful, useful, and can help in making
decisions. It is created when raw data is analyzed, summarized, or interpreted.

Example:
• Data: 45, 78, 62 (marks of students)
• Information: “The average marks of the class are 61.7, and most students scored above 60,” which can help the
teacher understand the class performance.
Database:
A database is a collection of related data that is organized and stored in a way that makes it easy to access, manage, and
update.

Key Points:
• Stores data in tables, rows, and columns.
• Helps in keeping data safe and structured.
• Makes it easy to find and use information when needed.
Example:

• A school database storing details of students (name, class, marks) and teachers (name, subject, contact).

DBMS

DBMS (Database Management System) is a type of software that serves as an interface to manage databases, enabling
users and applications to create, store, retrieve, update, and delete data in a structured and organized way. It provides
features for data security, integrity, and efficient management, acting as a bridge between users and the database itself.
Advantages of DBMS:

1. Organized Storage: Stores data in a structured and systematic way (tables).

2. Easy Retrieval: Helps in quickly searching and accessing required data.

3. Reduced Redundancy: Avoids storing the same data again and again.

4. Data Security: Provides security by allowing only authorized users to access data.

5. Data Integrity: Ensures accuracy and consistency of data.

6. Multiple User Access: Allows many users to work on the same database at the same time.

7. Backup and Recovery: Provides automatic backup and recovery of data in case of failure.

Data Models

Data Model defines how data is stored, organized, and related to each other in a database.
It is like a blueprint for designing a database.

Several types of data models exist, each with a different approach to structuring data:

• Hierarchical Model:

Hierarchical data model was developed by IBM in 1968. It is also called IMS( Information Management
System ).
➺ It was the first Database management system model. The hierarchy starts from the Root data and it
expands like a tree, adding child nodes to the parent nodes.
➺ In this model, every record is called Node / Segment.
➺ this model can be used in the mapping of one-to-many relationships.
It Organizes data in a tree-like structure with a clear parent-child relationship, where each child has only one
parent.

• Network Model:

This model is an extension of the Hierarchical data model.

➺ This model is developed by Charles Bachman in 1969.
➺ Network data model was most popular before the release of the relational data model.
➺ In this model, data represent in graph Structure.
 ➺ this model can be used in the mapping of many-to-many relationships.
➺ Network data model follows the parent-child model. One child can have more than one parent.

• Relational Model:

It is the most popular and widely used Data Model in DBMS.

➺ The Relational data model was developed by Dr. E.F. Codd - IBM Scientist in 1970.
➺ In this data is represented in table form (rows and Columns) and the table is also known as relations in the
relational database model.
➺ Each tuple(row) has a value and Duplicate tuples are not allowed.

➺ Degree :- Number of Attribute / Field / column.

➺ Attribute :- Each column in Table.
➺ Table :- Collection of rows / records and columns / attributes.
➺ Tuple:- Single row which contains a single record.
➺ Cardinality:- Number of rows in the table.

Relationships are established between tables through common attribute values.

Relational Database Terminology

• Entity – A real-world object about which data is stored in the database. Each entity has certain properties called
attributes.
Example: A Student entity may have attributes like Admission No., Roll No., Name, Father’s Name, and Date of
Birth. These attributes are shown as columns in a table.

• Table – A table is a structured collection of related data. It is arranged in rows and columns, where columns
represent attributes and rows represent records.
Example: An Employee table may have columns like Name, Designation, Department, and rows containing the
details of many employees.

• Field / Column / Attribute – The smallest unit in a database. It represents one type of data for all records and
appears as a column in a table. A set of fields forms a record, records form a table, and tables together form a
database.
Example: In an Employee table, the field Emp Name stores the names of all employees.

• Data Values – The actual raw data stored in fields. These can be numbers, characters, or text values.
Example: In the Emp Name field, values could be Rahul, Anita, Karan.

• Record / Row – A record is a complete set of data values for all the fields of a single person or object. It appears
as a row in a table.
Example: In the Employee table with fields Name, Designation, Department, a record could be (‘Abhinav’,
‘Manager’, ‘HR’).

Keys in DBMS

Keys are special fields/columns in a table used to uniquely identify records and to create relationships between tables.
EXAMPLE: STUDENT TABLE

EXAMPLE: MARKS TABLE

1. Primary Key

• A column (or set of columns) that uniquely identifies each record in a table.

• Cannot have NULL or duplicate values.

• Example: In a Student table, Roll_No can be the primary key since every student has a unique roll number.

2. Candidate Key

• All the columns that can uniquely identify records are candidate keys.

• Out of these, one is chosen as Primary Key.

• Example: In Student table, both Roll_No and Admission_No can uniquely identify a student ,therefore both are
candidate keys.

3. Alternate Key

• The candidate keys that are not chosen as the primary key.

• Example: If Roll_No is selected as Primary Key, then Admission_No becomes an Alternate Key.

4. Foreign Key

• A column in one table that refers to the Primary Key of another table, thus creating a relationship.

• Example:

o Student table → Roll_No (primary key)

o Marks table → has a column Roll_No (foreign key) to link marks with the correct student.
4 OBJECTS IN DATABASE

1. Table

• A table is the most important object in a database.

• It stores data in rows and columns (just like in Excel).

• Each row = record (data about one person/object).

• Each column = field/attribute (a single piece of information).

2. Query

• A query is used to ask questions from the database.

• Instead of looking at the whole table, queries let you filter or search data based on conditions.

• You can also combine data from multiple tables using queries.

Examples of Queries on Student Table

• “Show names of students who scored more than 440 marks.”

3. Form

• A Form is like an entry screen.

• It allows users to enter, edit, or view data in a database in a simple way.

• Instead of typing data directly into tables (which looks complicated), a form makes it easier with text boxes, drop-
down menus, and buttons.

4. Report

A Report is used to display and summarize data in a well-formatted manner. It is mainly for reading, printing, or sharing
information.